INRAT Wheat and food security perspectives in Tunisia M.S Gharbi* & H. Ben Salah Field Crop Laboratory, National Institute Of Agriculture Research, Tunisia *[email protected]
Wheat and food security perspectives in Tunisia
May 11, 2015
Presentation by Dr. Halim Ben Salah (INRAT, Tunisia) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 9, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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INRAT
Wheat and food security
perspectives in Tunisia
M.S Gharbi* & H. Ben Salah Field Crop Laboratory, National Institute Of Agriculture Research, Tunisia
Wheat is an essential food source
- 54 % calories
- 64% daily protein intake
General data
Population: 11 millions
Arable land: 4.5 millions ha
Area grown to cereals: 1.5 million ha
Among the highest per capita wheat consumption
rate: ~200 kg
Tunisia produces: 20% BW needs
75 % DW needs
Agro-ecological zones
DW 0.8 m ha
(53%) BW 0.14 m ha
(10%)
BA 0.55 m ha
(37%)
Relative importance of major cereal crops All cereals 1.5 millions Ha (30 % of the arable land)
DW 85%
BW 15%
WHEAT: Mainly DW country
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
DW production (Million qx)
0
1
2
3
4
5
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
BW Production (Million qx)
Pre-semi dwarf era
Link to the Green revolution
First Mexican BW introductions 1965 through FAO.
3rd ISWYN in 1966.
Dr. N. Borlaug visits: 1966 and 1968.
First CIMMYT semi-dwarf BWs in large scale cultivation
40% yield increase compaired to traditional varieties.
Tunisia-USAID-FF-CIMMYT ‘’Projet Blé’’ 1968-1972.
(BW + DW)
CIMMYT DW& BW germplasm without interruption since 1966.
ICARDA starting from 1980
y = 0.2305x - 8.7443 R² = 0.396
0
5
10
15
20
25
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
20920102011
DW yield qx/ha (1910-2011)
Jo
ri
Sto
rk
B. B
=S
tk’S
’
Ka
rim
Ra
z
Kh
iar
OM
R
Na
sr
Ma
ali
y = 0.2738x - 8.991 R² = 0.3164
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
08
20
10
20
11
BW yield qx/ha (1910-2011)
Ari
an
a 6
6
So
no
ra63 +
To
ba
ri
Inia
66+
Jara
l66
So
ltan
e 7
2
Ca
rth
ag
e 7
4
Do
ug
ga
74
Ta
nit
80
Sa
lam
mb
ô 8
0
Byrs
a 8
7/ V
ag
a 9
2
Uti
qu
e96/ H
aid
ra
Yield increases
D . W. KARIM RAZZAK KHIAR OMRABI NASR MAALI SALIM
ORIGIN CIMMYT TUNISIA CIMMYT ICARDA ICARDA/TU TUNISIA TUNISIA
RELEASED 1980 1987 1992 1996 2004 2007 2009
EIGHT YEARS (2004-2011) AVERAGE YIELD in Beja
YIELD (%Kar) 4.31 (100)
4.21 (98)
4.33 (100.5)
4.66 (108)
5.01
(116.3) 5.45
(126.5) 5.47
(126.8)
THE PLANT
EARLINESS EARLY EARLY EARLY EARLY EARLY EARLY EARLY
HIGHT SHORT SHORT SHORT MID TALL MID TALL MID TALL SHORT
THE GRAIN
SP. WEIGHT HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH
PROTEIN.C MEDIUM MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
YELLOW .I LOW MEDIUM HIGH HIGHT LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM
GLUTEN LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH
RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE TO STRESSES
SEPTORIA SUCEPTIBLE SUCEPTIBLE SUCEPTIBLE SUCEPTIBLE RESISTANT INTERMEDIATE RESISTANT
L. RUST SUCEPTIBLE SUCEPTIBLE SUCEPTIBLE SUCEPTIBLE SUCEPTIBLE INTERMEDIATE RESISTANT
Y.RUST RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT SUCEPTIBLE RESISTANT INTERMEDIATE RESISTANT
DROUGHT SUCEPTIBLE TOLERANT SUCEPTIBLE TOLERANT SUCEPTIBLE TOLERANT SUCEPTIBLE
SALAMMBO BYRSA VAGA UTIQUE HAIDRA TAHENT
ORIGIN CIMMYT CIMMYT CIMMYT CIMMYT TUNISIA CIMMYT
RELEASED 1980 1987 1992 1996 2004 2009
FOUR YEARS (2006-2007-2010-2011) AVERAGE YIELD in Beja
YIELD (%Utique) 43.5 (82%)
- - 53.1 (100 %)
52.8 (99.5%)
54.5 (105.6%)
THE PLANT
EARLINESS EARLY MID LATE EARLY EARLY EARLY EARLY
HIGHT SEMI DWARF SEMI DWARF SEMI DWARF SEMI DWARF SEMI DWARF SEMI DWARF
THE GRAIN
Gluten Strength MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH
RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE TO STRESSES
SEPTORIA RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT
L. RUST RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT SUCEPTIBLE RESISTANT
Y.RUST RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT RESISTANT
DROUGHT TOLERANT SUCEPTIBLE TOLERANT TOLERANT TOLERANT TOLERANT
Bread Wheat
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18DW production (Millions qx)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2008
20102011
BW production (millions qx)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2008201
0201
1
Wheat (DW+BW) production million qx
0
5
10
15
20
25
2001 2005 2010
DW
BW
Total
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2001 2005 2010
DW
BW
Total
Wheat production (million qx)
Wheat imports (million qx)
Constraints to wheat production (1)
Limited area
No possibility for area expansion
Abiotic constraints: Mostly semi arid area
Drought ( rainfall amount /distribution)
and terminal heat stress are major yield limiting factors
Constraints to wheat production (2)
Biotic constraints:
Foliar diseases
(Septoria, Leaf rust, Yellow rust, Tan spot)
Crown and root diseases
(Fusarium sps, nemathodes…)
Insects (Hessian fly)
Constraints to wheat production (3)
Under optimum crop management mainly nitrogen fertilizer and
weed control
Limited water resources for irrigation
Wheat research
Wheat research dates back to the end of the 19th
century.
95 % of the wheat area is grown to semi-dwarf
high yielding varieties.
Strong collaboration with international centers
(CIMMYT & ICARDA).
Research topics
Breeding: Strong Durum and Bread Wheat
breeding programs (Yield potential, disease
resistance, drought & heat tolerance, quality).
Use of molecular biology tools (Marker Assisted
Selection, Double Haploid production…)
Crop management: Fertilizer & water use
efficiency, disease and weed control, conservation
agriculture.
Conservation of biodiversity: New Gene bank
PROSPECTS AND NEEDED ACTIONS FOR ACHIVING FOOD SECURITY (1)
Increasing demand for wheat grain
Limited scope for area increase
Increasing yield is therefore a must to Tunisian cereal
sector
Significant yield gap still exist in all production
environments.
Improved crop management is the main source of yield
and production gains.
Breeding new high yielding varieties with improved drought and heat tolerance will help valorize better input use
Adoption of new production technologies such as conservation agriculture will surely help preserve natural and input resources. Use of new biotechnology tools (Marker Assisted Selection, Double Haploid etc…) can accelerate new germplasm development.
PROSPECTS AND NEEDED ACTIONS FOR ACHIVING FOOD SECURITY (2)
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