What is cloud computing ? Cloud · Anytime availability: Application may be configured and manipulated anytime over internet. 3. ... Cloud computing offers online development and

What is cloud computing ?

Cloud :- A cloud is a collaboration of networks, hardware, services, storage, and interfaces

that helps in delivering computing as a service. It has three users:

1. End users

2. Business management users

3. Cloud service provider

Cloud refers to network or internet, present at distant location. Applications such as email,

web-conferencing, Customer relationship management (CRM), social networking, Online file

storage, all run in cloud

Cloud computing is a shared pools of configurable computer resources and higher level

services that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort, often over on the

internet. It allows us to develop, configure and modify applications online.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1. On demand self services: computer services such as email, applications, network or

server service can be provided without requiring human interaction with each service

provider. Cloud service providers providing on demand self services include Amazon Web

Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM and Salesforce.com. New York Times and

NASDAQ are examples of companies using AWS (NIST). Gartner describes this

characteristic as service based.

2. Broad network access: Cloud Capabilities are available over the network and accessed

through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client

platforms such as mobile phones, laptops and PDAs.

3. Resource pooling: Cloud computing allows multiple tenants to share a pool of resources.

4. Rapid elasticity: Services can be scaled larger or smaller. It is very easy to scale up or

down the resources any time.

5. Measured service: use of services is measured and customers are billed accordingly.

6. Dynamic provisioning: Allows for the provision of services based on current demand

requirements. This is done automatically using software automation. This dynamic scaling

needs to be done while and security maintaining high level of reliability.

Advantages of cloud computing

1. Availability over internet: One can access applications utilities, over the internet.

2. Anytime availability: Application may be configured and manipulated anytime over

internet.

3. Installation not required: it is not required to install specific software access or

manipulate cloud applications.

4. Platform as a service : Cloud computing offers online development and deployment tools,

programming runtime environment through platform as a service model.

5. Platform independency: Cloud resources are available over the network in manner that

provides platform independent access to any time of clients. Cloud computing removes

platform dependency issues. So, it is making our computer usage mobile and collaborative.

6. On-demand self service: Cloud computing offers on-demand self service . The resources

can be used without interaction with cloud service provider.

7. Load balancing : It offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.

8. Cost effective: Cloud computing is highly cost effective because operates at higher

efficiencies with greater utilization. It just requires an internet connection. This technology

offers lower cost due to multiple reasons. The billing model is pay as per usage; the

infrastructure is not purchased thus lowering maintenance, initial expenses and recurring

expenses are much lower than traditional computing.

9. Increased Storage: Due to massive infrastructure made available by cloud provides,

storage and maintenance of larger volume of data is a reality.

Cloud Computing Applications

Data storage and back-up: Dropbox.com & box.com, These are example of

Two websites which provides storage space.

Mailchimp: This Services is to manage businesses efficiently. This has facility to keep

subscribers records like contacts, details, one-to-one conversation with subscriber or clients.

Google apps: Google offers creating text document, spreadsheet Presentation on Google drive

which allows business users to share them in collaborative manner.

Audio box: FM

Google: Google app engine lets the user build, run and maintain their applications on

Google’s infrastructure. It provides high reliability, availability and scalability.

Windows Azure: This is enterprise-level on-demand capacity builder. Azure API may be

used to work with infrastructure offered by Microsoft.

Amazon EC2 : It is large complex web service. Ec2 provided an API instantiating computing

instances with any of the operating systems supported facilities computations through

Amazon Machine Images (AMI’s)

Quick books: Online software for entrepreneurs to organize business finances anywhere. It

helps in creating and in voices.

Facebook : It’s a serial network service. User can share photos, videos, make friends, join

groups and communities.

Twitter: It is a kind of media to internet directly with public. One can follow any celebrity ,

organization or friends.

Cloud Computing in Educational Institutes

Usage Models Five different cloud usage models have been introduced to the

educational institutes:

Cloud-based storage

Virtual Hands-on Laboratories (VHLs)

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Cloud Based Storage

Cloud Advantages to Farmers

• No capital investment by farmer

– No Servers

– No Software

– No Maintenance

– No Data backups

– No Infrastructure

– Share his information with farmers planting the same crops to exchange

expertise.

Challenges of Cloud Computing

1. Security and privacy

2. Lock-in

3. Isolation failure

4. Interoperability

5. Computing performance

6. Reliability and availability

7. Insecure or incomplete data deletion

8. Compliance concerns

9. Continuously evolving

10. Lack of standards

Very Short & Short Answer type Questions :-

1. What is Cloud ?

2. What is a Cloud Computing ?

3. What are benefits of cloud computing?

4. Give the best example for open source Cloud Computing.

5. What are challenges of cloud computing?

Long answer type questions:-

1. What are the advantages of cloud computing ?

2. What are the applications of cloud computing?

2. SAAS:

Software as a service (SaaS) is a software distribution model in which a third-party provider

hosts applications and makes them available to customers over the Internet. SaaS is one of

three main categories of cloud computing, alongside infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and

platform as a service (PaaS).

It is also known as ‘on-demand software’ , Software and associated data are hosted on the

cloud Using a web browser saas is accesed by users.

SaaS Examples: Google Apps, Salesforce, Workday, Concur, Citrix GoToMeeting, Cisco

WebEx. Common SaaS Use-Case: Replaces traditional on-device software. ...

Enterprise PaaS Examples: Apprenda. ...

IaaS Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Cisco Metapod, Microsoft Azure, Google

Compute Engine (GCE), Joyent.

PAAS

Platform as a Service (PaaS) or Application Platform as a Service (aPaaS) or platform-based

service is a category of cloud computing services that provides a platform allowing customers to

develop, run, and manage applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the

infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app.

Consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries,

services, and tools supported by the provider.

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including

network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed

applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.

Example: enterprise paas Apprenda

IAAS

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that provides

virtualized computing resources over the internet. IaaS is one of the three main categories

of cloud computing services, alongside software as a service (SaaS) and platform as a

service (PaaS).

The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and

other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run

arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does

not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating

systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select

networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

Example; Amazon web services(AWS), Microsoft Azure, Joyent,ect.

The advantages of the Public cloud are:

1. Flexible

2. Reliable

3. High Scalable

4. Low cost

5. Place independence

This type also holds some disadvantages such as:

1. Less Secured

2. Poor Customizable

Private Cloud also termed as 'Internal Cloud'; which allows the accessibility of systems and

services within a specific boundary or organization. The cloud platform is implemented in a

cloud-based secure environment that is guarded by advanced firewalls under the surveillance

of the IT department that belongs to a particular organization. Private clouds permit only

authorized users, providing the organizations greater control over data and its security.

Business organizations that have dynamic, critical, secured, management demand based

requirement should adopt Private Cloud.

The advantages of using private cloud are:

1. Highly private and secured: Private cloud resource sharing is highly secured.

2. Control Oriented: Private clouds provide more control over its resources than public cloud

as it can be accessed within the organization's boundary.

The Private cloud has the following disadvantages:

1. Poor scalability: Private type of clouds is scaled within internal limited hosted resources.

2. Costly: As it provides secured and more features, so it's more expensive than a public

cloud.

3. Pricing: is inflexible; i.e., purchasing new hardware for up-gradation is more costly.

4. Restriction: It can be accessed locally within an organization and is difficult to expose

globally.

Hybrid Cloud is another cloud computing type, which is integrated, i.e., it can be a

combination of two or more cloud servers, i.e., private, public or community combined as

one architecture, but remain individual entities. Non-critical tasks such as development and

test workloads can be done using public cloud whereas critical tasks that are sensitive such as

organization data handling are done using a private cloud. Benefits of both deployment

models, as well as community deployment model, are possible in a hybrid cloud hosting. It

can cross isolation and overcome boundaries by the provider; hence, it cannot be simply

categorized into any of the three deployments - public, private or community cloud.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Computing are:

1. Flexible

2. Secure

3. Cost Effective

4. Rich Scalable

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud are:

1. Complex networking problem

2. Organization's security Compliance

3. Community Cloud is another type of cloud computing in which the setup of the cloud

is shared manually among different organizations that belong to the same community

or area. Example of such a community is where organizations/firms are there along

with the financial institutions/banks. A multi-tenant setup developed using cloud

among different organizations that belong to a particular community or group having

similar computing concern.

Very Short & short answer type questions :-

1. What is Saas?

2. What is Paas?

3. What is Iaas?

4. Give the example of Saas,Paas,Iaas service model.

5. Explain different models for deployment in cloud computing?

6. Name fundamental resources of Iaas.

7. Give two benefits of iaas..

8. What is CRM?

9. Explain the different applications of Paas.

10. Explain SOA.

Long Answer type Questions :-

1. Explain IaaS Along with benefits, issues and characteristics.

2. Define SaaSIn detail along with its applications.

3. Explain cloud computing deployment models in details.

4. What is difference between public cloud, private cloud and hybrid cloud?

WHAT IS GRID COMPUTING?

Grid computing is a distributed architecture of large numbers of

computers connected to solve a complex problem. In the grid computing model,

servers or personal computers run independent tasks and are loosely linked by the

Internet or low-speed networks. Computers may connect directly or via scheduling

sys

Example:-

Grid Computing instances often have hundreds or maybe thousands of processors.

Desktop computers have an Operating System like Windows, Mac OS, or Linux.

Advantages/ Disadvantage of Grid Computing

Advantages:-

1. Grid -computing can solve larger, more complex problems in a shorter time

2. Grid- computing easier to collaborate with other organizations

3. Grid-computing make better use of existing hardware

4. Application of grid computing:-

1. Distributed supercomputing

2. High-throughput computing

3. On-demand computing

4. Data-intensive computing

5. Collaborative computing

Virtualization

. Virtualization is the creation of virtual servers, infrastructures, devices

and computing resources. ... It started as the ability to run multiple operating systems on one

hardware set and now it a vital part of testing and cloud-based computing

Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual environment on an existing server to run

your program.

The types of virtualization in cloud computing.:-

Hardware/Server Virtualization

. It is the most common type of virtualization and it provides advantages like optimum

hardware utilization and application. The basic idea is to combine many small physical

servers into one large physical server, so that the processor can be used more effectively. The

operating system that is running on a physical server gets converted into a well-defined OS

that runs on the virtual machine.

The hypervisor controls the processor, memory, and other components by allowing different

OS to run on the same machine without the need for a source code.

Type of Hardware virtualization:-

Full Virtualization – In it, the complete simulation of the actual hardware takes place to

allow software to run an unmodified guest OS.

Para Virtualization – In this type of virtualization, software unmodified runs in modified

OS as a separate system.

Partial Virtualization – In this type of hardware virtualization, the software may need

modification to run.

Network Virtualization

It refers to the management and monitoring of a computer network as a single managerial

entity from a single software-based administrator’s console. It is intended to allow network

optimization of data transfer rates, scalability, reliability, flexibility, and security. It also

automates many network administrative tasks. Network virtualization is specifically useful

for networks that experience a huge, rapid, and unpredictable traffic increase.

Network virtualization provides improved network productivity and efficiency.

Two categories:

Internal: Provide network like functionality to a single system.

External: Combine many networks, or parts of networks into a virtual unit.

Storage Virtualization

In Storage virtualization, multiple network storage resources are present as a single storage

device for easier and more efficient management of these resources. It provides various

advantages as follows:

Improved storage management in a heterogeneous IT environment

Easy updates, better availability

Reduced downtime

Better storage utilization

Automated management

Types of storage virtualization:

Block- It works before the file system exists. It replaces controllers and takes over at the

disk level.

File- The server that uses the storage must have software installed on it in order to enable

file-level usage.

Memory Virtualization

It introduces a way to decouple memory from the server to provide a shared, distributed or

networked function. It enhances performance by providing greater memory capacity without

any addition to the main memory. That’s why a portion of the disk drive serves as an

extension of the main memory.

Software Virtualization

It provides the ability to the main computer to run and create one or more virtual

environments. It is used to enable a complete computer system in order to allow a guest OS to

run. For instance letting Linux to run as a guest that is natively running a Microsoft Windows

OS (or vice versa, running Windows as a guest on Linux).

Types:

Operating system

Application virtualization

Service virtualization

Data Virtualization

Without any technical details, you can easily manipulate data and know how it is formatted or

where it is physically located. It decreases the data errors and workload.

Desktop virtualization

It provides the work convenience and security. As one can access remotely, you are able to

work from any location and on any PC. It provides a lot of flexibility for employees to work

from home or on the go. It also protects confidential data from being lost or stolen by keeping

it safe on central servers.

Very Short & short answer type Questions :-

1. What is grid computing?

2. How grid computing works?

3. Define full virtualization.

4. Give any two applications of grid computing.

5. What are the advantages of grid computing?

6. Define virtualization and hardware virtualization.

Long Answer type Questions:-

1. Explain in detail Grid computing.

2. Explain virtualization in details.

3. Define memory, Data & Storage virtualization.

4. Explain full and partial virtualization in details.

4.What is Cluster Computing

A computer cluster is a set of loosely or tightly connected computers that work together so

that, in many respects, they can be viewed as a single system. Unlike grid computers,

computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by

software.

Cluster computing or High-Performance computing frameworks is a form of computing in

which bunch of computers (often called nodes) that are connected through a LAN (local area

network) so that, they behave like a single machine. A computer cluster help to solve

complex operations more efficiently with much faster processing speed, better data integrity

than a single computer and they only used for mission-critical applications.

Peer to peer network

In a P2P network, the "peers" are computer systems which are connected to each other via

the Internet. Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the need of

a central server. In other words, each computer on a P2P network becomes a file system.

Utility computing

Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes

computing resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed, and

charges them for specific usage rather than a flat rate. Like other types of on-demand

computing (such as grid computing), the utility model seeks to maximize the efficient use of

resources and/or minimize associated costs.

What is Ubiquitous computing

Ubiquitous computing is a concept in software engineering and computer science where

computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere. In contrast to desktop computing,

ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any format. A user

interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop

computers, tablets and terminals in everyday objects such as a refrigerator or a pair of

glasses. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include Internet,

advanced middleware, operating system, mobile code, sensors, microprocessors, new I/O and

user interfaces, networks, mobile protocols, location and positioning, and new materials.

Devices that use ubiquitous computing have constant availability and are completely

connected.

Ubiquitous computing focuses on learning by removing the complexity of computing and

increases efficiency while using computing for different daily activities.

Ubiquitous computing is also known as pervasive computing, everyware and ambient

intelligence.

Ubiquitous computing may be seen to consist of many layers, each with their own roles,

which together form a single system:

.

Layer 1: task management layer

Monitors user task, context and index

Map user's task to need for the services in the environment

To manage complex dependencies

Layer 2: environment management layer

To monitor a resource and its capabilities

To map service need, user level states of specific capabilities

Layer 3: environment layer

To monitor a relevant resource

To manage reliability of the resources

Comparision between Grid, Cluster and Cloud –Computing

Cluster Grid Cloud

Resource handling Centralized Distributed Both

Loosely coupling No Both Yes

Reliability No Half Full

Networking Type Private Private Public Internet

Virtualization Half Half Yes

Business model No No Yes

Task Size Single Large Single Large Small,Medium,Large

Heterogenity No Yes Yes

Security High Medium/High Low, Medium

Value

addedService

No Both Yes

Cost Very High High Low

Very Short & short Answer type Questions :-

1. Define cluster.

2. Define cluster computing.

3. What is the need of cluster?

4. What is P2P Network?

5. Define Hybrid model.

6. Define utility computing.

7. Give two advantage of utility computing.

8. Why grid we use?

9. What is the need of cluster computing?

10.What are the applications of cluster computing?

11. Comparison Between grid and Cluster computing.

Long Answer type Questions:-

1. Explain P2P Network with suitable examples and it’s applications.

2. Comparison Between grid cluster and cloud Computing.

.