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What is your definition of apartheid?
What is segregation?
Give an example of
segregation.
Essential Question
•What is apartheid?
Objectives
• Understand South Africa’s struggle for freedom.
A
N
C
…frican
...ational
…ongress
Established in 1913
Sought political rights for blacks
Led by...
ANC began to organize nonviolent protests & boycotts
1931
1948 S.A. gov’t began to further limit
freedom of black Africans
Gov’t launched a
system of….
System of separating South Africa into racial groups under
white control
- Whites
- Blacks
- Coloureds
-Asians
Schools, hospitals, playgrounds & beaches
were all segregatedSet apart according
to race
Who they could marry
Where to go to
school
Where they
could live
What work they
do
Blacks couldn’t own land or rent an apartment in
white territory
87% of S.A
Including rich diamond & gold mines
1959S.A. parliament
created separate, bantustans, or homelands for
blacks
Each ethnic
group was to have its
own homeland
Eventually they
would be self-
governing
Homelands were poorest lands in S.A.
Cheap metal & plastic (no heat, electricity,
running water)
Blacks = 75% of pop. but only 13% of land was theirs
Blacks couldn’t leave homelands without a pass
I don’t have a pass
Only blacks with jobs could get passes
Families were
separated
We have no choice in the matter!
Why not speak up?!
Criticize the gov’t ...
And go to jail or house arrest
(banning)
Books & newspapers were censored
Police were strong (torture was
common)Whites given guns (& trained to use)
1960
Hundreds of peaceful marchers met to protest
pass lawsPolice open fire: kill 69 &
injure 186
“Sharpeville Massacre”
it isolated S.A.
Gov’t banned the ANC & many
were jailed
ANC went “underground”
Formed a more militant
wing….
Umkhonto we Sizwe: “Spear of the Nation”
Turned to sabotage (blew up
RR & public
buildings)
Mandela charged with treason
Sent to jail for life
S
A
S
O
...outh
...frican
…tudent
…rganization
1969
Started by black
university students
Led by...
Education in S.A. must be reformed
(changed)
Let’s protest!
1976Police fired on students protesting
use of Afrikaans in
school600 students
killed
Biko was eventually arrested & murdered in prison
1980s: Protests & Riots
Reaction by S.A. gov’t =
brutality
9/84 - 4/85217 Africans killed
700 Africans injured
10,000 arrested
S.A. became an int’l outcast
‘70: S.A. banned from
Olympics
‘77: United Nations kicked
S.A. out
1986U.S. imposed sanctions on S.A.
Discouraged companies from doing business
there
Elected president of S.A.
1989
I’m determined to transform
S.A.
Mandela freed (ANC
leader)
1990
ANC was unbanned
Parliament repeals
segregation lawsU.S.
sanctions are liftedPres. Bush
‘91
Int’l Olympic Committee lifted its 21-year ban on S.A. athletes
‘91
Legal barriers were gone, but economic ones weren’t