1 What is a mineral? • Naturally occurring • Inorganic • Solid • Orderly internal structure (crystalline) • Chemical composition and physical properties that are fixed or vary within a defined range What is a rock? • Any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally. • Coal and obsidian are accepted, but concrete or asphalt are not. • All rocks started by crystallizing out of liquid hot rock that is undergoing cooling. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic W E WE = weathering & erosion HP HP = heat & pressure H M HM = heat to melting W E WE H P H P VOLCANOES – HAZARDS AND PREDICTION
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What is a mineral? What is a rock? - Inside Minesinside.mines.edu/~cshorey/NewFiles/Lecture 4-Volcanoes.pdfWhat is a mineral? • Naturally occurring •Inorganic • Solid • Orderly
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What is a mineral?• Naturally occurring• Inorganic• Solid• Orderly internal structure
(crystalline)• Chemical composition and physical
properties that are fixed or vary within a defined range
What is a rock?• Any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally.
• Coal and obsidian are accepted, but concrete or asphalt are not.
• All rocks started by crystallizing out of liquid hot rock that is undergoing cooling.
Igneous
Sedimentary Metamorphic
W E
WE = weathering & erosion
HP
HP = heat & pressure
H M
HM = heat to melting
W E
WEH P
H P
VOLCANOES – HAZARDS AND PREDICTION
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Case Study 1
Mammoth LakesCalifornia
Map of Mammoth Lakes Area
Tuya development
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Case Study 2
Mt PinatuboPhilippines
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Case Study 3
Lake NyosCameroon
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Case Study 4
Hawaii
Case Study 5
Mt ParacutinMexico
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Case Study 6
Mt. PeleeMartinique
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Case Study 7
TamboraIndonesia
Case Study 8
YellowstoneWyoming
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Track of N. America over Yellowstone Hot Spot
The red symbols mark volcanic centres that erupted after the caldera-forming event 640 kyrago.The areas of known past or present thermal activity are coloured yellow. The ring-fracture zone of the caldera is shown green, and the slumped zone between the ring-fracture zone and the best estimate of the caldera rim is shown salmon. The park boundary is the dashed black line. Faults active in the Quaternary are marked with black lines. The labelled features are Norris Geyser basin (NGB), Mammoth Hot Springs (M), Sour Creek dome (SC), Mallard Lake dome (ML), Hebgen Lake (HL) and Yellowstone Lake (YL). The white arrows show interpreted magma migration paths. The red square in the inset map (bottom right) shows the location of the study area.
Case Study 9
Toba LakeSumatra
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Case Study 10
Mt VesuviusItaly
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Modern View from the summit of Vesuvius
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Styles of Volcanic Eruptions• The main factor controlling the style of an
eruption is the viscosity of the lava, which is influenced by temperature, chemistry, and dissolved gasses
• Higher temperature, more basaltic chemistry, or more dissolved gasses all make the lava less viscous (more runny)
• Less viscous lava is less explosive upon eruption
Magma types, characteristics & volcanoes produced
Mafic (basaltic)
Least Silica (~50%)
Least Viscous
Least Gas (1-2%)
Least Pyroclasts
Shield Volcanoes, basalt plateaus, and cinder cones