1 What is the Rock Cycle? Rock Cycle A sequence of events involving the formation , alteration , destruction , and reformation of rocks as a result of such processes as magmatism, erosion, transportation, deposition, lithification , and metamorphism ! James Hutton 18 th Century • Developed concept to show how rocks and natural physical processes are interrelated. • Solar energy , gravity , and radio-active heating are the major forces driving the Rock Cycle. • As a result, cycle will be self-sustaining for thousands of millions of years! Related to Plate Tectonics
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What is the Rock Cycle? Rock Cycle - Quia1 What is the Rock Cycle? Rock Cycle A sequence of events involving the formation , alteration , destruction , and reformation of rocks as
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What is the Rock Cycle? Rock Cycle
A sequence of events involving the
formation, alteration, destruction, and
reformation of rocks as a result of such
processes as magmatism, erosion,
transportation, deposition, lithification,
and metamorphism!
James Hutton18th Century
• Developed concept to show how rocks and natural physical processes are interrelated.
• Solar energy, gravity, and radio-active heating are the major forces driving the Rock Cycle.
• As a result, cycle will be self-sustaining for thousands of millions of years!
Related to Plate Tectonics
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• The mantle, crust and surface of the earth can be
thought of as a giant recycling machine!
• Rocks are neither created nor destroyed, but
redistributed and transformed from one rock type
to another.
Becoming an IGNEOUS Rock
• IGNEOUS ROCKS form from molten rock or MAGMA in the sub-surface or from LAVA extruded at the surface.
• The kind of IGNEOUS rock formed depends on WHATwas MELTED and HOW it was COOLED.
• IGNEOUS rocks are classified based on their mineralcomposition and texture (small vs. large crystals)
Any existing rock –IGNEOUS – METAMORPHIC or
SEDIMENTARY – can be subjected to enough heat and/or
pressure causing it to MELT.
IGNEOUS rocks make up BEDROCK
• Granite
• Basalt
• Rhyolite
Becoming a SEDIMENTARY Rock
- The IGNEOUS rock GRANITE can be physically weathered to produce CLAY
and SAND
- These sediments are transported, deposited and lithified to form SEDIMENTARY rocks
- EX: Clay ���� Shale
Sand ���� Sandstone
• The METAMORPHIC rock GNEISS can be physically weathered to produce
CLAY and SAND.
• These sediments are transported, deposited and lithified to form SEDIMENTARY rocks
- EX: Clay ���� Shale
Sand ���� Sandstone
• SEDIMENTARY rocks can be physically weathered to produce sediment that becomes other SEDIMENTARYrocks!
• Chemical weathering dissolves minerals in rocks resulting in precipitates/evaporites like LIMESTONE.
• What forms depends upon composition and environmental factors.
• H20 + CO2 ���� H2CO3
LIMESTONE Formation
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Becoming a METAMORPHIC Rock
• Pressure, heat and fluids cause pre-existing
rocks or sediments to become METAMORPHIC
rocks.
• SEDIMENTARY rocks
LIMESTONE or DOLOMITEDOLOMITE ����
metamorphic rock MARBLE
• SEDIMENTARY rock
SANDTONE ����
Metamorphic rock QUARTZITE
• SEDIMENTARY rock SHALE ����
metamorphic rock SLATE
• Metamorphic rock SLATE �
metamorphic rock PHYLLITE
• Metamorphic rock PHYLLITE �
metamorphic rock SCHIST
• Metamorphic rock SCHIST �
metamorphic rock GNEISS
Pennsylvania is rich in the following minerals/rocks: iron, lead, cobalt, Copper, Malachite, and Azurite: Copper
limestone, coal
PA Rock Uses
Limestone: Cement
Slate: Roof tiles and flagstones
Clays: Ceramics and bricks
Phosphates: Fertilizers
Coal: Energy
Magnetite, Hematitie, and Goethite: Iron
Galena, Cerussite, and Anglesite: Lead
Sphalerite: Zinc
Cobaltite: Cobalt
Graphite: Lubricants, Pencil Leads
Famous Magnetite deposit in Cornwal, LenanonCounty was worked from 1742 – 1973. Closed due to flooding damage from Hurricane Agnes in 1973.
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Washington
Co.:
Bituminous
Coal (Energy
to make Steel)
Southern
Illinois:
Fluorite
(Fluxing
Agent)
Minnesota and
Wisconsin: Magnetite
and Hematite (Ore)
England
•Tin was extremely important in the Bronze Age.
•Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans traded or invaded England for