What does science mean to you? Investigate Explain Make predictions.

THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY

What does science mean to you?

Investigate Explain Make predictions

THINKING LIKE A SCIENTIST

Observations – gathering information and recording data

quantitative – involves characteristics that can be measured

qualitative - involves characteristics that are not measured

Interpret data – inferences may be made

Propose a hypothesis – possible explanation for an observed phenomenon or possible answer to a scientific question; must be testable

THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN


State the problem – statement or question based on an observationFormulate a hypothesis – possible explanation of observed phenomenon

Set up a controlled experiment where only one variable is changed

independent variable – what you are changing dependent variable – what you are measuring


Record and Analyze Results – using notebooks, drawings, computers

Drawing a Conclusion – use the evidence from the experiment to support or refute the hypothesisPublish results – allows other scientists to repeat the experiment in order to verify the results

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_09/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit1/bio_ch01_0029_ab_expdes.html (The Experimental Design)

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_09/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit1/bio_ch01_0029_ab_expdes.html

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_09/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit1/bio_ch01_0029_ab_expdes.html

DOES THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WORK FOR EVERYTHING?

How would you observe elephant behavior?

Field study – observations made without human interference

Would it be ethical to observe the effect of LSD on elephants? Lysergic acid diethylamide, a synthetic crystalline compound, that is a potent hallucinogenic drug

CAN SCIENCE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS?

Is this painting beautiful?

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HYPOTHESIS, A

THEORY, AND A SCIENTIFIC LAW

A theory is well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations (Fig. 1-13)A scientific law is true and is usually associated with a mathematical equation (Charles’ Law - Assuming that pressure remains constant, the volume and absolute temperature of a certain quantity of a gas are directly proportional. V/T=K)

http://library.thinkquest.org/12596/gather/glossary.html

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

Nerve Cell

Striated Muscle


All living things reproducesexual – two parents produce offspring that are genetically

uniqueasexual – one parent, offspring

are genetically identical

All living things are made up of cells which are the smallest units of life (Fig. 1-15)

unicellular – single celled multicellular – many celled



CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA (amoeba – a single celled organism)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12OmszObAkM (hydra – a multicellular organism)

http://www.arkive.org/brown-hydra/hydra-oligactis/video-09.html (budding in hydra - asexual reproduction)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12OmszObAkM

http://www.arkive.org/brown-hydra/hydra-oligactis/video-09.html

http://www.arkive.org/brown-hydra/hydra-oligactis/video-09.html



Growth and Developmentgrowth is an increase in the size and/or number of cells

development is when cells become specialized or differentiate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-FO8tZQGfk&feature=related (seed growth)

Based on a universal genetic code

DNA – is the molecule that carries this code and determines the inherited traits of all organisms

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-FO8tZQGfk&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-FO8tZQGfk&feature=related



Obtain and Use Materials and Energy

Metabolism – all the chemical reactions within an organism

Respiration – process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules

aerobic – oxygen is requiredanaerobic – oxygen is not

required


Obtain and Use Materials and Energy

Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy in the

process of photosynthesisAnimals obtain their energy by

eating plants or other animals.



Maintain a stable internal environment which is known as

Respond to changes in the environmentseed germinates when wateredsome animals migrate when temperatures change

Homeostasis




Groups of living things evolve over time. Changes are the result of characteristics being selected for or selected against.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION(FIG. 1-21)

TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS

International System of Units


International System of Units


Analyzing Data

(See Fig. 1-24)


Light microscope


Light microscope


Light microscope – any device that uses light to produce an enlarge view of an object

magnification – ratio of image size to object size

(ocular x objective)resolution – ability of microscope to show

two pointsthat are close together separately

(sharpness of image)compound microscope – 2 lenses, prepared

specimens must be thin enough for light to pass

through (see Appendix D)stereomicroscope – study external or surface

structure ofspecimens


Electron Microscope


transmission electron – electron beams hit specimen and pass through, are absorbed, or scattered


scanning electron – electron beam is focused and passed back & forth over a surface; produces 3D images

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_09/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit1/bio_ch01_0021_ab_cells.html

This site shows how various cells look when viewed through different types of microscopes.





Laboratory Techniquescell cultures – maintain living cells or tissue

in a culture medium outside of the body

TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTSLaboratory Techniques

cell fractionation – cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated at various speeds and durations to isolate components of different sizes, densities and shapes


Laboratory Techniquescentrifugation – liquid separation based on

densities


Laboratory Techniqueselectrophoresis – uses electric current to

separate substances


Laboratory Techniquescomputers – collect, store, analyze data,

generate images of body tissue

What does science mean to you? Investigate Explain Make predictions.

Documents

celled slide

testable slide

kdirectly proportional

results http

scientific law

multicellular organism

single celled organism

scientific question