1 | Page What is MLA? The Modern Language Association (MLA) style exists to provide consistency amongst writers and researchers and ensure conventions are followed in a particular manner. Writers who use MLA format correctly identify their source, thus giving their work more credibility. Additionally, those who use MLA properly protect themselves from plagiarizing. MLA has guidelines for formatting papers, referencing sources used through parenthetical documentation and works cited pages. Formatting Your Paper When compiling your paper, there are specific guidelines to stay consistent with MLA formatting. They are as follows: • The paper should be typed and printed on standard, white 8 ½ x 11 paper • Double space the text of your paper and use a 12 point font (including quotations, notes, and works cited) DO NOT increase spacing between paragraphs • Choose an easily readable typeface (e.g. New Times Roman) • Leave only 1 space after punctuation marks • Margins of the document should be set at 1 inch on all sides • Use the Tab key to indent the first line of each paragraph • Number all pages consecutively by using a header in the upper right-hand corner (generally suggested that the header contain the authors last name, followed by page number)
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What is MLA?
The Modern Language Association (MLA) style exists to provide consistency amongst writers and
researchers and ensure conventions are followed in a particular manner.
Writers who use MLA format correctly identify their source, thus giving their work more credibility.
Additionally, those who use MLA properly protect themselves from plagiarizing.
MLA has guidelines for formatting papers, referencing sources used through parenthetical
documentation and works cited pages.
Formatting Your Paper
When compiling your paper, there are specific guidelines to stay consistent with MLA formatting. They
are as follows:
• The paper should be typed and printed on standard, white 8 ½ x 11 paper
• Double space the text of your paper and use a 12 point font (including quotations, notes, and
works cited) DO NOT increase spacing between paragraphs
• Choose an easily readable typeface (e.g. New Times Roman)
• Leave only 1 space after punctuation marks
• Margins of the document should be set at 1 inch on all sides
• Use the Tab key to indent the first line of each paragraph
• Number all pages consecutively by using a header in the upper right-hand corner (generally
suggested that the header contain the authors last name, followed by page number)
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Formatting the First Page
A paper using MLA format should not have a separate title page. Instead, in the upper left-hand corner
of the first page, list your name, instructors name, course, and date, followed by a centered title (all
double spaced). Do not italicize, underline, boldface or use caps lock on your title.
Example:
In-Text Citations
In order to appropriately cite your sources used in a paper, both a works cited page and parenthetical
(in-text) citations are required. This process identifies to your readers exactly what information come
from each source. The most common way to document this is to insert parenthesis after using another’s
words, facts, or ideas. The parenthesis should include the original author’s last name and page number.
Example:
You may also choose to cite your source within your text, such as the example below:
In many instances, an author or page number may not be available. In such an occasion, your in-text
source information must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of your Works Cited
page.
The most important thing to remember is that the in-text citations must direct you to the appropriate
source in your Works Cited page.
It may be true that “in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary
importance . . .” (Robertson 136).
It may be true, as Robertson maintains, that “in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the
observer is of primary importance . . .” (136).
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If you do not have the author or page number, use the following formats:
In-Text Citations: Citing a Work with No Page Number (film, performance, web)
It is preferred to reference the source in the text, rather than in parenthesis; however, you are unable to
acknowledge your source in the text, it is acceptable to just refer to the author in parenthesis.
Example:
In-Text Citations: Citing a Work without an Author
If the work you are using has no author, use the title (or an abbreviated version of the work’s title)
instead.
Example:
In-Text Citations: Citing Authors with the Same Last Name
Occasionally, it will be necessary to add an author’s first initial to delineate between authors who have
the same last name. An author’s full first name may also be necessary if sources share the same first
initial.
Example:
In-Text Citations: Citing a Multi-Volume Work
When citing a multi-volume work (such as an encyclopedia), a page number is required but additional
citation information is helpful. If using a multivolume work, try to include both the page number and
volume in the parenthetical documentation. Separate the volume and page number with colon and a
space.
Example:
The utilitarianism of the Victorians “attempted to reduce decision-making about human actions to a
‘felicific calculus’” (Everett).
The nine grades of mandarins were “distinguished by the color of the button on the hats of office”
(“Mandarin”).
Between 1945 and 1972, the political-party system in the United States underwent profound changes
(Schlesinger, vol. 4: 112).
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others
note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
In-Text Citations: Citing Multiple Works
To cite multiple works in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi
Example:
In-Text Citations: Citing a Work with Multiple Authors
Citing a source with three or fewer authors
Example:
If citing a source with more than three authors
Example:
In-Text Citations: Citing Works by the Same Author
To reference works by the same author, put a comma after the author’s last name and add the title of
the work being referenced and the relevant page reference (if available).
Example:
(Fukuyama 42; McRae 101-33)
Although writings describing utopia have always seemed to take place far from the everyday
fact “all utopian fiction whirls contemporary actors through a costume dance no place else but here”
(Rabkin, Greenberg, and Olander).
Legal experts counter Smith, Yang and Moore’s argument by noting that the current spike in gun
violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al. 4).
Shakespeare’s King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye,
Text Citations: Citing Multiple Works
To cite multiple works in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi
Text Citations: Citing a Work with Multiple Authors
three or fewer authors requires you to list the last name of each author.
more than three authors, provide the first author’s last name followed by
Text Citations: Citing Works by the Same Author
ence works by the same author, put a comma after the author’s last name and add the title of
the work being referenced and the relevant page reference (if available).
Although writings describing utopia have always seemed to take place far from the everyday
fact “all utopian fiction whirls contemporary actors through a costume dance no place else but here”
(Rabkin, Greenberg, and Olander).
Legal experts counter Smith, Yang and Moore’s argument by noting that the current spike in gun
violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al. 4).
has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye, Anatomy
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To cite multiple works in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon.
requires you to list the last name of each author.
, provide the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”
ence works by the same author, put a comma after the author’s last name and add the title of
Although writings describing utopia have always seemed to take place far from the everyday world, in
fact “all utopian fiction whirls contemporary actors through a costume dance no place else but here”
Legal experts counter Smith, Yang and Moore’s argument by noting that the current spike in gun
Anatomy 237).
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In-Text Citations: Citing the Bible
Each version of the bible varies in its translation; therefore, when citing references to the Bible, you
need to distinguish which version you are using. The name of the Bible should be italicized, followed by
the book, then chapter and verse.
Example:
Once establishing the Bible edition, all future references to the same Bible can just cite book, chapter,
and verse.
Example:
In-Text Citations: Citing an Indirect Source
The definition of an indirect source is a source cited within another source. It is recommended that you
try to find the original source; however, sometimes citing an indirect source may be necessary. In order
to do so, use “qtd. in” to indicate the source you actually consulted.
Example:
Ezekiel saw “what seemed to be four living creatures,” each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an
eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Esekiel 1.5-10)
(Esekiel 1.5-10)
Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).
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Formatting Quotations
It is common to quote sources word-for-word when completing a paper. When directly quoting the
words of others, it is necessary to format differently, based on the length of the quote.
Short Quotations
For short quotations (less than three typed lines), enclose a quotation mark around the statement and
provide the author and page number immediately afterwards or cite within your text. Question marks
and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if it is part of the quoted passage;
however, the punctuation should appear after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.
Example:
Long Quotations
A free-standing block should be used for longer quotations (more than three typed lines). Follow these
guidelines: 1) omit quotation marks 2) start the quote on a new line 3) indent the entire quote one inch
from the left margin 4) maintain double spacing 5) only indent first line of the quotation by a half inch if
you are citing multiple paragraphs 6) the citation should come at the end after the closing punctuation
mark.
Example:
“He was obeyed,” writes Joseph Conrad of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, “yet he
inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect” (87).
At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their
actions:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the
first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his
whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of
the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob
too. (186)
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Adding or Omitting Words In Quotations
If you must add or delete any verbiage from a quotation, it is required that you indicate as such.
If you add words, you must put brackets around the words to indicate they are not a component of the
original text.
Example:
If you omit (delete) word/words from a quotation, you should signify this by using ellipsis marks (. . . ) in
the portion that was deleted.
Example:
Outlining
It is common for instructors to require an outline to accompany the final draft of your paper. If it is a
requirement to turn in an outline of your paper, the labeling should conform to MLA format.
Example:
I.
A.
1.
a.
(1)
(a)
(b)
II.
A.
1.
a.
(1)
(a)
(b)
He claimed he could provide “hundreds of examples [of court decisions] to illustrate the historical
tension between church and state.”
In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle Ages, Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical
thinking . . . stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers” (101-
02).
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Works Cited Page
A works cited page is a requirement for any paper containing information from another source. All
entries within the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in the text of your paper.
Basic Rules
• The Works Cited page must be on a separate sheet of paper, removed from the body of your
essay
• Continue the same one-inch margin and header as the rest of your paper
• Title the page Works Cited (do not italicize or place in quotation marks) and make sure the title
is centered
• Double space all citations; however, do not skip spaces between citation entries
• Indent the second (and all subsequent) lines of the entry (1/2 inch or 5 spaces)
• The works cited page must be alphabetized by the first word of the citation entry
Example:
***NEW TO MLA***
• For EVERY REFERENCE in your works cited page, you must determine the medium of the
publication. You must indicate that the source is one of the following: Print, Web, Film, CD-ROM,