What kind of society did the French colonists create in their North American colonies? Chapter 2: France Takes an Interest in North America.

What kind of society did the French colonists create in their

North American colonies?

Chapter 2: France Takes an Interest in North

America

France Takes an Interest in North America

Colony: A territory controlled by another country.

Empire: A network of colonies controlled by a single country.

Imperialism: A country extending its control over other countries, often using economic or military means.

Silk Road: The route travelled by Europeans crossing through Asia and Eastern Europe used for trading.

Imperialism

When Europeans first came to North America they created new settlements called colonies.

The first colonists in Canada came from France.

Imperialism

Empires are networks of colonies controlled by a single country (aka the home country).

Colony

Colony Colony

Colony Colony

ColonyColony

EmpireColony

Imperialism

Colonies had no independence. The home country was responsible for decisions

regarding economics and politics. This system of control of is called Imperialism.

Colony

Home Country

The colony shipped resources to the home

country (fish, furs, lumber, metal ores, etc.)

The home country shipped settlers and soldiers tot the

colony. It controlled the economy and government.

Imperialism

For centuries, much of the world was ruled by imperial powers.

It was within this framework that Canada became a country.

In this chapter we’re going to investigate why

France was interested in building a colony in North America.

KWL Chart

Why Did European Explorers First Come to North America?

Please complete the “Know” and “Wonder” columns of the chart on page 5 of your

Chapter 2 booklet.

European Imperialism

People began arriving in the land we now call Canada over 1000 years ago.

The first people to arrive here were....

European Imperialism

People began arriving in the land we now call Canada over 1000 years ago.

The first people to arrive here were.... The Norse from Scandinavia.

http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10121

European Imperialism

In the 140o’s, sailors from Spain, Portugal and possibly England crossed the Atlantic to catch fish of the shores of today`s Newfoundland and Labrador.

These fishermen were followed by many other Europeans who came across as explorers and colonists.

Looking for a New Silk Road

For centuries, the countries of Europe and Asia traded with one another.

France, England, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands looked to India, China, Japan and Indonesia for what kinds of goods?

Looking for a New Silk Road

For centuries, the countries of Europe and Asia traded with one another.

France, England, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands looked to India, China, Japan and Indonesia for what kinds of goods? Spices Tea Silk Porcelain Gems

Looking for a New Silk Road

To bring these goods home, the Europeans travelled a route known as the Silk Road.

This route became dangerous because ambush parties would often attack the traders either charging a tax or stealing their goods.

By the 1400’s the Europeans were eager to find a new route to Asia, preferably by water.

Looking for a New Silk Road

In 1492, Queen Isabella of Spain sent Christopher Columbus west across the Atlantic is search of a new silk road.

His voyages led to the European awareness of the American continents.

Expanding Across the Ocean

Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?

Expanding Across the Ocean

Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?

1.Economics

2.Competition

3.Religion

4.Curiosity

Expanding Across the Ocean

1. Economics Europeans set up colonies so they could

claim the resources for themselves. Ex: Fur

Expanding Across the Ocean

2. Competition Countries of Europe were at competition

with each other. The more colonies (and land) that a

country controlled, the more power and prestige it had.

Expanding Across the Ocean

3. Religion The Catholics (France) and the Protestants

(England) wanted to spread their version of Christianity to other parts of the world.

Expanding Across the Ocean

4. Curiosity Europeans were curious about the rest of

the world. New technologies made travelling farther

than they ever had before possible.

Chapter 2 Task Journal of a European Explorer

You are a European explorer in the 1500’s. Write a journal entry in which you explain why you feel it is a good idea to sail to North America and establish a colony there.

 You must include ideas/reasons for all four reasons why Europeans came to North America.

1. Economics

2. Competition

3. Religion

4. Curiosity

Chapter 2 Task Journal of a European Explorer

Chapter 2 Task

JOURNAL OF A EUROPEAN EXPLORER

Example

Dear Journal, March 5, 1543I have been asked to join a crew sailing to North America. Our ship will be carrying missionaries who are going to spread the Catholic religion to the native people. They will be returning with a ship full of goods. I`ve heard that fur is easy to get there. I plan to stay in the new colony and make my own fortune collecting furs. I`ve been told we are leaving the day after tomorrow. The French government wants to get as many ships to the New World as soon as possible. Perhaps they are afraid the British will take all the furs or claim all the land. I wonder what it will be like there... will it look anything like France? I am very excited to see what adventures lie ahead for me.

Sincerely, Louis Villeneuve

France Takes an Interest in North America

Jacques Cartier: Explored the Gulf of St.Lawrence making first contact with the Mi’kmaq.

Brainstorm

Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played

an important role in developing Canada?

Brainstorm

Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?

The Royal French Flag

Brainstorm

Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?

The Quebec Flag

Brainstorm

Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?

The Canadian Coat of Arms

Brainstorm

Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?

The Acadian Flag

Cartier Crosses the Atlantic

In 1534, the king of France sent Jacques Cartier across the Atlantic in search of a passage through North America to Asia.

After 20 days a sea, he reached the coast of Newfoundland.

Cartier Crosses the Atlantic

One day, Cartier and his men were exploring the shores of the St. Lawrence when they came across a group of Mi’kmaq.

Cartier wrote about what happened between them in his journal.

This is the first written account of trade between the first nations and Europeans.

Cartier Crosses the Atlantic

A large number of people… set up a great clamour and made frequent signs to us to come on shore, holding up to us some skins on sticks…

We likewise made signs to them that we wished them no harm, and sent two men ashore to offer them some knives and other iron goods and a red hat to give to their chief…

They bartered all they had, to such an extent that all went back naked… and they made signs to us that they would return on the morrow with more skins.

Based on this account, what

suggests the first nations would

have traded before? Who

would they have traded with?

The Challenges of Settlement

In July 1534, Cartier landed at a place he called Gaspé.

There, he met a group of Haudenosaunee led by a man named Donnacona.

After this meeting, Cartier took two of Donnacona’s sons on board is ship. He sailed them back to France to prove to the king what he found.

http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10123

The Challenges of Settlement

In 1535, Cartier returned with three ships, 110 men and Donnacona’s two sons.

They guided them up the St.Lawrence River as far as Stadacona where Donnacona and his people lived.

Cartier and his crew decided to to stay the winter. They built a small log fort near Stadacona.

How do you think the French made out during their first North American winter?

The Challenges of Settlement

They did not have enough fresh fruit and vegetables.

Many of the crew became sick and died of scurvy, a disease brought on by a lack of vitamin C.

The Challenges of Settlement

The Haudenosaunee had a cure for scurvy . They taught the French how to make the cure from boiling pieces of white cedar into tea.

Without their help, Cartier and the rest of his men may not have survived the winter.

Land of Riches

The Haudenosaunee told Cartier about a land northeast of their village where there were fruit trees, metals and gems.

In 1536, Cartier forcibly took Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe.

Why do you think Cartier took them back to Europe?

Land of Riches

The Haudenosaunee told Cartier about a land northeast of their village where there were fruit trees, metals and gems.

In 1536, Cartier forcibly took Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe.

So they could tell the king about the riches in North America.

He hoped this information would convince the king to pay for another cross-Atlantic trip.

Why do you think Cartier took them back to Europe?

Cartier Visits Again

Cartier returned to north America in 1542 to set up a colony along the St. Lawrence River.

By this time, all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier had taken to Europe died. Cartier told the Hauenosaunee that everyone else was well and living in Europe.

Why do you think Cartier lied about the Haudenosaunee being alive? Do you think they believed him?

Cartier Visits Again

Cartier returned to north America in 1542 to set up a colony along the St. Lawrence River.

By this time, all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier had taken to Europe died. Cartier told the Hauenosaunee that that everyone else was well and living in Europe.

Written accounts say they did not believe him and as a result were hostile toward the French.

Why do you think Cartier lied about the Haudenosaunee being alive? Do you think they believed him?

Cartier Visits Again

After another terrible winter, the French colonists decided to return to Europe.

Cartier took samples of what he believed were gold and diamonds with him. But it turned out they were worthless pyrite (fools gold) and quartz.

Although he was not successful in establishing a permanent colony in North America, Cartier did succeed in gathering a great deal of important information about the land.

Questions

France Takes an Interest in North America (pg 36-38)

1.Based on Cartier’s journal entry on page 36, what suggests that the Mi’kmaq had traded before? (3pts) With whom do you think they might have traded? (1 pt)

2.How did the Haudenosaunee help Cartier and his men? (1 pt)

3.Why did Cartier take the natives back to Europe in 1536? (2 pts)

4.How did Cartier fail as an explorer? How did he succeed? (2 pts)

Brainstorm

Discuss with the person beside you:

How would you feel if strangers came to your school, raised a flag and claimed

the school for themselves?

How would the newcomers describe their actions?

How would you respond to such an event?

Cartier and Donnacona

The Haudenosaunee had lived in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence lowlands for as long as anyone can remember.

They controlled travel along the river and governed the surrounding lands.

However, when Cartier arrived at Gaspé, he and his men raised a wooden cross with Vive le Roi de France! (Long Live the King of France) across the rop.

www.uppercanadahistory.ca

Role play

With a partner, role play the encounter between Cartier and Donnacona as Cartier raised the

cross at Gaspé.

Include why you think Cartier felt justified in raising the cross and why Donnacona felt justified in objecting.

Preparing your role play

1. Make notes: Include a) facts about the situation/event, b) your character’s perspective, c) how your character feels and d) how your character acts (voice, gestures, etc).

2. Dialogue: Decide if you are going to read from a script or make up the dialogue as you go along.

3. Respect: Remember to be respectful of cultures.

France Expands Its Empire

Monopoly: When only one company or group is allowed to sell or trade a product in a certain area.

France Expands Its Empire

Jacques Cartier’s settlement failed but the French did not completely forget about North America; Fishing fleets still returned to North America. Fur traders still came to trade with First Nations

trappers.

France began to build North American colonies at Acadia and Québec.

The French Return

By the early 1600’s, the demand for furs in Europe was growing.

King Louis XIII wanted to be the most powerful ruler in Europe and needed to expand France’s colonial empire to do so.

The French king, Louis XIII, decided that France should build a colony in North America. That way they would have access to the abundant supply of furs.

The French Return

Resources from the colonies would also give France a military advantage.

The king realised that building a colony would be very expensive for him to build and support.

He decided to let someone else pay for it.

The king granted a trade monopoly to a group of merchants.

The French Return

A trade monopoly, NOTThis meant that only merchants within the

group holding the monopoly would be allowed to trade for furs in the colony.

In return, the merchants agreed to build settlements in North America and find French citizens to live in them.

The French in Acadia

In 1604, a French noble named Pierre de Monts received a monopoly. He sailed to North America to set up a colony.

He took a map-maker and explorer named Samuel de Champlain with him.

In the spring of 1605, de Monts established a settlement at Port Royal on the Bay of Fundy.

The French called the area Acadia.

The French in Acadia

The Mi’kmaq were already living on this land. How do you think they reacted to the

newcomers? A)They didn’t object because they would be

able to trade with them. B)They were afraid of them and avoided them.C)They wanted them off their land and started

destroying their property. D)They wanted them off their land and started

a war!

The French in Acadia

At first, the Mi’kmaq who lived there did not object to the newcomers.

The French did not interfere with their hunting and fishing activities, and the Mi’kmaq welcomed the chance to trade their furs for metal goods and blankets.

The Mi’kmaq were willing to share the land.

The French in Acadia

In time, more and more French people came to Acadia.

Although life here was hard, it was no harder than it had been back in France. Acadia offered poor farmers a new start.

These colonists spread out along the shores of the Bay of Fundy.

The French in Acadia

They survived through farming, fishing, and hunting.

They formed a unique community and culture.

The Founding of Québec

Port Royal was a long way from the centre of the fur trade, so de Monts and Champlain decided to move to the St. Lawrence River.

They chose a site near Stadacona, where Jacques Cartier had built a fort many years earlier.

The French colonists called their settlement Québec.

The Founding of Québec

It was an ideal place to trade furs, but living conditions were far from ideal.

During their first winter, 20 of the 28 newcomers died due to the weather and lack of food.

Questions

France Expands Its Empire (pg 39-42)

5) What are the three main benefits of France building more colonies in North America? (3)

6) Describe Acadia. Include:

a) Who founded it (2)

b) Where it was located (1)

c) How the Mi’kmaq felt about the settlers (2)

d) Who the “Acadians” were (1 pt)

7) Why did the French colonists choose Quebec’s location? How did things work out for them? (2)

Exploring Deeper into the Continent

Coureur de bois: A Canadian trader (“runner of the woods”) who paddled on long journeys into the wilderness to trade for furs with the First Nations.

Métis: People of mixed First Nations and European ancestry.

Exploring Deeper into the Continent

Aside from the official explorers, the first people to leave the settlements of New France and begin roaming the countryside were the coureurs de bois.

The Coureurs de Bois

They were a unique group of adventurers.

They lived for long periods of time with the First Nations.

Many married First Nations women, and became parents to the Métis.

They learned to speak the First Nations’ languages and how to build birch bark canoes.

They also learned many other survival skills.

The Coureurs de Bois

Why do you think the job of a Coureur de Bois was

desired by many French men?

The Coureurs de Bois

Adventure!Freedom!Money!

The Coureurs de Bois

Their main interest was fur trapping, but they also acted as guides and interpreters for the French traders.

In this way, they were responsible for much of the early European exploration of the continent.

Étienne Brûlé

In 1610, the French and Wendat agreed to a cultural exchange.

Brûlé went to live with the Wendat, and a Wendat man named Savignon went to live in France.

What do you think Brûlé gained from living among the Wendat?

What do you think Savignon gained from living in France?

Étienne Brûlé

Brûlé gained an appreciation for the Wendat way of life, learned their language and practised their customs. He travelled with the Wendat and came to know their territory.

He was the first European to travel up the Ottawa River into Georgian Bay.

Étienne Brûlé

Savignon learned to speak French but was eager to return to North America.

When he returned he did not describe France as a good place: Children were treated badly. Beggars were living in the

streets, arguing loudly with one another.

Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers

Radisson came to New France in 1650 as a boy and lived for two years among the Mohawk as a teenager before returning to Québec.

While living with the Mohawk he learned to speak their language and survive in the woods.

It was only natural that he become a coureur de bois.

Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers

In 1659, he joined des Groseilliers on a trading trip deep into the Lake Superior.

No Europeans had ever been there before.

How do you think the First Nations treated Radisson and des Groseilliers?

Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers

Everywhere they went, they were welcomed by the First Nations.

As they travelled their knowledge of the fur country grew. They also gave French names to some of the settlements, lakes, rivers and mountains they encountered.

What were they doing when they did this?

Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers

Everywhere they went, they were welcomed by the First Nations.

As they travelled their knowledge of the fur country grew. They also gave French names to some of the settlements, lakes, rivers and mountains they encountered.

They were claiming the land for

France.

What were they doing when they did this?

Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers

In 1670, they travelled to Hudson Bay because the First Nations people had told them it was rich in fur-bearing animals.

Later that year The Hudson Bay Company was founded as a result of their accomplishments.

Economy and Government in New France

King Louis XIV: King of France also known as the “Sun King” because he was all powerful. He was so forceful in acquiring colonies that other countries of Europe united against him.

Sovereign Council: A government with three officials: a governor, an intendant, and a bishop, set up by King Louis XIV to govern the colony of New France.

Definitions contd.

Habitants: A Francophone farmer of New France. Jesuits: An order of missionaries who came to

North America to convert First Nations peoples to the Catholic religion.

Canadien(ne): A Francophone descendent of the settlers of New France living anywhere in North America, including the West (in use until about the First World War).

Seigneurial System: A system based on nobles (or seigneurs) who rented land to farmers (or habitants).

The Royal Takeover

As a colony, New France depended on France for its survival.

France provided: Colonists, supplies and military protection

New France supplied: Resources such as furs and fish

The colony of New France made France richer and more powerful.

The Royal Takeover

In 1663, King Louis XIV took control of the colony from the merchants.

The Royal Takeover

He established a Sovereign Council to govern the colony.

The Sovereign Council

Governor Intendant Bishop•The most powerful member of the S.C.•The King’s representative. •Took charge of the defence of the colony and its relationships with allies and enemies.

•In charge of the day-to-day affairs of the colony. •Supervised courts and made sure the colonists were looked after. •Managed the economy ($).

•The head of the church.•Leading role in politics.

The Sovereign Council

The royal government paid the colony’s expenses.

The government of New France was all powerful and the colonists had to follow the rules and laws established by the Sovereign Council.

The courts received complaints from the colonists but overall, the people enjoyed greater freedom in New France.

The Catholic Church

Religion had an important place in the lives of Europeans.

Priests, nuns, and missionaries who went to New France helped build the colony. They held religious services, taught schools, ran hospitals and cared for the poor.

The colonists supported the church by donating a portion of their income, called a tithe.

The Catholic Church

What was the #1 goal of the Catholic Church?

The Catholic Church

The most important goal of the church was to spread the Catholic faith.

The missionaries came to New France to convert the First Nations peoples to their religion.

What was the #1 goal of the Catholic Church?

The Catholic Church

The missionaries travelled into the interior of the continent.

As they travelled they wrote accounts of their travels and experiences. Many of these writing have survived through the centuries and are important historical documents.

The Economy of New France

How did New France make money?

The Economy of New France

The fur trade and farming.

How did New France make money?

The social structure was based on a Seigneurial System.

1.The king gave large tracts of land along the St.Lawrence to the nobles aka seigneurs.

2.Each seigneur had to find colonists aka habitants to settle the land. These habitants rented strips of land and set up farms.

3.Seigneurs and habitants had duties which were protected by law. Habitants had to give a portion of their crop and pay

other fees to the seigneur. The seigneur had to build a church and mill on his

land.

The Economy of New France

The king knew the Seigneural System would help populate New France.

If the seigneur did not find tenants to farm is land, he would not make any money.

The Economy of New France

Questions

Please complete the “Royal Takeover” and “Catholic Church” sheets in your Chapter 2 booklet.

Populating the Colony

Fille du Roi: The women known as the “king’s daughters” who were sent to New France to become wives.

Key Characteristics of the Catholic Church

in New France

Class Notes:The bishop led the church.The church operated the schools and hospitals.The church tried to convert First Nations peoples.Missionaries travelled deep into the interior of the

continent. Important historical information was provided

through journals and diaries.

Populating the Colony

In the early days, New France was simply a place for trading furs run by merchants.

They had little interest in building settlements. Few people wanted to move there, and the

colony failed to prosper.

The Population of New France (pg 45)

Brainstorm

Why was it so difficult for New France’s population to grow?

Nobody wanted to leave France to live there.

Death and diseaseThere were hardly any WOMEN!

What do you see as the biggest problem?

Populating the Colony

Les Filles du Roi

Between 1665 and 1673, the King sent approximately 900 single young women and girls to New France to become wives.

How would you feel if you were one of these girls torn away from your family to marry a strange

man and live in the New World?

Payment – A Wedding Gift

When they married, the king gave them:

1 Cow1 Ox

2 Chickens

2 Pigs

Salt Beef

A purse of money

Women in New France

Women worked hard alongside their husbands in the fields.

They cared for their homes and children and helped manage the family finances.

Girls in New France received a better education than they would have in France.

Within 14 years, the colony’s population grew from 3200 to 10 000.

These 10 000 colonists are the original Canadiens.

“I will or will not marry you!”

What are the advantages and disadvantages of getting married in New France?

Advantages Disadvantages

• Gifts from the King• Women would receive an

education• Men would receive help on

their farm• Companionship

• Women had to do hard labour

• Taken away to a strange new world

• You wouldn’t know who you were marrying.

• Disease and Death.