PISMP 2007 @ IPG What is Action Research? Action research is known by many other names, including participatory research, collaborative inquiry, emancipatory research, action learning, and contextural action research, but all are variations on a theme. Put simply, action research is ―learning by doing‖ - a group of people identify a problem, do something to resolve it, see how successful their efforts were, and if not satisfied, try again. While this is the essence of the approach, there are other key attributes of action research that differentiate it from common problem-solving activities that we all engage in every day. Action research is a term which refers to a practical way of looking at your own work to check that it is as you would like it to be. Because action research is done by you, the practitioner, it is often referred to as practitioner based research; and because it involves you thinking about and reflecting on your work, it can also be called a form of self-reflective practice. The idea of self reflection is central. In traditional forms of research – empirical research – researchers do research on other people. In action research, researchers do research on themselves. Empirical researchers enquire into other people‘s lives. Action researchers enquire into their own. Action research is an enquiry conducted by the self into the self. You, a practitioner, think about your own life and work, and this involves you asking yourself why you do the things that you do, and why you are the way that you are. When you produce your research report, it shows how you have carried out a systematic investigation into your own behaviour, and the reasons for that behaviour. The report shows the process you have gone through in order to achieve a better understanding of yourself, so that you can continue developing yourself and your work. Action research can be described as a family of research methodologies which pursue action (or change) and research (or understanding) at the same time. In most of its forms it does this by using a cyclic or spiral process which alternates between action and critical reflection and in the later cycles, continuously refining methods, data and interpretation in the light of the understanding developed in the earlier cycles. Action research is undertaken in a school setting. It is a reflective process that allows for inquiry and discussion as components of the ―research.‖ Often, action research is a collaborative activity among colleagues searching for solutions to everyday, real problems experienced in schools, or looking for ways to improve instruction and increase student achievement. Rather than dealing with the theoretical, action research allows practitioners to address those concerns that are closest to them, ones over which they can exhibit some influence and make change. Practitioners are responsible for making more and more decisions in the operations of schools, and they are being held publicly accountable for student achievement results. The process of action research assists
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PISMP 2007 @ IPG
What is Action Research?
Action research is known by many other names, including participatory research, collaborative
inquiry, emancipatory research, action learning, and contextural action research, but all are
variations on a theme. Put simply, action research is ―learning by doing‖ - a group of people
identify a problem, do something to resolve it, see how successful their efforts were, and if not
satisfied, try again. While this is the essence of the approach, there are other key attributes of
action research that differentiate it from common problem-solving activities that we all engage in
every day.
Action research is a term which refers to a practical way of looking at your own work to check
that it is as you would like it to be. Because action research is done by you, the practitioner, it is
often referred to as practitioner based research; and because it involves you thinking about and
reflecting on your work, it can also be called a form of self-reflective practice.
The idea of self reflection is central. In traditional forms of research – empirical research –
researchers do research on other people. In action research, researchers do research on
themselves. Empirical researchers enquire into other people‘s lives. Action researchers enquire
into their own. Action research is an enquiry conducted by the self into the self. You, a
practitioner, think about your own life and work, and this involves you asking yourself why you
do the things that you do, and why you are the way that you are. When you produce your
research report, it shows how you have carried out a systematic investigation into your own
behaviour, and the reasons for that behaviour. The report shows the process you have gone
through in order to achieve a better understanding of yourself, so that you can continue
developing yourself and your work.
Action research can be described as a family of research methodologies which pursue action (or
change) and research (or understanding) at the same time. In most of its forms it does this by
using a cyclic or spiral process which alternates between action and critical reflection and
in the later cycles, continuously refining methods, data and interpretation in the light of
the understanding developed in the earlier cycles.
Action research is undertaken in a school setting. It is a reflective process that allows for inquiry
and discussion as components of the ―research.‖ Often, action research is a collaborative activity
among colleagues searching for solutions to everyday, real problems experienced in schools, or
looking for ways to improve instruction and increase student achievement. Rather than dealing
with the theoretical, action research allows practitioners to address those concerns that are closest
to them, ones over which they can exhibit some influence and make change. Practitioners are
responsible for making more and more decisions in the operations of schools, and they are being
held publicly accountable for student achievement results. The process of action research assists
PISMP 2007 @ IPG
educators in assessing needs, documenting the steps of inquiry, analyzing data, and making
informed decisions that can lead to desired outcomes.
Action research is a process in which participants examine their own educational practice
systematically and carefully, using the techniques of research. It is based on the following
assumptions:
Teachers and principals work best on problems they have identified for themselves
Teachers and principals become more effective when encouraged to examine and assess
their own work and then consider ways of working differently
Teachers and principals help each other by working collaboratively
Working with colleagues helps teachers and principals in their professional development
Although there are many types of research that may be undertaken, action research specifically
refers to a disciplined inquiry done by a teacher with the intent that the research will inform and
change his or her practices in the future. This research is carried out within the context of the
teacher‘s environment—that is, with the students and at the school in which the teacher works—
on questions that deal with educational matters at hand. While people who call for greater
professionalization say that teachers should be constantly researching and
educating themselves about their area of expertise, this is different from the study of more
educational questions that arise from the practice of teaching.
Implicit in the term action research is the idea that teachers will begin a cycle of posing
questions, gathering data, reflection, and deciding on a course of action. When these decisions
begin to change the school environment, a different set of circumstances appears with different
problems posed, which require a new look. Indeed, many action research projects are started
with a particular problem to solve, whose solution leads into other areas of study. While a
teacher may work alone on these studies, it is also common for a number of teachers to
collaborate on a problem, as well as enlist support and guidance from administrators, university
scholars, and others. At times, whole schools may decide to tackle a school-wide study to
address a common issue, or join with others to look at district-wide issues.
Action research is open ended. It does not begin with a fixed hypothesis. It begins with an idea
that you develop. The research process is the developmental process of following through the
idea, seeing how it goes, and continually checking whether it is in line with what you wish to
happen. Seen in this way, action research is a form of self evaluation. It is used widely in
professional contexts such as appraisal, mentoring and self assessment.
A useful way to think about action research is that it is a strategy to help you live in a way that
you feel is a good way. It helps you live out the things you believe in, and it enables you to give
good reasons every step of the way.
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What is NOT action research?
Action research is not what usually comes to mind when we hear the word ―research.‖ Action
research is not a library project where we learn more about a topic that interests us. It is not
problem-solving in the sense of trying to find out what is wrong, but rather a quest for
knowledge about how to improve. Action research is not about doing research on or about
people, or finding all available information on a topic looking for the correct answers. It involves
people working to improve their skills, techniques, and strategies. Action research is not about
learning why we do certain things, but rather how we can do things better. It is about how we can
change our instruction to impact students.
Classroom Action Research
Classroom Action Research is research designed to help a teacher find out what is happening in
his or her classroom, and to use that information to make wise decisions for the future. Methods
can be qualitative or quantitative, descriptive or experimental.
Differences between Action and Formal Research
TOPIC FORMAL RESEARCH ACTION RESEARCH
Training needed by
researcher Extensive On own or withconsultation
Goals of research Knowledge that is
generalizable
Knowledge to apply to the
local situation
Method of
identifying the
problem to be
studied
Review of previous research Problems or goals currently
faced
Procedure for
literature review
Extensive, using primary
sources
More cursory, using
secondary sources
Sampling approach Random or representative
sampling
Students or clients with
whom they work
Research design Rigorous control, long time
frame
Looser procedures, change
during study; quick time
frame; control through
triangulation
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Measurement
procedures Evaluate and pretest measures
Convenient measures or
standardized tests
Data analysis Statistical tests; qualitative
techniques
Focus on practical, not
statistical significance;
present raw data
Application of
results
Emphasis on theoretical
significance
Emphasis on practical
significance
Types of Action Research
Part of the confusion we find when we hear the term ―action research‖ is that there are different
types of action research depending upon the participants involved. A plan of research can
involve a single teacher investigating an issue in his or her classroom, a group of teachers
working on a common problem, or a team of teachers and others focusing on a school- or
district-wide issue.
Individual teacher research usually focuses on a single issue in the classroom. The teacher may
be seeking solutions to problems of classroom management, instructional strategies, use of
materials, or student learning. Teachers may have support of their supervisor or principal, an
instructor for a course they are taking, or parents. The problem is one that the teacher believes is
evident in his or her classroom and one that can be addressed on an individual basis. The
research may then be such that the teacher collects data or may involve looking at student
participation. One of the drawbacks of individual research is that it may not be shared with
others unless the teacher chooses to present findings at a faculty meeting, make a formal
presentation at a conference, or submit written material to a listserv, journal, or newsletter. It is
possible for several teachers to be working concurrently on the same problem with no knowledge
of the work of others.
Collaborative action research may include as few as two teachers or a group of several
teachers and others interested in addressing a classroom or department issue. This issue may
involve one classroom or a common problem shared by many classrooms. These teachers may be
supported by individuals outside of the school, such as a university or community partner.
School-wide research focuses on issues common to all. For example, a school may have a
concern about the lack of parental involvement in activities, and is looking for a way to reach
more parents to involve them in meaningful ways. Or, the school may be looking to address its
organizational and decision-making structures. Teams of staff from the school work together to
narrow the question, gather and analyze the data, and decide on a plan of action. An example of
action research for a school could be to examine their state test scores to identify areas that need
improvement, and then determine a plan of action to improve student performance. Team work
and individual contributions to the whole are very important, and it may be that problem points
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arise as the team strives to develop a process and make commitments to each other. When these
obstacles are overcome, there will be a sense of ownership and accomplishment in the results
that come from this school-wide effort.
District-wide research is far more complex and utilizes more resources, but the rewards can be
great. Issues can be organizational, community-based, performance-based, or processes for
decision-making. A district may choose to address a problem common to several schools or one
of organizational management. Downsides are the documentation requirements (communication)
to keep everyone in the loop, and the ability to keep the process in motion. Collecting data from
all participants needs a commitment from staff to do their fair share and to meet agreed-upon
deadlines for assignments. On the positive side, real school reform and change can take hold
based on a common understanding through inquiry. The involvement of multiple constituent
groups can lend energy to the process and create an environment of genuine stakeholders.
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Figure 1 : Types of Action Research
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Steps in Action Research
Within all the definitions of action research, there are four basic themes: empowerment of
participants, collaboration through participation, acquisition of knowledge, and social change. In
conducting action research, we structure routines for continuous confrontation with data on the
health of a school community. These routines are loosely guided by movement through five
phases of inquiry:
1. Indentification of problem area
2. Collection and organization of data
3. Interpretation of data
4. Action based on data
5. Reflection
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IDENTIFY A PROBLEM AREA
Teachers often have several questions they wish to investigate; however, it is important to limit
the question to one that is meaningful and doable in the confines of their daily work. Careful
planning at this first stage will limit false starts and frustrations. There are several criteria to
consider before investing the time and effort in ―researching‖ a problem. The question should An
important guideline in choosing a question is to ask if it is something over which the teacher has
influence. Is it something of interest and worth the time and effort that will be spent? Sometimes
there is a discrete problem that is readily identifiable. Or, the problem to be studied may come
from a feeling of discomfort or tension in the classroom. For example, a teacher may be using
the latest fashionable teaching strategy, yet not really knowing or understanding what or how
kids are learning.
be a higher-order question—not a yes/no
be stated in common language, avoiding jargon
be concise
be meaningful
not already have an answer
GATHER DATA
The collection of data is an important step in deciding what action needs to be taken. Multiple
sources of data are used to better understand the scope of happenings in the classroom or school.
There are many vehicles for collection of data:
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Select the data that are most appropriate for the issue being researched. Are the data easy to
collect? Are there sources readily available for use? How structured and systematic will the
collection be? Use at least three sources (triangulation) of data for the basis of actions. Organize
the data in a way that makes it useful to identify trends and themes. Data can be arranged by
gender, classroom, grade level, school, etc.
INTERPRET DATA
Analyze and identify major themes. Depending upon the question, teachers may wish to use
classroom data, individual data, or subgroup data. Some of the data are quantifiable and can be
analyzed without the use of statistics or technical assistance. Other data, such as opinions,
attitudes, or checklists, may be summarized in table form. Data that are not quantifiable can be
reviewed holistically and important elements or themes can be noted.
ACT ON EVIDENCE
Using the information from the data collection and review of current literature, design a plan of
action that will allow you to make a change and to study that change. It is important that only
one variable be altered. As with any experiment, if several changes are made at once, it will be
difficult to determine which action is responsible for the outcome. While the new technique is
being implemented, continue to document and collect data on performance.
EVALUATE RESULTS
Assess the effects of the intervention to determine if improvement has occurred. If there is
improvement, do the data clearly provide the supporting evidence? If no, what changes can be
made to the actions to elicit better results?
NEXT STEPS As a result of the action research project, identify additional questions raised by the data and plan
for additional improvements, revisions, and next steps.
ACTION RESEARCH DESIGN
The essentials of action research design are considered by Elliott (in Hopkins, 1993) as per the
following characteristic cycle:
Initially an exploratory stance is adopted, where an understanding of a problem is
developed and plans are made for some form of interventionary strategy. (The
Reconnaissance & General Plan .)
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Then the intervention is carried out . (The Action in Action Research)
During and around the time of the intervention, pertinent observations are collected in
various forms. (Monitoring the implementation by Observation. )
The new interventional strategies are carried out, and the cyclic process repeats,
continuing until a sufficient understanding of (or implement able solution for) the
problem is achieved (Reflection and Revision).
The protocol is iterative or cyclical in nature and is intended to foster deeper understanding of a
given situation, starting with conceptualizing and particularizing the problem and moving
through several interventions and evaluations. A representation of an AR protocol by Kemmis is
provided in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Action Research Protocol after Kemmis
Figure 1 clearly displays the iterative nature of AR along with the major steps of planning,
action, observation and reflection before revising the plan . This may be thought of as similar in
nature to the numerical computing technique known as successive approximation - the idea is to
close in upon a final goal or outcome by repeated iterations.
Later protocols reflect changes in the goal as determined via experience during the reflections of
earlier iterations of AR. For instance, Figure 2 reflects the evolution of the general idea or main
topic of interest throughout the process.
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Figure 2: Action Research after Elliott
Elliott's model emphasizes constant evolution and redefinition of the original goal through a
series of reconnaissances recurring every cycle. The reconnaissance necessarily includes some
degree of analysis. This design permits much greater flexibility, and seeks to "...recapture some
of the 'messiness' which the Kemmis version tends to gloss [over] " (Hopkins, 1985). Ebbutt
further illustrates the evolution of the overall plan through a spiral analogy, as described in
Figure 3.
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Principles of Action Research
What gives action research its unique flavour is the set of principles that guide the research.
Winter (1989) provides a comprehensive overview of six key principles.
1) Reflexive critique
An account of a situation, such as notes, transcripts or official documents, will make implicit
claims to be authoritative, i.e., it implies that it is factual and true. Truth in a social setting,
however, is relative to the teller. The principle of reflective critique ensures people reflect on
issues and processes and make explicit the interpretations, biases, assumptions and concerns
upon which judgments are made. In this way, practical accounts can give rise to theoretical
considerations.
2) Dialectical critique
Reality, particularly social reality, is consensually validated, which is to say it is shared through
language. Phenomena are conceptualized in dialogue, therefore a dialectical critique is required
to understand the set of relationships both between the phenomenon and its context, and between
the elements constituting the phenomenon. The key elements to focus attention on are those
constituent elements that are unstable, or in opposition to one another. These are the ones that are
most likely to create changes.
3) Collaborative Resource
Participants in an action research project are co-researchers. The principle of collaborative
resource presupposes that each person‘s ideas are equally significant as potential resources for
creating interpretive categories of analysis, negotiated among the participants. It strives to avoid
the skewing of credibility stemming from the prior status of an idea-holder. It especially makes