What is Organic Chemistry? What do you know about Carbon?

What is Organic Chemistry?

What do you know about Carbon?

Carbon Compounds (2.3)Organic ChemistryCarbon has 4 valence electrons

Macromolecules

“giant molecules”Formed by polymerization

Small units (Monomers) join together to form polymers

Four groups of Organic Cmpds. Found in Living things1. Carbohydrates - made up of C, H, O

1:2:1Main source of energy for living thingsStructural in plants and some animalsGlucose broken down, supplies energyExtra sugar stored as complex CHO

STARCH starch = polymer sugar molecules = monomers

Monosaccharides-single sugar molecule-glucose, galactose,

fructosePolysaccharides

-formed from monosacc.-extra sugar stored in

glycogen

Carbohydrates

Glucose

Starch

LipidsInsoluble in waterMade mostly from C and HFats, oils, waxesUsed to store energyPart of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

Steroids (chemical messengers, ex. cholesterol) are lipids

Structure of LipidsGlycerol + fatty acids (fig.2-14)

Saturated-each C in the F.A. is joined to a C by single bond (F.A. contains the max. no. H atoms)

Unsaturated-at least one C-C double bond in the F.A.

Polyunsaturated-F.A. contains more than one double bond

Unsaturated-liquid at room temp.

Cooking oils = polyunsaturated

Nucleic AcidsMacromolecules made up of H, O, N, C, P

Polymers assembled from nucleotides (monomers)

Nucleotides made of 3 parts:

1. Nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T)

2. Phosphate group

3. 5-carbon sugar

Nucleic acidsStore and transmit genetic information

Two kinds of N.A. 1. RNA (ribose) 2. DNA (deoxyribose)

The structure of a nucleic acidNucleotide

AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine

Nucleotides

ProteinsMacromolecules, contain C, H, O, NMade up of amino acids *peptide bonds-amino group

-carboxyl group-More than 20 different A.A. in nature-the side chain called the R-group is different

-Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis

Functions of ProteinsControl rate of reactionsRegulate cell processesUsed to form bones, musclesTransport materials into or out of cells

Help fight diseaseUp to 4 levels of organization