What kinds of things can be represent by vector Displacement- Magnitude- how far you went Direction - which way Velocity -- Magnitude- speed Direction - which way Forces Magnitude- how hard you are pushing or pulli Direction - which way Acceleration -- Magnitude- change in speed Direction - which way
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What kinds of things can be represent by vector Displacement- Magnitude- how far you went Direction - which way Velocity -- Magnitude- speed Direction.
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What kinds of things can be represent by vector
Displacement- Magnitude- how far you wentDirection - which way
Velocity -- Magnitude- speedDirection - which way
ForcesMagnitude- how hard you are pushing or pullingDirection - which way
Acceleration -- Magnitude- change in speedDirection - which way
Vectors can be represent several ways
2 m East 4 m West
x=+2 m x=-4 m
Words
Math
Pictures
The length of the arrow represents the magnitude(if a scale is given like 1 cm = 5 m/s)
The arrowhead points in the direction
GRAPHICALLY
Vectors contain 2 pieces of information How much & which way.
MOVING them does not change that information
2 m
This means that they can be moved and redrawn as long as that information does not change
Just as scalars can be added
3 apples + 5 apples = 8 apples
So can vectors ( but you need to consider )
3 m + 5 m doesn’t always = 8 m
WHY????
direction
To add 2 or more vectors (graphically) you put them head to tail
BAD
GOOD
The vector sum is called the
RESULTANT
resultant
It is an arrow drawn from the beginning of the first vector to the head of the final vector
Consider displacement
If you walk 2 m (right) then another 3 m (right)
The resulting displacement (called the resultant)is 5 m to the right
2 m 3 m
5 m (resultant)
2 m 3 m
5 m (resultant)
Using signs (+/-) to indicate direction
+2 m +3 m+ = +5 m
Graphically adding vectors
Mathematically adding vectors
(using + to mean right)
If you walk 2 m (right) then 3 m (left)
2 m
3 m
the resultant is 1 m (left)
1 m (resultant)
2 m
3 m
1 m (resultant)
2 m -3 m+ = -1 mnegative indicates left
Using signs (+/-) to indicate direction (using standard +x)
Graphically adding vectors
Mathematically adding vectors
These rules work with all vectors not just displacement.
Take velocity
A person walks 1 m/s N
A conveyor moves 2 m/s N
What is the resultant of adding the two vectors
3 m/s N
What does the resultant mean here?
Using signs
Take velocity
person’s velocity relative to walkway vy= +1 m/s
vy= +3 m/s
Walkway velocity relative to the ground vy= +2 m/s
Resultant
Person’s velocity relative to the ground vy= +2 m/s
Using signs
Take velocity
A person relative to walkway vy= +1 m/s
vy= -1 m/s
Walkway relative to groundvy= -2 m/s
Resultant
What is the resultant of adding the two vectors
Using velocity instead• When vectors point in the same direction
we add them just as we would add any two numbers.
When adding vectors (order does not matter)
+ =
start FinishA
B
A B
B A
Resultant
1 + 2 = 2 + 1
In other “words”
A + B = B + A
+
Start
Vectors can be added graphically just by putting themhead to tail (order does not matter)
A
B
(+2)
-1
Finish
Resultant
AB
A
B
2 + (-1) = (-1) + 2
In other “words”
A + B = B + A
Subtracting vectors just involves flipping the vector being subtracted and then adding like normal
2 m right 3 m right-means
2 m 3 m left+
minus
plus
Just like 2 + (-3) =
What will the answer be?
3 m 3 m left-
means
minus
+plus3 m 3 m right
6 m
Adding vectors by walking activity(Theoretically in the front of the school. Weather pending. All terms and conditions are subject to whatever the teacher feels like. Don’t make him crabby. Not valid in the state of California. Many will enter, few will win. Not valid with any other offer.)
In 2 dimensions, all the same rules apply
+
To add them just put them head to tail
2 m East
3 m North
Start with 1 vector
3 m North
In 2 dimensions, all the same rules apply
2 m East +
The RESULTANT (sum) is a vector drawn from start to finish
2 mEast
3 m North
3 m North
In 2 dimensions, all the same rules apply
2 m East +
We could have started with the green vector first
3 m
2 m
3 m North
In 2 dimensions, all the same rules apply
2 m East +
2 m
3 m
3 m North
The resultant is a vector drawn from start to finish
In 2 dimensions, all the same rules applyIn 2 dimensions, all the same rules apply
2 m East +
2 m
3 m
3 m North
2 m
3 m
The order doesn’t matter, because the resultant is the same!!!
2 m
3 m
The resultant is EQUIVALENT to the addition
resultant
If you had walked the path of the resultant you would be in the same place as walking the original vectors
Go back to the walkway idea… Adding velocity vectors??WHAT COULD THAT MEAN?????
What if you walked N on a walkway that was moving E. Which way would you go? And go compared to what?
Sorry, Office 2010 at home. ArrrgggHHH hard to use now. Not compatible with version here. So on this slide this is as good as I can do.
Its all relative(s) get it? (this is a random picture from the internet, none of these people are related to me)
Do the 3 examples below all show correct addition?
Vectors can only be added (head to tail)
A+ B C+
Which shows the vectors being added correctly?
1 2 3
4 5 6
1 2 5
NOTICE: the resultant is the same for all 3 done correctly
Add the two vectors
OR We could have started with the Green Vector First
Find the Resultant
Either way you do it the resultant is the same
Notice a parallelogram is formed
This is another way to add vector.Usually if the vectors are given tail to tail
Then complete the parallelogram
Then draw the resultant from start to finish
What is your resulting displacement vector after walking 15 m due south then 25 m due west
Pick a scale 1 dm = 5 m
Draw the vectors
Find the resultant of A + B
1 dm = 15 m/s
Draw the vectors
A
B
Find the resultant using the head to tail method. 6 miles W + 4 miles N – 4 miles W1 dm = 1 mile
Find the resultant using the head to tail method. 14 m 300 N of East + 24 m 300 W of North
1 dm = 4 m
Read section 3-4
• How big is the resultant?
We could get out a ruler, but there is a better way!!
Remember This?
• How big is the resultant?
Analytical Method of VectorAddition
• The sum of any two vectors can bedetermined using trigonometry.
What is the resultant velocity of a boat if it is the resultant of two vectors.
35 m/s due S and 12 m/s due E
You are initially driving 13 m/s due south. After turning for 12 seconds your velocity is 9 m/s due east. Find the average acceleration during this period. (hint: how would you find v?)
A car is driven 31 km East and 15 km due NE. What is the resultant displacement? (remember displacement is a vector so it should have magnitude and direction)
31 km
15 km
R
No problem use the Pythagorean Theorum, right??
31 km
15 kmR
NO, that only works for right triangles!!!!!
31 km
15 km
R
A2 + B2 = C2
A2 + B2 = C2
3 approaches for adding non-perpendicular vectors
Graphical Approach
Law of cosines
Addition by vector resolution
Works with any number of vectors, but highest error
Accurate, but only works with two vectors at a time. Can be the fastest but not always
Accurate, Most versatile. More work
A
B
R2 = A2 + B2 – 2ABCos()
31 km
15 km
R
R
But how to find the angle?
Graphing packet
We have been adding 2 vectors to form their resultant
X
YResultant =
A single vector can be thought of as the sum of 2 components in the x and y axes
AX
AY
A
A single vector can be thought of as the sum of its two component vectors.
AX
AY
A= +
A = AX + AY
Any Vector can be broken into X & Y Component VectorsSimply form a right triangle, putting proper directional arrow heads on the components
AAy
Ax
A = Ax Ay+
Component Vectors
Vector Components
• We can take two vectors and replace themwith a single vector that has the same effect.This is vector addition.
• We can start with a single vector and thinkof it as a resultant of two perpendicularvectors called components.
• This process is called vector resolution.
To get to your campsite you hiked, 23o N of east for 2.6 km.
Afterwards, what is your N/S displacement and your E/W displacement
Can we add these vectors
A B
Can we use Pythagorean’s Theorem?
Vectors that are not perpendicular (don’t form a right triangle)
can be added a different way.It involves breaking them up into their components 1st
A
B
Ax
Ay
Bx
By
Then do the same for the Y’s to find Ytot
Add up all the X’s to find Xtot
A
B
Ax
Ay
Bx
By
Ax
Bx
By
Ay
A
B
Ax
Ay
Bx
By
AxBx
By
Ay
Ax + Bx = Xtot
Ay + By = Ytot
The add Xtot & Ytot
To find the resultantWe will use Trigonometry to do this
A
B
Ax
Ay
Bx
By
Xtot
Ytot
1.) Label Vectors2.) Break apart each vector into its X & Y Components (watch signs before doing next step)3.) Add up all the X’s to find Xtot
4.) Then do the same for the Y’s to find Ytot
5.) Draw a triangle with Xtot & Ytot (also watching direction)6.) Find the magnitude using Pythagoreans theorem7.) Find the angle using trig (forget + / -’s here)
Add the following
A B
30o
110o
2.5 m 2.0 m+
Ax
Ay
Bx
BY
70o
Ax = 2.5 m * cos (30) = 2.2 m
Ay = 2.5 m * sin (30) = 1.3 m
Bx = 2.0 m * cos (70) = -.68 m
By = 2.0 m * sin (70) = 1.9 m
SKIP
A B
30o
110o
2.5 m 2.0 m+
Ax
Ay
Bx
BY
70o
2.2 m
1.3 m 1.9 m
-.68 m
NOW Find Xtot & Ytot
Xtot = 2.2 m + (-.68m) = + 1.5 m
Ytot = 1.3 m + 1.9 m = + 3.2 m
SKIP
Finally find the resultant of Xtot & Ytot
Xtot = + 1.5 m
Ytot = + 3.2 m
SKIP
Find A + B + C & A + B - C
75o
66o 15 m
12 m
23 m
A
B
C
A plane’s engines propel it north with an air speed of 45 m/s (with respect to the air). Additionally, wind blows due SE at 15 m/s.
What is the velocity of the plane relative to the ground (speed and direction)?After 10 seconds how far N/S has it traveled?After 10 seconds how far E/W has it traveled?After 10 seconds what total distance has it traveled?
Do problemspage 71 9, 11, 14a, 16
Independence of Vector Quantities
• Perpendicular vectors can be treatedindependently of each other.
6 s
A boat can move 5 m/s through still waterHow long does it take to cross the water if it heads directly across?
30 m
30 m
A boat can move 5 m/s through still water.If the river flows 2 m/s down stream, how long does it take the boat to cross the river if its motor is aimed directly across.
2 m/s
5 m/s
Water flows
6 s
The boat was still traveling 5 m/s in the x direction
vx= +5 m/s
and it was moving at 2 m/s in the N direction
vy= +2 m/s
But at the same time
Changing the Y-component does not affect the X component
What is velocity of the boat relative to the shore?
2 m/s
5 m/s
2 m/s
5 m/s
R
R = 5.4 m/s
The RESULTANT is how fast the boat is moving with respect to a bystander on the shore!!
30 m
How far did the boat drift down stream
2 m/s
5 m/s
Water flows
6 s
12 m
30 m
What is the resultant displacement?
2 m/s
5 m/s
Water flows
6 s
12 m32 m
30 m
What was its total speed compared to the bystander?
2 m/s
5 m/s
Water flows
6 s
12 m32 m
32 m6.0 s
=5.4 m/s
A boat’s motor propels it at 2.8 m/s with respect to the water.It aims its engines directly across a river which is 68 m across. When the boat reaches the opposite shore it had been carried 24 meters downstream
The time to reach the opposite shore.The velocity of the river.The resultant velocity of the boat. (magnitude and angle)
A boat’s engines can push it at 2.60 m/s relative to the water.If an ocean flows Due NW at 1.1 m/s, Which way should the boat direct its engines in order to go due east?What will its resultant velocity be?
1.1 m/s (ocean current)
1.1 m/s (ocean current)
2.60 m/s(velocity due to engine)
Resultant should point due east
Which way to point the engines velocity to end up going due east?
What is theta?
A= 1.1 m/s
B = 2.60 m/s
45o
Ax= -.78
Ay= +.78By= -.78
Sin() = 0.78/2.6
= 17o S of E
If the resultant has no Y component then the Y components of A & B must cancel.
A= 1.1 m/s
B = 2.60 m/s
45o
Ax= -.78
Ay= +.78
By= -.78
How fast is the ship traveling?
A= 1.1 m/s
B = 2.60 m/s
45o
Ax= -.78
Ay= +.78By= -.78
17o
Bx= +2.5
Is the resultant always the longest side??
NO it is the result of two vectors added, sometimes they cancel partially or wholly.
A
B
Ax
Ay
Bx
BY
Ax Bx
Ay
BY
A current in the ocean is pushing a boat 12 m/s directly Northeast.A wind is blowing the boat 8 m/s 10o South of east.What is the boats direction and speed?
45o
12 m/s
current+
+ east
North
8 m/s
10o
Wind
45o
12 m/s
8 m/s
10o
Current
Wind
Vy
Vx
Vy
Vx
Vy = sin 45 * 12 m/s = 8.5 m/s
VX = cos 45 * 12 m/s= 8.5 m/s
Vy = sin 10 * 8 m/s = 1.4 m/s
VX = cos 10 * 8 m/s = 7.9 m/s
But note direction ( -1.4 m/s)
Add em UP Ytot = 8.5 m/s - 1.4 m/s = 7.1 m/s
Xtot = 8.5 m/s + 7.9 m/s = 16.4 m/s
Vy = 7.1 m/s
Vx = 16.4 m/s
A current in the ocean is pushing a boat 12 m/s directly Northeast.A wind is blowing the boat 8 m/s 10o South of east.What is the boats direction and speed?
7.1 m/s
+
+16.4 m/s
R
R2 = 7.12 + 16.42
R = 17.8 m/s
east
A current in the ocean is pushing a boat 12 m/s directly Northeast.A wind is blowing the boat 8 m/s 10o South of east.What is the boats direction and speed?
7.1 m/s
+
+16.4 m/s
17.8 m/s
tan oppositeadjacent
7.116.4
tan-1 ( 7.1 / 16.4) = 23o
The boat is traveling 23o north of East at 17.8 m/s
east
What would the boat do to use the least amount of power to go directly east?