What constitutes the dark matter? Dr. Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen Institute for Theoretical Physics University of Amsterdam Sterrenwacht Vesta Oostzaan, 17-10-2009.

What constitutes the dark matter?

Dr. Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen Institute for Theoretical Physics

University of Amsterdam

Sterrenwacht VestaOostzaan, 17-10-2009

Outline

What is dark matter?Where is it located?Two forms of dark matter: Macho’s and/or Wimp’sSearches Solutions

Discovery of dark matter

Rotation of galaxies

Rotation speed nearly independent of location

Andromeda Nebula in Ultraviolet (HST 2009)

p

Planet Distance to sun Rotation speed

Mercurius 0.45 AE 48 km/s

Aarde 1 AE = 92 million mi 30 km/s

Jupiter 5 AE 13 km/s

• In solar system outer planets are slower

• In galaxies there must be matter out of the center

• Where is the dark matter?

Explanantions

• Planets? MACHOs: Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects

• Heavy particles (“cold dark matter”) ?

WIMPs: Weakly Interacting Massive Particles

• Newton’s law is not valid?

• Hydrodynamics, fluid mechanics

Hydrodynamics• 400.000 yr after big bang: plasma becomes gas (hydrogen,

He)• Jeans 1904: formation of proto-clusters

• Gibson 1996: Viscosity leads to fragmentation in gas balls

of a few earth masses• If gas balls coagulate, stars form• Then Jeans cluster becomes visible as globular cluster• Most gas balls cool and freeze, their clusters are invisible

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fall − time =1/ density , diameter = sound − speed ⊗ fall − time, mass =100.000 suns

Carl H. Gibson* 1935

Sir James Hopwood Jeans 1877-1946

100.000.000 Jeans clusters around Galaxy, 149 visible as globular star clusters. Those clusters form the galactic dark matter.

Isothermal density distribution explains the large rotation speeds far from the center

More than 2000 objects with earth Rudy E.mass observed in microlensing Schild *1942

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1/r2

Omega Centauri: Globular star cluster in Milky Way

• Young blue• stars,• older yellow • stars

• Star formation• out of already• present frozen• gas balls took• place in phases

Helix planetary nebula• Star exploded

• Became white dwarf

• Ca 40.000 “cometary knots”

• = proto-gas balls

• Ca 1 earth mass

• Galactic dark matter = gas balls of earth mass: Macho’s

NGC-2623: Two galaxies inside each others dark matter?

Jeans clusters warmed: new stars in young star clusters

• Antennae galaxies:•

Two colliding galaxiescome within each othersdark matter sphere.

• Along their trajectories they transform severalcold Jeans clusters intoyoung globular star clusters.

• Part 2: Cluster dark matter

• Abell 1689 cluster

of galaxies “Nearby” z = 0.184

• Einstein ring

IncompleteEinstein ringat 100/h kpc

Abell 1689Center

Everythingis in circles:Dark Matteracts as crystal ball

IncompleteEinstein ringat 143 kpc

Abell 1689Centrum

Dark Matteracts as crystal ball

right: oldest galaxy 12.8 billion year

• Cluster of galaxies

• Abell 370

Strongest

gravitation lens

20 times

stronger than A1689

Hubble, after last repair May 2009

Description of lensing data of Abell 1689 Th.M. N. ’09: Consider quantum particles (fermions)

in each others gravitation at a certain temperature.

Measure Limousin et al, ApJ 2007

forlocal Tyson and Fischer ApJ 1995

massdensity

distance to center

Neutrinos cause this lensing

• Known particles: proton, electron, neutron, photon• Neutrino “little neutron”: neutral particle• Predicted in 1930 by Wolfgang Pauli• Lightest of all particles (not massless!)

• Mass now predicted with help of Abell 1689 cluster:

• Mass between 0,2 eV and 2 eV will be searched

in Karlsruhe (2012)

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m =1,5 eV = 2,7 • 10−36 kg

Biggest quantum structure in the Universe

normalized density: # neutrino’s per cubic thermal length per degree of freedom

distance to center

N>1: quantum degenerateN=1: transition quantum-classical

At r = 505 kpc = 1.6 million lightyear d = 2r = 3.2 million lightyearThat is pretty large …

IncompleteEinstein ringat 143 kpc

Abell 1689Center

Summary

Two kinds: Oort and Zwicky Dark Matter

• Oort Dark matter:• Dark matter of galaxies is normal matter. Frozen gas balls of

earth mass (MACHO’s) in Jeans clusters of ca 100.000 solar masses.

• Ca 100 million of those clusters in our Galaxy. 149 visible as old globular star cluster.

• Star formation in globular clusters explained: new stars formed out of frozen gas balls that are already present.

• Dwarf galaxy problem (10.000 stars, much dark matter) solved: Jeans cluster with still many frozen gas balls.

Summary• Oort Dark Matter in galaxies

• Zwicky Dark Matter in clusters of galaxies: • “new” particle: neutrino with mass of 1,5 eV (WIMP)

• Many searches for all kinds of heavy particles were in vain: mass = keV, MeV, GeV, TeV, PeV

ADMX, ANAIS, ArDM, ATIC, BPRS, CAST, CDMS, CLEAN, CRESST,CUORE, CYGNUS, (DAMA), DEEP, DRIFT, EDELWEISS, ELEGANTS, EURECA,

GENIUS, GERDA, GEDEON, GLAST, HDMS, IGEX, KIMS, LEP, LHC, LIBRA, LUX, NAIAD, ORPHEUS, PAMELA, PICASSO, ROSEBUD, SIGN, SIMPLE, UKDM, XENON, XMASS, ZEPLIN. DAMIC, FERMI, ICECUBE, VERITAS.

• Neutrino mass between 0,2 eV and 2 eV is searched in Katrin experiment in Karlsruhe (2012).

Gravitational hydrodynamics of large scale structure formationTh. M. N., Carl H. Gibson, Rudy E. Schild

arXiv:0906.5087

Do non-relativistic neutrinos constitute the dark matter?

Th. M. N.

Europhysics Letters 86 (2009) 59001

Psalm 118:22

The stone which the builders refused

is become the head stone of the corner

KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino Experiments