1 "Technological Approaches in the Synthesis of Designer Drugs, and Creative Prosecution of the Non-Scheduled, Illicit, Analogue Drug" David M. Benjamin, Ph.D. Clinical Pharmacologist & Toxicologist Adjunct Associate Professor, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA Fellow, American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Toxicology) Fellow, American Society for Healthcare Risk Management Fellow, American College of Clinical Pharmacology Fellow, American College of Legal Medicine Member, Society of Forensic Toxicologists [email protected]What is a “Designer Drug”? Designer drug is an informal term for psychoactive drugs that are related, by structure and/or activity, to existing psychoactive drugs frequently used for “recreational” use. In many instances, designer drugs have been synthesized by small chemical modifications of known active drugs, and Resemble the “parent” drug as: structural analogues, stereoisomers and derivatives of those drugs. Federal Analog Act Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 Effective October 27, 1986 Federal Analog Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act which allowed any chemical "substantially similar" to a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or II to be treated as if it were also listed in those schedules, but only if intended for human consumption. These similar substances are often called designer drugs.* *Wikipedia, accessed January 11,2014. Substantially Similar Substantially similar means that the chemical structures are very similar Substantially similar does not mean exactly the same; some level of difference is acceptable and all experts do not agree Substantially similar can be: (1) a readily cognizable (chemical) similarity between the alleged analog and the controlled substance prior to ingestion, (2) has a CNS effect equal to or greater than the substance scheduled in C-I or C-II, or (3) is metabolized to the alleged the controlled substance analog after ingestion, e.g., 1, 4 – butanediol -> GHB Classification of Designer Drugs by Chemistry Legislation Control by classes Analogs (Chemical groups) Compounds: e.g., Spice, K-2 Designer stimulants, e.g. Cathinones, bath salts Synthetic cannabinoids, Benzylpiperazines Phenethylamines Tryptamines Pyrrolidinophenones My thanks to Heather L. Harris, MFS, JD, D-ABC for permission to use her slides. Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 – Chemical Classes Naphthoxylindoles Naphthylmethylindoles Naphthoylpyrroles Naphthylmethylindenes Phenylacetylindoles Cyclohexylphenols Benzoylindoles Adamantoylindoles
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"Technological Approaches in the Synthesis of
Designer Drugs, and Creative Prosecution of the
Non-Scheduled, Illicit, Analogue Drug"
David M. Benjamin, Ph.D.
Clinical Pharmacologist & Toxicologist
Adjunct Associate Professor, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Northeastern University, Boston, MA
Fellow, American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Toxicology)
Fellow, American Society for Healthcare Risk Management