What is Finno-Ugrian in Finnish?

What is Finno-Ugrian in What is Finno-Ugrian in Finnish?Finnish?

Sagadi Manor 27.8.2010Sagadi Manor 27.8.2010Kaisa HäkkinenKaisa Häkkinen

Professor of FinnishProfessor of FinnishUniversity of TurkuUniversity of Turku

The Uralic Language Family The Uralic Language Family (from west to east)(from west to east)

Saami (South S., Ume S., Pite S., Lule S., North S., Inari S., Saami (South S., Ume S., Pite S., Lule S., North S., Inari S., (Kemi S.), Skolt S., (Akkala S.), Kildin S., Ter S.(Kemi S.), Skolt S., (Akkala S.), Kildin S., Ter S.

Finnic ((Livonian?), VFinnic ((Livonian?), Võro-Seto,õro-Seto, Estonian, Vote, Estonian, Vote, FinnishFinnish, , Ingrian, Karelian, Olonetsian, Lude, Veps) Ingrian, Karelian, Olonetsian, Lude, Veps)

Mordvinian (Erzya, Moksha)Mordvinian (Erzya, Moksha)Mari (Western M., Eastern M.)Mari (Western M., Eastern M.)Permian (Udmurt, Komi incl. Permyak and Yazva K.)Permian (Udmurt, Komi incl. Permyak and Yazva K.)Hungarian*Hungarian*Mansi (Northern M., Eastern M., (Western M.), (Southern Mansi (Northern M., Eastern M., (Western M.), (Southern

M.))M.))Khanty (Northern Kh., Eastern Kh., (Southern Kh.))Khanty (Northern Kh., Eastern Kh., (Southern Kh.))Samoyed (Nganasan, Enets incl. Tundra E. and Forest E., Samoyed (Nganasan, Enets incl. Tundra E. and Forest E.,

Nenets incl. Tundra N. and Forest N., Selkup incl. Nenets incl. Tundra N. and Forest N., Selkup incl. Northern S., Central S. and Southern S., (Kamas), Northern S., Central S. and Southern S., (Kamas), (Mator).(Mator).

Distribution of the Uralic Distribution of the Uralic languageslanguages

Some central questions of the Some central questions of the Uralic prehistoryUralic prehistory

►Where was the oldest centre of Where was the oldest centre of expansion of the language family expansion of the language family (”homeland”)?(”homeland”)?

►Was there a continuum of several Was there a continuum of several successive protolanguages?successive protolanguages?

►When did the protolanguages break up?When did the protolanguages break up?►How, exactly, are the Uralic languages How, exactly, are the Uralic languages

related to each other?related to each other?►How can we know, what is old and what How can we know, what is old and what

is new?is new?

The Uralic ”Urheimat”The Uralic ”Urheimat”

The traditional tree modelThe traditional tree model

Basic idea: Basic idea: shared innovations shared innovations bear evidence for shared bear evidence for shared developmentdevelopment

Criticism:Criticism:Evidence for the most intermediate Evidence for the most intermediate

proto-langues very scanty (= proto-langues very scanty (= Proto-Finno-Saami equals to Proto-Finno-Saami equals to Proto-Uralic)Proto-Uralic)

Only some branches (e.g. Balto-Only some branches (e.g. Balto-Finnic) really well-establishedFinnic) really well-established

Areal/later contacs ignoredAreal/later contacs ignoredConvergence (= parallel Convergence (= parallel

developments) ignoreddevelopments) ignored

The tree can not serve as basis The tree can not serve as basis for dating of elements or for dating of elements or properties.properties.

An alternative modelAn alternative model(according to Jaakko Häkkinen, SUSA 92/2009)(according to Jaakko Häkkinen, SUSA 92/2009)

Proto-Uralic (Kama region 2000 Proto-Uralic (Kama region 2000 BC)BC)

West …West …gradual expansiongradual expansion…East …East West-Uralic ProtolanguageWest-Uralic Protolanguage

Expansion centre of Expansion centre of Pre-FinnicPre-Finnic

According to Ante According to Ante Aikio (SUSA 91/2006)Aikio (SUSA 91/2006)

Periods of developmentPeriods of development

Pre-Finnic (Uralic, Finno-Ugrian etc.)Pre-Finnic (Uralic, Finno-Ugrian etc.)

- Elements and features shared by all or the - Elements and features shared by all or the most remote members of the Uralic language most remote members of the Uralic language familyfamily

Proto-FinnicProto-Finnic- Elements and features shared by (Saami and) Elements and features shared by (Saami and)

Balto-Finnic languagesBalto-Finnic languages

FinnishFinnish

- Elements and features attested in Finnish but - Elements and features attested in Finnish but not in the related languages.not in the related languages.

Some tentative stages and Some tentative stages and datings of cultural developmentdatings of cultural development

Major parts and levels of a Major parts and levels of a language systemlanguage system

VocabularyVocabulary

- Inventory of lexical - Inventory of lexical elements elements

- Rules for word formation - Rules for word formation

GrammarGrammarPhonologyPhonology- Phonemes- Phonemes- Phonotactic rules- Phonotactic rulesMorphologyMorphology- MorphemesMorphemes- Rules for allomorphs Rules for allomorphs

and morphotaxand morphotaxSyntaxSyntax- Syntactical patternsSyntactical patterns- Grammatical wordsGrammatical words- Syntactic rules.Syntactic rules.

Phonological characteristicsPhonological characteristics

►Several distinct vowel qualities Several distinct vowel qualities ►Progressive vowel harmony Progressive vowel harmony

(front/back)(front/back)►No distinctive accentNo distinctive accent►Consonant clusters not allowed initiallyConsonant clusters not allowed initially►Consonant clusters not allowed finallyConsonant clusters not allowed finally►No distinctions based directly on voiceNo distinctions based directly on voice►Canonic lexical morphemes (word Canonic lexical morphemes (word

stems) disyllabicstems) disyllabic

Characteristics of Characteristics of morphologymorphology

►Mophological system rich of bound Mophological system rich of bound morphemesmorphemes

►Predominance of suffixal morphologyPredominance of suffixal morphology►No grammatical gender (masculine – No grammatical gender (masculine –

feminine)feminine)►System of personal possessionSystem of personal possession► Inflected negative verbInflected negative verb

Pre- Pre- Proto-Finnic consonant Proto-Finnic consonant systemsystem

Modern Finnish Modern Finnish (genuine (genuine

vocabulary)vocabulary)

In ”young” loanwords even b, f, gIn ”young” loanwords even b, f, g

Vowel systemVowel system

Proto-FinnicProto-Finnic Finnish Finnish (Karlsson 1983)(Karlsson 1983)

Progressive vowel harmonyProgressive vowel harmony

Pre-FinnicPre-Finnic

*taka-na*taka-na

*käte-nä*käte-nä

No reconstructed No reconstructed words like *käla, words like *käla, *küla*küla

NB *ilma, *śilmäNB *ilma, *śilmä

FinnishFinnish

taka-nataka-na

kätenäkätenä

back a, o, uback a, o, u

neutral e, ineutral e, i

frontfront y, ä, ö y, ä, ö

No distinctive accentNo distinctive accent

The main stress was and still is on the The main stress was and still is on the first syllable.first syllable.

KaKalala A Anoppi noppi KaKalalavevesisi

NB. In loanwordsNB. In loanwordsSwedish Swedish psykopsykolog > Finnish psylog > Finnish psykologikologi

French French bouleboulevardvard > Finnish bu> Finnish bulevardilevardi

Phonotactic principles Phonotactic principles (consonant clusters and word (consonant clusters and word

stems)stems)Canonical syllable structure of word stemsCanonical syllable structure of word stems- two syllablestwo syllables- the basic inflectional stem ends in a the basic inflectional stem ends in a

vowelvowel- no consonant clusters initially/finallyno consonant clusters initially/finally

Typical stemsTypical stems

CVCV, CVCCVCVCV, CVCCV

VCV, VCCVVCV, VCCV

Case systemCase system Pre-Finnic Finnish Pre-Finnic Finnish

endingending

Nom.Nom. --

Gen.Gen. -n-n

Acc.Acc. -m-m

Loc.Loc. -nA-nA

Abl.Abl. -tA-tA

Lat.Lat.-k, -n-k, -n

Plural markers Plural markers

Pre-FinnicPre-Finnic FinnishFinnish

-t, -j-t, -j -t, -i--t, -i-

endingendingNom.Nom. --

Gen.Gen. -n-n

Acc.Acc. -n (< *-m)-n (< *-m)

Ess.Ess. -nA-nA

Partit.Partit. -tA, -A (< *-tA, -A (< *δδA < *tA)A < *tA)- (NB Agricola ala ’under’ < *ala-k)(NB Agricola ala ’under’ < *ala-k)

Translat.Translat. -ksi (< derivative s.?)-ksi (< derivative s.?)

Iness.Iness. -ssA (< *s-nA)-ssA (< *s-nA)

Elat.Elat. -stA (< *s-tA)-stA (< *s-tA)

Illat.Illat. -Vn (< *s-(V)-n)-Vn (< *s-(V)-n)

Adess.Adess. -llA (< *l-nA)-llA (< *l-nA)

Ablat.Ablat. -ltA (< *l-tA)-ltA (< *l-tA)

Allat.Allat. -lle (< *l-(V)-n)-lle (< *l-(V)-n)

Abess.Abess. -ttA (< derivative s.)-ttA (< derivative s.)

Comitat.Comitat. -ine- (< der. j-nA-k?)-ine- (< der. j-nA-k?)

Instruct.Instruct. -n (= gen.)-n (= gen.)

Conjugation systemConjugation system Pre-Finnic Finnish Pre-Finnic Finnish

VoiceVoice

--

MoodMoodmarkermarker

IndicativeIndicative --

ImperativeImperative -k-k

””Connective”Connective” -ne-ne

TenseTensePresentPresent -, -k-, -k

PastPast -j, -ś-j, -ś

VoiceVoiceActive Active

Passive (Indefinite) –ttV, -tVPassive (Indefinite) –ttV, -tV

MoodMood markermarkerIndicativeIndicative --

ImperativeImperative - (<*k), -kA, -kO- (<*k), -kA, -kO

PotentialPotential -ne-ne

ConditionalConditional -isi (< deriv.)-isi (< deriv.)

TenseTensePresentPresent -, NB ei tule (< -, NB ei tule (<

*tule-k)*tule-k)

PastPast -i-i

Finite formsFinite formsPre-Finnic Pre-Finnic FinnishFinnish

mVnmVn menemmenem

tVntVn menetmenetsVnsVn mene, mene,

menepä menepä ’going’’going’

mvkmvk menemAtmenemAt

tVktVk menetAtmenetAt

sVksVk menetmenet

menepätmenepät

minä menenminä menen

sinä menetsinä menet

hän hän

meneemenee

me me menemmemenemme

te te menettemenette

hehe

menevätmenevät

Inflected negative verbInflected negative verb

e-m e-m mene-kmene-k

e-t e-t mene-kmene-k

e-jäe-jä mene-kmene-k

?(e-mVk, saami *epä)?(e-mVk, saami *epä)

?(e-tVk, saami ?(e-tVk, saami *epätäk)*epätäk)

?(?(e-pät, saami *ejät)e-pät, saami *ejät)

en en menemene

etet menemene

eiei menemene

emme emme menemene

etteette menemene

eivät eivät menemene

(dial., Agr. evät)(dial., Agr. evät)

Possessive suffixesPossessive suffixesPre-Finnic Pre-Finnic FinnishFinnish

kala-mikala-mi ’my fish’ ’my fish’ etc.etc.

kala-tikala-ti

kala-sakala-sa

kala-ma-kkala-ma-k

kala-ta-kkala-ta-k

kala-nsa-kkala-nsa-k

kalanikalani

kalasikalasi

kalansakalansa

kalammekalamme

kalannekalanne

kalansakalansa

Some syntactic principles Some syntactic principles shared by Pre-Finnic and Finnishshared by Pre-Finnic and Finnish

Minimal sentence: predicate alone (no Minimal sentence: predicate alone (no grammatical subject) grammatical subject) SataaSataa ’It is raining’ ’It is raining’

Agreement of predicate in number and Agreement of predicate in number and person with the subject (person with the subject (MinäMinä mene menenn ja ja tete tule tulettette ’I go and you (PL) come’ ’I go and you (PL) come’

Qualifier preceeds the qualified (Qualifier preceeds the qualified (suuri kalasuuri kala ’a big fish; NB ’a big fish; NB suuresuurenana kala kalanana ’as a big ’as a big fish’ – saami fish’ – saami stuorra guollestuorra guollenn no no agreement).agreement).