What is personality? Specifically how people differ in behavior, feelings, reactions to the environment and to other people
What is personality?Specifically how people differ in behavior,
feelings, reactions to the environment and to other people
Basic questions about personality How does one measure and describe
personality differences For example– what kind of person do you want to
date? Can personality be measured objectively?
Trait Perspective Take a piece of paper and write down a list of
adjectives that describes the personality of someone you know well
Contemporary Research-- The Trait Perspective Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-
report inventories and peer reports Personality Inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
used to assess selected personality traits
The Trait PerspectiveThe “Big Five” Personality FactorsTrait Dimension DescriptionEmotional Stability Calm versus anxious
Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pitying
Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reserved
Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus
preference for routine Independent versus conforming
Warmth Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative
Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless Disciplined versus impulsive
The Trait Perspective: Clinical Perspective
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically used of
all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional
disorders (still considered its most appropriate use)
now used for many other screening purposes
Example MMPI Questions I like mechanics magazines. I have a good appetite. I wake up fresh & rested most mornings. I think I would like the work of a librarian. I am easily awakened by noise. I like to read newspaper articles on crime. My hands & feet are usually warm enough. My daily life is full of things that keep me interested. I am about as able to work as I ever was. There seems to be a lump in my throat most of the time.
The Trait Perspective
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profile
Hysteria(uses symptoms to solve problems)
Masculinity/femininity(interests like those of other sex)
T-score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
100 30 40 50 60 70 80
Hypochondriasis(concern with body symptoms)
Depression(pessimism, hopelessness)
Psychopathic deviancy(disregard for social standards)
Paranoia(delusions, suspiciousness)
Psychasthenia(anxious, guilt feelings)
Schizophrenia(withdrawn, bizarre thoughts)
Hypomania(overactive, excited, impulsive)
Social introversion(shy, inhibited)
Clinicallysignificant
range
After treatment(no scores
in the clinicallysignificant range)
Beforetreatment(anxious,
depressed,and
displayingdeviant
behaviors)
Core Theories Trait Perspective Is a practical approach but
it doesn’t explain Personality There are classic theories about personality
Tend to be older Not discussed much in current Psychology But, can be used for both understanding
individual and as a basis for therapy
Your Theory of Personality 1. Human behavior results primarily from
heredity, what has been genetically transmitted by parents, or from environment, the external circumstances and experiences that shape a person after conception has occurred.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 heredity environment
Your Theory of Personality 2. Personality is relatively
unchanging, with each person showing the same behavior throughout a lifetime, or personality is relatively changing, with each person showing different behavior throughout a lifetime.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
unchanging changing
Your Theory of Personality 3. The most important influences on
behavior are past events, what has previously occurred to a person, or in contrast, future events, what a person seeks to bring about by striving to meet certain goals.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
past future
Your Theory of Personality 4. People are motivated to cooperate
with others mainly because they are self-centered, expecting to receive some personal gain, or mainly because they are altruistic, seeking to work with others only for the benefit of doing things with and for others.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
self-centered altruistic
Sigmund Freud Lived 1856 – 1939 Was a Physician Theory based on
clinical population Theory influenced
by “Victorian Times”
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory of personality that attributes
our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
First Came up use of hypnosis – influenced by work of Dr. Mesmer
Free Association in psychoanalysis, a method of
exploring the unconscious person relaxes and says whatever
comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware
Personality Structure
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
Personality Structure Id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Personality Structure
Superego the part of personality that presents
internalized ideals Represents “rules” of society provides standards for judgment (the
conscience) and for future aspirations
Id and Superego Id and Superego are in constant conflict This cause guilt and anxiety People need to learn how to cope with this
conflict– some do it successfully and others don’t
Conflicts most be resolved by ego
Personality Structure Ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Personality Structure
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms
the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality (can be a normal process, but can also lead to disordered behavior)
Repression the basic defense mechanism that banishes
anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness (e.g., memories of childhood or past marriage)
Defense Mechanisms
Regression defense mechanism in which an
individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Example– party behavior?
Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously
switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites people may express feelings that are the opposite of their
anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings (e.g., express a disdain for pornography but really enjoy it)
For example, someone who can’t cope with anxiety becomes very religious, become celibate, etc.
Or opposite, person from strict background becomes promiscuous
Defense Mechanisms Projection
defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Prejudice against other ethnic groups or ages groups such as teens
Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying
explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
I “hit” because she “deserved” it
Defense Mechanisms
Displacement defense mechanism that shifts sexual or
aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet., e.g., football for aggression; art for sexual desire
Assessing the Unconscious Projective Test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) a projective test in which people express their
inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Assessing the Unconscious
Rorschach Inkblot Test the most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann
Rorschach seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by
analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Personality Development Psychosexual Stages
the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for
control
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)
Personality Development Identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
The reason our culture placed so much emphasis on traditional families
Fixation a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at
an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
Humanistic Perspective
Self-Actualization the ultimate psychological need that arises
after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Humanistic Perspective– Self Actualization Theories
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) studied self-
actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)
Carl Rogers Everyone has a self concept and an ideal
self Goal is to actualize or become ideal self Requires realistic idea of self Requires realistic ideal self Requires Positive Self Regard
Personality ChangeConstant
Changing
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Freud Skinner Rogers
Influence of PastPast is Critical Focus on Future
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Freud Skinner Rogers