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What is a cell? A CELL is the smallest unit that is capable of
performing life functions.
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Cells come in many SIZES. A cells shape might tell you
something about its FUNCTION. Comparing Cells:
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Cell Types: Scientists have found that cells can be separated
into TWO groups. 1.) Cells without membrane-bound structures are
called PROKARYOTIC CELLS. They are only found in one-celled
organisms such as bacteria. 2.) Cells with membrane-bound
structures are called EUKARYOTIC CELLS. Animal and plant cells are
eukaryotic cells.
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Cell Organization: Each cell in your body has a specific
FUNCTION.
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Cell Wall: CELL WALLS are tough, rigid outer coverings that
protect the cell and give it shape. Only PLANT CELLS contain a cell
wall.
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Cell Membrane: The protective layer around all cells is the
CELL MEMBRANE Holds the cell together If cells have cell walls, the
cell membrane is INSIDE of it. Regulates interactions between the
cell and the environment Water is able to move freely into and out
of the cell through the cell membrane Food particles and some
molecules enter and waste products leave through the cell
membrane
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Cell Membrane cont.: The cell membrane is SEMI PERMEABLE,
allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
It is composed of a double layer of the phospholipids and embedded
proteins. It regulates interactions between the cell and the
environment WATER is able to move freely into and out of the cell
through the cell membrane.
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Cytoplasm: CYTOPLASM is the jellylike material outside the cell
nucleus in which the organelles are located. Most of the a cells
LIFE PROCESSES occur in the cytoplasm. Throughout the cytoplasm is
a framework called the CYTOSKELETON. Cytoskeleton helps the cell
MAINTAIN OR CHANGE ITS SHAPE and enable some cells to move
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13 CYTOPLASM cytoplasm
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14 CYTOSKELETON CHIEF FUNCTIONS INCLUDE: movement of MATERIAL
through the cell for stuff not diffusion or osmosis maintaining the
SHAPE of the cell keeping the cell from getting SMASHED
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Nucleus: The NUCLEUS directs all cell activities and is
separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Materials enter and
leave the nucleus through openings in this membrane. The nucleus
contains the INSTRUCTION for everything the cell does. The
instructions are found in DNA DNA is the chemical that contains the
code for the cells structure and activities It specifies everything
that is needed for the MAINTENANCE, FUNCTION, AND REPLICATION OF
THE CELL.
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17 Nucleus The BRAIN of the cell Controls all of the cellular
activities DNA is inside the NUCLEOLUS
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18 NUCLEOLUS The dark area in the NUCLEUS Like a TINY nucleus
inside the nucleus.
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Chromosomes: Are found inside the nucleus Carry the information
that determines what traits a living thing will have
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Protein: Takes part in nearly every CELL ACTIVITY Are apart of
the cell membrane Cells make their proteins on small structures
called RIBOSOMES
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Ribosome: NOT membrane bound Some float freely in the CYTOPLASM
Others are attached to the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Made in the
NUCLEOLUS
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Endoplasmic reticulum: Also called the ER Extends from the
nucleus to the cell membrane May be rough or smooth 22
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Endoplasmic Reticulum: Smooth ER Has no attached RIBOSOMES Main
function is TO COLLECT, MAINTAIN, AND TRANSPORT things Stores ions
for the cell to keep nutrients balanced Rough ER Has attached
RIBOSOMES It has bumps all over it giving it a ROUGH appearance
Makes proteins to be used in the cell
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Golgi Bodies: Stacked, flattened membranes Like a loose stack
of pancakes PACKAGING and DISTRIBUTION of materials to different
parts of the cell
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Energy-Processing Organelles: Cells require a continuous supply
of ENERGY to process food, make new substances, eliminate wastes,
and communicate with each other.
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Chloroplasts: In some plant cells food is made in green
organelles in the cytoplasm called CHLOROPLASTS Contains the green
pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which gives many leaves and stems their green
color Many cells, including animal cells, do not have chloroplasts
for making food They must get food from their environment
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28 Chloroplast
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29 Mitochondria: Mito = Mighty / Power The POWER-HOUSE of the
cell They break down food molecules so the cell has the ENERGY to
live If a cell needs a lot of energyit will have more mitochondria
MITOCHONDRIA are organelles where energy is released from the
breakdown of food into carbon dioxide and water.
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Mitochondria
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31 LYSOSOMES They combine with the food taken in by the cell
The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it (acidic
interior) Nextsmaller molecules are released which are absorbed by
the MITOCHONDRIA
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From cell to organism: Cells in a MANY-CELLED organism do not
work alone Each cell carries on its own life functions while
depending in some way on other cells in the organism. A TISSUE is a
group of similar cells that work together to do one job. Each cell
in a tissue does its part to keep the tissue alive. Tissues are
organized into organs An ORGAN is a structure made up of two or
more different types of tissues that work together.
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From cell to organism cont.: A group of organs working together
to perform a certain function is an ORGAN SYSTEM. Example: Your
heart is an organ made up of cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue,
and blood tissues Your heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries make
up your cardiovascular system.
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34 -nucleus -cytoplasm -nucleolus-cytoskeleton -cell
membrane-vacuole -mitochondria-chloroplast -golgi
Apparatus-centrioles -lysosomes-ribosomes -endoplasmic
reticulum(ER) *Rough ER & Smooth ER