10/25/2018 1 What Makes Dogs Special? Clive D. L. Wynne, Ph.D. Arizona State University What makes dogs special? Selection for human-like social skill Hare & Tomasello, (2005), TICS What makes dogs special? Udell, et al. (2008) Anim. Behav. Following pointing gestures
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What Makes Dogs Special? · • Wolves persist: Dogs look to human for help Udell (2015) Bio. Lett. What makes dogs special? • Dogs display hyper-sociability in the absence of superior
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10/25/2018
1
What Makes Dogs Special?
Clive D. L. Wynne, Ph.D.
Arizona State University
What makes dogs special?
Selection for human-like social
skillHare & Tomasello, (2005), TICS
What makes dogs special?
Udell, et al. (2008) Anim. Behav.
Following pointing gestures
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What makes dogs special?
Following pointing gestures
Udell, et al. (2008) Anim. Behav.
What makes dogs special?
Following pointing gestures
Udell, et al. (2008) Anim. Behav.
What makes dogs special?Understanding what people see & know
Condition 1: BackturnedUdell, et al. (2011) Learn. & Behav.
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Condition 2: Book
Condition 3: Bucket
What makes dogs special?Understanding what people see & know
Udell, et al. (2011) Learn. & Behav.
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
Backturned Book Bucket
Mean
co
rrect
ch
oic
es
(/10)
Pet Dogs Indoors
Wolves
Shelter dogs
** *
*
What makes dogs special?
Understanding what people see & know
Udell, et al. (2011) Learn. & Behav.
What makes dogs special?• Not their cognition
• Dogs learn to follow human actions becauseo They are socialized to humans at critical period
o They depend on human action for fulfillment of all needs
o Human actions predicting motivated consequences engage Pavlovian and operant conditioning mechanisms
o Two Stage Hypothesis: Responsiveness to humans = Socialization + Conditioning
9Udell, et al. (2010) Bio. Rev.
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Florida’s Canine Cognition and Behavior Lab was led
at the time of my visit by psychologist Clive Wynne, a
former pigeon researcher considered by some to be
the Debbie Downer of the canine cognition field.
What makes dogs special?
What makes dogs special? Development
Free-living dogs in West Bengal, India
82% mortality in first year
Free living dogs in Italy
Radio-tracked 9 adults, 4 years
40 pups
Only 2 reached adulthood
Pal, S.K., (2001), Acta Theriol.
Boitani, et al., (1995), In The Domestic Dog…
What makes dogs special?• Development
• Free living dogs die young
• Saved by human intervention?
• Kindchenschema
• But is it possible to be too young to be cute?
Chersini, et al., (2018), Anthrozoos
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What makes dogs special?• 51 humans rated attractiveness of photos of pups
o Jack Russell
o Cane Corso
o White Shepherd
• From birth to 7 months
Cane Corso Jack Russell Terrier White Shepherd
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Age in Weeks
Attra
ctive
ness R
ating
Breed
Cane Corso
Jack Russell Terrier
White Shepherd
Cane Corso Jack Russell Terrier White Shepherd
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Age in Weeks
Attra
ctive
ness R
ating
Breed
Cane Corso
Jack Russell Terrier
White Shepherd
Cane Corso Jack Russell Terrier White Shepherd
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Age in Weeks
Attr
activ
enes
s R
atin
g
Breed
Cane Corso
Jack Russell Terrier
White Shepherd
Cane Corso Jack Russell Terrier White Shepherd
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Age in Weeks
Attr
activ
enes
s R
atin
g
Breed
Cane Corso
Jack Russell Terrier
White Shepherd
Cane Corso Jack Russell Terrier White Shepherd
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Age in Weeks
Attr
activ
enes
s R
atin
g
Breed
Cane Corso
Jack Russell Terrier
White Shepherd
Cane Corso Jack Russell Terrier White Shepherd
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Age in Weeks
Attr
activ
enes
s R
atin
g
Breed
Cane Corso
Jack Russell Terrier
White Shepherd
Cane Corso Jack Russell Terrier White Shepherd
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Age in Weeks
Attr
activ
enes
s R
atin
g
Breed
Cane Corso
Jack Russell Terrier
White Shepherd
Cane Corso Jack Russell Terrier White Shepherd
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Age in Weeks
Attr
activ
enes
s R
atin
g
Breed
Cane Corso
Jack Russell Terrier
White Shepherd
7.7 weeks 6.3 weeks 8.3 weeks
Chersini, et al., (2018), Anthrozoos
What makes dogs special?Cane Corso
Least attractive
(younger)
0 weeks
Least attractive
(older)
7 months
Most attractive
(6-8 weeks)
Jack
Russell
White Shepherd
Chersini, et al., (2018), Anthrozoos
What makes dogs special?• Development
• Many aspects of behavioral development are unique to dogs
• And contribute to dogs’ success in anthropogenic environments
What makes dogs special?• Williams syndrome in dogs?
• Dogs display hyper-sociability in the absence of superior social cognition
• Tested 18 dogs and 9 hand-reared wolves ono Solvable task
o Sociability test
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vonHoldt et al. (2017) Sci. Adv.
What makes dogs special?• Dogs and wolves given a solvable
task
• Wolves persist: Dogs look to human for help
Udell (2015) Bio. Lett.
What makes dogs special?• Dogs display hyper-sociability in the absence of superior social
cognition
• Tested 18 dogs and 9 hand-reared wolves ono Solvable task
o Sociability test
• Calculatedo attentional bias to social stimuli (solvable task),
o hyper-sociability (sociability test)
o social interest in strangers (sociability test)
vonHoldt et al. (2017) Sci. Adv.
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What makes dogs special?
• Gene-behavior associations
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Attentional bias to social stimuli
Hyper-sociability
Social interest in strangers
vonHoldt et al. (2017) Sci. Adv.
What makes dogs special?• Dogs display hyper-sociability in the absence of superior social
cognition
• WBS Chromosome Region 17 (WBSCR17), high significance to be under positive selection as a domestication candidate and was significantly depleted of heterozygosity in the dog
• GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, members of the TFII-I family of transcription factors, repeatedly linked to the expression of hyper-sociability in mice, and specifically implicated in the hyper-sociable phenotype of persons with WBS
vonHoldt et al. (2017) Sci. Adv.
What makes dogs special?Dogs get lost hundreds of times and no one ever notices it or sends an account of it to a scientific magazine, but let one find his way from Brooklyn to Yonkers and the fact immediately becomes a circulating anecdote.