WHAT IS GIS. GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS GIS may include manual systems, however, it usually refers to a computerised database system for capture, storage,

WHAT IS GISWHAT IS GIS

GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS

• GIS may include manual systems, however, it usually refers to a computerised database system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data (Huxhold, 1991).

• GIS is capable of assisting the storage, retrieval and manipulation of spatially referenced data such as street address or a census tract (Nedovic-Budic, 1999).

• GIS is most useful when used to perform data analysis (Lee and Wong, 2001, viii)

GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)

• application

– acts as a problem solving solution

– example: water pollution, traffic, land management

• toolbox

– emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in it’s definition

– always used by vendors to maximize their market share

The History

• First developed in North America, particularly the U.S. and Canada in the mid-1960s

• Previously been used in natural resources and environmental research

Period Name of Database/System

Objective/Purpose/Use The relevant body in Charge

1986 Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB)National Topographic Database

Management of country’s natural Resources

Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia

1990 DOA’s GIS-Based Land Resource Database

Land and land use investigation, creation and maintenance of a spatial and attribute database and the storage, processing and management of this information for the purpose of producing land use maps

Department of Agriculture

1992 National Infrastructure for Land Information System (NaLIS).

Provide timely access to land information, eliminate/reduce duplication of data capture and promote effective data sharing among related agencies.

Ministry of Land and Cooperative Development

1992 Penang Geographic Information System (PEGIS)

Creation of digital data for all land-related administration

Penang Development Corporation

1992 Darul Ehsan GIS (DEGIS) Integrating the diverse datasets through the internet to create an effective, consistent and inexpensive GIS infrastructure

The State of Selangor

1993 Sabah GIS for agriculture Digitizing all its land use distribution maps at a scale of 1:25,000

Sabah DOA

GIS

His

tory

in M

alay

sia

1994 PEGIS handed over to the Penang Government

- same as above - Penang Development Corporation

1994 Computerized Planning Information System

Convert all land-related information within the Council Administrative area, into a more efficient and integrated digital Format

Melaka City Council

1995 'AGISWlk' (stand for Aplikasi GIS Wilayah Lembah Klang).

Land use/resource management and planning

Bahagian Kemajuan Wilayah Persekutuan dan Perancangan Lembah Klang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri (now Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan)

1995 GIS for forest resources To establish an efficient and operational Forest Management Information System using GIS as a tool to support and strengthen the department to carry out its mandate as the custodian of the state's forest Resources

Forest Department of Sarawak

2002 Malaysian Cadastral Digital Data Infrastructure

Provide the technology, policies and standards necessary to acquire, distribute and improve the utilization of land Information

MaCDDIGIS

His

tory

in M

alay

sia

Tutorial question

• Briefly review the history of Geographic Information System application in Malaysia.

GIS: OLD AND NEWGIS: OLD AND NEW

Traditional GIS

MAP TYPEWRITERMANUAL DRAFING TOOLS

New GIS

COMPUTER PLOTTER CD-ROM

THE NEED FOR GISTHE NEED FOR GIS

• the real world has a lot of spatial data– manipulation, analysis and modeling can be

effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS• the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house• the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area• location of historical sites to visit• the earth surface for purposes of army

• the earth surface is a limited resource• rational decisions on space utilization• fast and quality information in decision making

... THE NEED FOR GIS... THE NEED FOR GIS

complexity of management– due to the need to combine and process many

sets of data, in addition to judge as many as possible, situation that might happen.

intense competition– the need to use technology in making decisions

and strategy in the world of intense competition.

TABULAR DATA MAP

A. DATA VISUALISATIONA. DATA VISUALISATION

Which one do you prefer: tabular data or map data?

State Population (1991)

Johor 2,074,297

Kedah 1,304,800

Kelantan 1,181,680

Melaka 504,502

P

SY

10 11 12

3

4

5

SO

UT

H

EAST

1. WHERE IS OBJECTP?

ANSWER: P = 3Y SOUTH, 12X EAST

2. WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ?

EXAMPLE: What can be found at 5x SOUTH, 11y EAST?

ANSWER: Y

B. LOCATIONB. LOCATION

C. ATTRIBUTE QUESTION:

1. ATRIBUTE EXPLANATION

EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR ITEM 2?

2. WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT HAPPEN?

EXAMPLE: WHO HAS THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF MINERALS ?

NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY

1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH

2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM

3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW

4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW

5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH

3. SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO RULES)

EXAMPLE: WHICH ITEM HAS

a) AREA >40,000 HECTARE

b) OWNER: NOT SILIMA

c) TAX CODE: B

d) MINERAL QUALITY: HIGH

NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY

1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH

2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM

3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW

4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW

5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH

….QUESTION: RELATIONAL DATABASE

QUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIPQUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP

X

X

X

YY

Y

Z

Z

Z

Z

1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN?

YES, IN THE FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST

IN THE FORM OF A LINE

2. IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y?

YES, Y IS ALWAYS NEAR X

3. WHAT OTHER SPATIAL PATTERN EXISTS?

OBJECT Z IS ALWAYS NEAR THE BORDERS AND ITS SIZE INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

TREND QUESTIONTREND QUESTION

A

BC

A B

DC

1980 19901. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980 TO 1990?

A: INCREASE IN SIZE

B: DECREASE IN SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION

C: CHANGES IN SHAPE

2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980?

A AND B HAVE CHANGED IN SIZE

B RELOCATES

C CHANGES IN SHAPE

ADDITION OF ITEM D

InformationSystem

InformationSystem

Non-spatialInformation

Systems

SpatialInformation

Systems

SpatialInformation

Systems

ManagementInformation

Systems

GeographicInformation

Systems

GeographicInformation

Systems

OtherTypes

(CAD/CAM)

GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

GIS

USES

VARIOUS DATASOURCES

VARIOUS DATAFORMATS

AND

MAPS IMAGEDIGITAL

PRODUCTSGPS

TEXTDATA

TABULARDATA

MAPS

DATABASE

REPORTS

1

2

4 43

GIS APPLICATION (I)GIS APPLICATION (I)

• environment– management of natural resources

• land, forest, marine, etc.– monitoring/control of environmental pollution– environment impact study

• infrastructure– transport and irrigation management and

maintenance– utility management and maintenance

• electric, water, gas, telephone, etc.

GIS APPLICATION (II)GIS APPLICATION (II)

• socio-economy– town and country planning– monitoring of population migration– disperse of resources/services

• clinics, schools, etc• military

– land form visualisation– visibility analysis

Residential Real Estate

• A single map lets your customer compare multiple properties and their respective proximity to desired amenities such as schools, parks, and shopping centers.

• Introduce the subject of disclosure by displaying FEMA floodplain data and know toxic sites in an area.

Commercial Real Estate

• Evaluate and analyze key factors when siting new premise for restaurants, stores, warehouses, corporate offices etc.:

* Proximity to suitable customers * Location of potential competitors * Crime rates * Transportation infrastructure * Regional labor pool characteristics * Environmental risk factors (i.e., flood plains, toxic sites, and

others) • Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) can gain a competitive

edge over traditional investments by using GIS to quantifying the investment potential of portfolios.

• GIS can show properties in the context of potential customers/tenants, nearness to competitors, inventories of like property, labor pools, and risk factors.

Multiple Listing Services• Multiple Listing Services (MLSs) can add features and

functions to the standard MLS menu of services such as an interactive map to show qualifying properties in the context of neighborhood amenities or perceived nuisances. Layers such as toxic sites can be added to address the sometimes thorny issue of disclosure.

• A prospective buyer can browse listings, look at an appropriate map, and choose an agent without ever leaving home. A good Internet site can link visitors to agents' e-mails and office Web sites.

• Mapping at the local level. Data such as parcel maps, school district boundaries, bus routes, local parks, and recreation facilities can be used by local MLS providers.

• Internet Map Server (IMS) technology gives us the tools to publish maps on the internet.

Title Companies

• Title companies can use GIS for relatively simple customer care mapping services, preliminary title searches, and the creation of GIS-based land information systems (LISs).

• LIS projects can involve the conversion of an existing paper-based land registration/taxation system to an automated interactive GIS system. Projects also include the creation of GIS/LIS from historical records and aerial photogrammetry.

• The title industry can also take advantage of internet-enabled GIS systems to allow free public access to a county's parcel ownership data and maps with a gateway to a fee-for-service section.

• In the fee-for-service section, customers can order/down proprietary data and reports and initiate title searches. More innovative applications can be linked to a local real estate board or MLS provider and are of particular value to a wide range of real estate professionals.

Appraisers

• Map current and recently retired listings for a more accurate representation of sales information for comparison.

• GIS maps properties based on searchable features such as address and parcel number, so we can review all properties in a given area using these ‘connectors’

• ArcView GIS desktop software gives you the tools to map features that affect a property's value such as crime rates, environmental hazards, and the condition of surrounding neighborhoods and properties.

GIS USAGEGIS USAGE• Data recall

Land Ownership

MAJLIS DAERAH KULAI

Geomdk_id: 252

Area: 147: 147.477900

Geodmk_: 640

Account_no: A0546142

Owner: LAM MEE WONG

No_k_p: 2224567

Bangsa: CINA

Address: 142, JLN. BERJASA, TMN. TIMUR,

KULAI, JOHOR

Poscode: 81000

No_geran: GM 125

No_lot: PTD 12201

Area: BANDAR KULAI

Mukim: SENAI-KULAI

Holding: BEBAS

Usage: KEDIAMAN

Floors: 01

Assesment: 89000.00

Rate: 0.25

Tax: 222.50

• Modeling– predict information from data within the GIS using a certain model

Population Density

Year 2010

- High

- Medium

- Low

BENEFITS OF GISBENEFITS OF GIS

• improves/enhances the effects of physical/environmental growth

• better management of resources• adding new value-added services• perform analysis on spatial and non spatial

components• fast recall of data• ability for complex analysis• recalling of non spatial data through object location• display of information in a different light/view• multiple scenario in planning can be performed

easily