What Are We Doing Now? To Measure Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment. Approaches to Emerging Chemicals Issues Workshop March 1, 2005 Herb Buxton Coordinator, Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
Jan 12, 2016
What Are We Doing Now?
To Measure Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment.
Approaches to Emerging Chemicals Issues Workshop March 1, 2005
Herb Buxton
Coordinator, Toxic Substances
Hydrology Program
Key Questions• How do we decide which chemicals to measure?
• How do we assure a representative measurement?
• How do we decide where to look in the environment?
• How do we decide which environmental media to sample (water, sediment, tissue,…).
• How do we decide what to monitor?
How do we decide which chemicals to measure?
• Mass produced/Quantities used.• Manner used & release pathways.• Anticipated environmental behavior.• Health significance. • Ability to measure. • Potential as indicators/tracers.• Stakeholder priorities.
The Catch! Why are you studying this compound if you don’t know if it’s a health risk?
Health effects information to guide environmental occurrence studies.
Environmental occurrence information to guide health effects studies.
Gadolinium complex of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
MRI Contrast Agent
(Gromet and others, 1984; Bau and Dulski, 1996; Möller and others, 2002; Verplanck and others, 2003)
The Gadolinium Anomaly
Distance (km)
Fourmile Creek Gd Conc (µg/L)
-0.1 km = 0.004 0.0 km = 0.05710.6 km = 0.047
Boulder CreekGd Conc (µg/L)
-0.1 km = 0.002 0.0 km = 0.15010.6 km = 0.041
Unpublished/Provisional Data
Distance (km)
158 Compounds in Water
• 45 Antibiotics
• 12 Prescription Drugs
• 8 Nonprescription Drugs
• 14 Hormones and Steroids
• 79 Household and Industrial Compounds
83 Compounds in Sediment
• 3 Antibiotics
• 12 Prescription Drugs
• 7 Nonprescription Drugs
• 61 Household and Industrial Compounds
USGS Analytical Capabilities
How do we assure a representative measurement?• Consistent field protocols.
• Field Quality Assurance.
• Laboratory QA.
• Agregate QA datasets.
• Interlab comparison & coordination.
How do we decide where to look in the environment?
Investigating Source Pathways for Environmental Release
Testing for Environmental Occurrence
Are contaminants entering our aquatic environments ?
At what Levels?
In what Mixtures?
Stream Recon 99-00
GW Recon 00-01
springsumpwell
Looking in Urban and Agricultural areas.
• WWTF
• CSOs
• ISDS
• Industrial Disch.
• Landfills
• Water Reuse.
Human Waste Pathways
• Animal Feeding Operations Waste lagoons Land application
• Processing
Animal Waste PathwaysManure (kg/day)
Human 1.5 Cow 30 Hog 4 Sheep 1.5 Chicken 0.14
Source Characterization Studies
Liquid and Solid Waste
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Sul
fam
etho
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Cod
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Deh
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Ran
itidi
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Dip
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ydra
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Car
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Cim
etid
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Met
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Flu
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Gem
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Mic
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Per
cent
Det
ecte
d
Water (30) Sediment (36)
How do we decide which environmental media to sample?
Stream Water g/L
(n=44)
Streambed Sediment g/kg (n=44)
Irrigated Soils(Reclaimed
water) g/kg (n=108)
Biosolidsg/kg (n=6)
Cotinine 0.03 0.51 0.07 21.04
Albuterol 0.03 0 ND 29.68
Cimetidine 0.11 2.45 ND 44.98
Acetaminophen 0.06 0.27 0.37 122.42
1,7-dimethylxanthine 0.75 0.09 ND 1333.34
Trimethoprim 0.11 1.22 0.03 11.81
Diltiazem 0.03 1.6 0.03 23.92
Fluoxetine 0 1.84 0.13 37.38
Gemfibrozil ND 20.35 ND 235.16
Caffeine 0.42 10.87 0.14 242.39
Sulfamethoxazole 0.16 1.08 0.35 162.25
Dehydronifedipine 0.01 1.79 0.05 16.75
Codeine 0.07 0.7 ND 10.12
Thiabendazole 0.01 4.86 0.07 6.55
Diphenhydramine 0.06 15.58 0.05 164.75
Erythromycin ND 5.87 3.03 5
Carbamazapine 0.06 4.16 0.33 20.89
Miconazole ND 2.99 0.04 198.98
Warfarin ND 0.69 0.15 31.87
EC Conc.’s by Matrix (Average Detection)
How do we decide what to monitor?
Transport
Transformation
Persistence
Fate
Health Effects-Ecological
-Human(Barber and others, 1995)
Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data;1:100,000, 1985Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15
¯
Explanation
Municipal areas
Drainage-basin boundary
Fourmile Creek
Highways
! Water-quality site and site number
# Water-quality and fish-collection site and site number
" Fish-collection site and site number
05485603 (site 1)
05485604 (site 2)
05485600 (site 0)
0 1 2 Miles
0 1 2 Kilometers
Site Water Sediment # (g/L) (g/kg)
2 3.1 2000(0 km)
4 0.7 580(2.9 km)
5 0.4 200(8.4 km)
Tonalide (musk) in Fourmile Creek, IA
1 0.021 <25(-0.1 km)
Fourmile Ck Tracer TestLeading Edge
Peak
Trailing Edge
Dye Injection
Watershed Study - Boulder Creek, CO- Hormone levels elevated downstream of WWTP
- Fish community and fish health assessment being conducted (USGS / University of Colorado)
Unpublished/Provisional Data
<0.8
2.1
1.4
2.9
1.2
E2 Concentrations, ng/L
External Deformities
Abnormal BloodChemistry
Abnormal Gonad Development
Cellular Abnormalities
Biomarkers of Endocrine Disruption in Fish
male
female
The USGS Toxics Program: toxics.usgs.gov
Emerging Water Quality Issues: toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc.html
Acknowledgements
Field expertise in 50 District (state) Offices.
Dana Kolpin, Iowa City IA [email protected] Furlong, Denver COLarry Barber, Boulder COMike Meyer, Lawrence KSSteve Zaugg, Denver CO
James Gray, Boulder COSheridan Haack, Lansing MIKymm Barnes, Iowa City IAColleen Rostad, Denver COMike Focazio, Reston VAMelissa Schultz, Denver CO