What Are the Control Charts

7/28/2019 What Are the Control Charts

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P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T C E N T R E O F

E X C E L L E N C E

I P D / O U M

What are the Control Charts?

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Why Control Charts

They will let you know if an element within your project is out of control ornot

Control charts using historical,forecasted and actual data can helpproject managers determine if projectsare in control, off scope or over budget.



What Can They do?

Project schedules, baselines, costs and budgets can all be measured with a few analysis tools

Control charts using historical,forecasted and actual data can helpproject managers determine if projectsare in control, off scope or over budget



History of Control Charts

Walter Shewhart first utilized controlcharts in 1924 to aid the world of manufacturing.

W. Edward Deming added elements tocontrol charts to assess every area of aprocess or organization when totalquality management (TQM) was

explored.



“no matter how well the

process is designed, there

exists a certain amount of

nature variability in outputmeasurements”

- Walter Shewhart, 1924



•“A trend analysis is performed using run chartsand involves mathematical techniques to forecastfuture outcomes based on historical results”

• What a trend analysis reveals is whether theproject or an element of the project is where itshould be or way off track. Estimators,

• Pareto and control charts are the most popularly used methods of analyzing trends along withsimple product sampling

PMBOK view on Trends



“A control chart tells you how much variationthe process causes. A

stable process producespredictable results

consistently” -Know Ware, the maker of QI Macros SPC Excel

Software for Six Sigma



Causes of Fluctuation

Most examples of a controlcharts consider two causes of

fluctuation:I. Common causes, and

II. Special causes



A Common Cause - e.g. Baking a cake

Common causes might be,

Types of oven utilized or high

elevation cooking—those items

would be considered a common

mishap if the cake baking process

failed. Essentially, if you don’t

know the exact temperature of anolder oven or high elevation

directions are not offered, it’s

acceptable a cake as an example



A Special Cause - e.g. Baking a cake

Special causes (in baking that samecake) might be,

a recipe that forgets the baking

powder as a needed ingredient.The lack of baking powder is a

special cause as it “causes” the

cake baking process to fail.

Therefore, why the cake bakingprocess failed must first be

discovered (e.g. lack of baking

powder ) and then corrected



.

Types of Control Chart

X-Bar & R Control Charts

X-Bar & S Control Charts

U Charts

P Control Charts

C Control Charts



X-Bar and R Charts

• These variable charts utilizethe X-Bar or the Mean todetermine subgroups

• The R or Range plots thesubgroups based on upper and lower control limits

• They the most widely utilizedcharts in project management

• However, are only successful if 5 or less sub rou s are



X Bar and S Charts

Using this example of a

variable control chart is

effective for 5 or moresubgroups

The S or Standard Deviations

are considered in bothupper and lower control

limits based on the X-Bar or

Mean



U Charts

These variable types of

control charts utilize an upper

and lower range Elements falling in the upper

range need attention and

analysis in order for theproblem to be corrected



p Control Charts

• This attribute-type chart is

effective when elements are

not equal• A p Control Chart might be

used to determine how many

accidents occur each day at achosen intersection



c Control Charts

Another attribute-type control

chart, the c Control Chart

explores elements that arenonconforming

A c Control Chart might be

used to explore mass-production of one similar

product where the elements

per unit do not conform to













“A trend analysis is

performed using runcharts and involves

mathematical techniquesto forecast futureoutcomes based on

historical results” – PMBOK Version 4



What a trend analysisreveals is whether theproject or an element of

the project is where itshould be or way off track - Jean Shied



Analysing Trends

Estimators, Pareto and control charts

are the most popularly used methods

of analyzing trends along with simple

product sampling Basically a trend can be any element

within the project that needs further

analysis.

If utilizing Six Sigma or Lean, how many

defects are occurring?

Are milestones set in the project scope

reached?

If using Total Quality Management, is



Concepts of Trends

Build Corporate Dashboards- Build executive dashboards with KPIs,initiatives and more

Use actual product samplings andcompare them to set quality standards-Determine what is acceptable and what unacceptable?

Use budgeting calculators- If the actual data varies from the planned

or expected data, your analysis charts will show variations



References

[email protected]/IPD-OUM

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PMBOK Versions 4/5

Media Gallery

Bright Hub PM

Project Management Questions.com Jean Shied & Linda Richter, 5/29/2011

What Are the Control Charts

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