What Works in Classroom Instruction: 9 Essential Strategies Based on the work of Robert Marzano, et. Al. Presented by Amy Benjamin For Catapult Learning Father Judge High School Philadelphia, Pennsylvania November 2, 2009
Dec 16, 2015
What Works in Classroom Instruction: 9 Essential Strategies
Based on the work of Robert Marzano, et. Al.
Presented by Amy BenjaminFor Catapult Learning
Father Judge High SchoolPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
November 2, 2009
9 Essential Instructional Strategies:What comes to mind?
This is your brain on isolated facts:
This is your brain on connected information:
FridayWednesdayMonday
MondayWednesday
Friday
Strategy #1: Identifying Similarities and Differences
What similarities do we find between things that are obviously different from each other?
What differences do we find between things that are obviously similar to each other?
Strategy #1: Identifying Similarities and Differences
Classroom Applications:
Opportunities to classify, sort, use Venn diagrams, write comparison/contrast essays, use T Charts, problem-solving by matching situations to precedents
Strategy #1: Identifying Similarities and Differences
Turn & Talk:What opportunities do students have in your class
to identify similarities and differences?
Do you employ any graphic organizers to help students think about similarities and differences?
Strategy #2: Summarizing and Note-Taking
Giving students opportunities toexpress what is most important, what is supportive, and what is just“nice to know” in their own words.
Giving students opportunities to process newlearning by using language, pictures, lists,charts, abbreviations, labeled diagrams, etc.
Strategy #2: Summarizing and Note-Taking
Meaningful note-taking == copying from the board
Strategy #2: Summarizing and Note-Taking
Turn & Talk:What opportunities do your students have to
summarize and take notes? What forms of summarizing and note-taking do you expect? Do students have models for summaries and notes? Do students get to read each other’s summaries and notes?
Strategy #3: Reinforcing Effort &Providing Recognition
Reinforcing positive and constructive attitudes in students improves their performance.
Make it a classroom practice to have studentsRRR their efforts:
Recognize: What does my effortlook like?
Record & Reflect: Keep a written record of effort and its results.
Strategy #3: Reinforcing Effort &Providing Recognition
Rewarding effort:
Rewards linked to achievement.
Symbolic reward better than tangible reward.
Strategy #3: Reinforcing Effort &Providing Recognition
Turn & Talk:
How do I know that students are putting fortheffort in my class? How do I recognize, reward and reinforce their efforts?
Strategy #4: Homework and Practice
Homework allows learning to be extended outside the classroom, BUT…
Strategy #4: Homework and Practice
*Amount of HW should be age-appropriate
*Parent involvement should be minimal
*Purpose of HW be explained to students and parents
*Feedback should be given for HW
*HW should result in increased speed and accuracy
Strategy #4: Homework and Practice
Turn & Talk:
Homework Heartburn: What particular homework assignment do you wish you had never thought of?
Homework Happiness: What particular homework assignment do you stronglybelieve is helpful to students?
Strategy #5: Nonlinguistic Representations
Knowledge is stored in three forms:LinguisticVisualMuscle-memory
Students need all three opportunities to store information.
Nonlinguistic representations stimulate and increase brain activity.
Strategy #5: Nonlinguistic Representations
Use symbols and actions along with words.
Use graphic organizers, models, creative dramatics, labeled diagrams, Venn diagrams, T charts, concept maps, other kinds of maps
Strategy #5: Nonlinguistic Representations
Turn & Talk:
What opportunities do your students have to usenonlinguistic ways of learning?
Strategy #6: Cooperative Learning
Do’s and Don’ts of Cooperative Learning:
Do:Keep the groups smallConsider a variety of criteria in grouping studentsProvide for individual and group accountabilityDesign tasks around positive interdependence
Don’t:Overuse this strategy
Strategy #6: Cooperative Learning
Turn & Talk:
What role does cooperative learning play in your class?
Strategy #7: Setting Objectives; Providing Feedback
Include formative assessments.Use rubrics to pinpoint progress in specific components of a skill.Include student input in objectives. Use “teacher-student contracts.”
Formative and Summative Assessment:
Formative:
Student is aware of the questionsthroughout the assessment process
Timing is flexible
Teacher’s feedback is commentaryand/or letter or number grade
Evaluation is used to guide future learning
Considers the students’ zone ofproximal development
Test or task may be flexible
Student is involved in self-assessment
Sets reachable targets for future learning
Results are not used as a report card grade
Summative:
Questions on a test are surprises to thestudent
Timing is limited
Teacher’s feedback is letter or numbergrade
Evaluation is used to rank and sortstudents
Test or task is not flexible
Assessment by teacher or outside agencyonly
No direct follow-up; when it’s over, it’s over
Results reflected in report card grade
Strategy #7: Setting Objectives; Providing Feedback
Turn & Talk:To what extent are any of the following in place in yourclassroom:
Informal assessments, rubrics, teacher-studentcontracts, student-generated goals, a variety of methods for teacher feedback, long and short term goals, timely feedback, students giving tactful and helpful feedback to each other…
Strategy #8: Generating and Testing Hypotheses
Deductive Approach: Given a general rule, students generate specifics (apply the truth).
Rule: A nutritious breakfast should consist of protein and a high-fiber grain or fruit.Specifics: Plan a week’s menu of nutritious, varied, attractive, economical, and flavorful breakfasts.
Strategy #8: Generating and Testing Hypotheses
Inductive Approach: Given a list of conditions or examples, students create a hypothesis (find the truth).
Examples: *cantaloupe slice, egg white omelette w/spinach *whole wheat pancakes, applesauce *strawberry yogurt, granola
Generality: Create a guideline for healthful, satisfying breakfast choices
Strategy #8: Generating and Testing Hypotheses
Turn & Talk: What opportunities do your students have to solveproblems and achieve understanding using deductive reasoning?Inductive reasoning?
Strategy #9: Advance Organizers
Advance Organizer: A structure, such as an anecdote, image, summary, or chart; or a practice, such as skimming a text, that prepares the mind for learning that is about to take place.
A “toe in the water,” a “sneak preview,” a “free sample”
Strategy #9: Advance Organizers
Turn & Talk:
How do you prepare students by giving them a look-in-advance of what they are about to learn?
Review: 1. Identifying similarities and differences2. Summarizing and note-taking3. Reinforcing effort and providing recognition4. Homework and practice5. Nonlinguistic representations6. Cooperative learning7. Setting objectives and providing feedback8. Generating and testing hypotheses9. Advance organizers
Which of these instructional strategies did you see embedded in today’s presentation?