WHAP Exam Review Period 6

WHAP Exam Review Period 6

1914- the PresentChapters 34-40

Big Picture

• How do nationalism and self-determination impact global events?

• World culture? Globalization• Effect of Globalization on environment

World War I Era

• Imperialism causes rivalries and competition.• Militarism• Nationalism• Alliances: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente• Balkans= Powder Keg and Assassination of

Archduke Franz Ferdinand • War ensues, alliances called in

The War to End All Wars

• Central Powers vs. Allies• Schlieffen Plan• Trench Warfare, new weapons• US involvement: Lusitania, Zimmerman Note

Treaty of Versailles

• 1919• All blame placed on Germany• War reparations, loss of land, military downsized• President Wilson’s Fourteen Points• League of Nations

Russian Revolution• Before war was over• Russians suffered greatly during war, very costly in lives

and money• Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate his throne• Provisional government under Alexander Kerensky,

Soviets too• Vladimir Lenin, leader of the socialist party/Bolsheviks

called for peace, land and bread.• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk• USSR= Union of Soviet Socialist Republics• Civil War= Red Army under Trotsky against White Army

Turkey

• Lost land in treaties of WWI• Greeks invaded• Mustafa Kemal=Ataturk, successfully led

defeat of the Greeks, became first president of modern Turkey, westernized/secularized Turkey

Soviet Union Under Stalin

• Lenin had instituted NEP-New Economic Policy that had capitalistic aspects

• When Lenin died, Joseph Stalin took over.• Stalin pushed totalitarianism (not true communism). • Five-Year-Plan that pushed industrialization and

collectivization. Epic fail. • Great Purge: secret police, trials, assassinations to

get rid of opposition• No religion.

Great Depression

• WWI was expensive• Nations borrowed money from U.S.---New

York became center of economic world• Stock Market Crash in October 1929.• Affects the entire world. Nations can’t pay

debts. Unemployment.• FDR in U.S.= New Deal

Fascism• Destroy the will of the individual in favor of “the

people”. Unify society• Extreme nationalism, often relying on racial identity• A particular type of totalitarian rule.• First in Italy: Benito Mussolini created National

Fascist Party in 1919, squads named “Blackshirts”• By 1926, Italy was a totalitarian fascist regime.• Expanded into North Africa

Rise of Hitler• After WWI, Germany had set up a conservative

democratic republic= Weimar Republic• National Socialist Party (Nazis) started to rise in the 1920s

as people were upset about Weimar Republic not doing much about economics.

• Adolf Hitler became head of Nazi Party and pushed extreme nationalism based on Social Darwinism.

• 1933, Hitler became chancellor of the Reichstag and then took control of the government to start the Third Reich.

• Nationalism in Europe vs. Nationalism in Colonies

Appeasement• Hitler violated Treaty of Versailles.• Francisco Franco and “nationalists” take over Spain, and France

and Great Britain don’t get involved.• Germany takes Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and nothing

happens. • League of Nations does nothing.• Munich Conference of 1938=appeasement, “peace for our time”• Nazi-Soviet Pact: USSR appeases Germany because they plan to

split Europe up between them (at least that’s what Stalin thinks)• When appeasement fails, war starts with invasion of Poland in

1939.

Japan

• Imperialism• 1915, Twenty-One Demands on China• 1931, invades Manchuria• Withdraws from League, and makes pact with

Germany• 1937, invades China, “Rape of Nanjing”

World War II• Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1939, blitzkrieg• Battle of Britain• Fall of France• US involvement: after Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor; fight

in Europe, Africa and Pacific• D-Day: June 6, 1944, invasion of Europe that leads to end

of war in Europe, liberates France• Battle of Stalingrad 1942: Russians defeat Germans• May 1945, Allies closed in on Hitler in Berlin, Hitler

committed suicide• August 1945, U.S. uses atomic bombs on Hiroshima and

Nagasaki to achieve a Japanese surrender

Consequences of WWII

• Holocaust• U.S. and U.S.S.R. =superpowers• Germany occupied and then split• Loss of life and devastation led to Marshall Plan by

U.S.• Decline of Colonialism• Women started working outside home during war

and stayed out• United Nations• Cold War

Cold War• 1945-1990s, played out world-wide, everyone

takes sides or become nonaligned “Third World”• Nuclear arms race• Spread of communism vs. containment• Berlin blockade and airlift• Truman Doctrine: aid countries threatened by

communist takeover• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact• “Iron Curtain”• Korea and Vietnam

China• Chinese Revolution of 1911: Sun Yat-sen, Three Principles of the

People (nationalism, socialism, democracy), establish Kuomindang• Chiang Kai-shek took over after Sun, Civil War against the communists• Japan invaded and all attention went to stopping them• Mao Zedong led communists, pushed out nationalists, and created

People’s Republic of China• Mao’s ideas: Great Leap Forward (industrialization and

collectivization), Cultural Revolution (forced egalitarianism), both failures

• 1976, Deng Xiaoping: restructured economy, education, mix between communist command economy and free-market capitalist economy

• 1989, Tianamen Square

Korea

• Split into Soviet Union backed North and U.S. backed South after WWII. 38th parallel

• North invaded South• UN sent in troops under U.S. General

MacArthur• Armistice in 1953• Still split today.• North Korea has nuclear weapons.

Vietnam

• Vietminh fought against French colonial powers to gain independence.

• Split into two nations, communist North and democratic south, at 17th parallel

• Ho Chi Minh wanted a unified communist Vietnam, invaded South Vietnam.

• U.S. troops fought to save South Vietnam, but failed. Anti-war sentiment at home

• Vietnam became a unified communist nation.

Cuba

• Cuban Revolution: Batista, supported by U.S., was overthrown by revolutionaries under Fidel Castro

• Cuba became communist, businesses nationalized

• Bay of Pigs Invasion failed• Cuban Missile Crisis• Cuba has deteriorated with fall of USSR.

Latin America

• “Good Neighbor” policy• Single-party rule in Mexico (PRI) until 2000

when a (PAN) candidate won election• Sandinistas in Nicaragua and El Salvador,

Contras• Export economies

Poland

• 1980, Solidarity: workers joined together under Lech Walesa, strike to reform economy

• Put down by martial law• 1989, Solidarity was legalized• 1990, Lech Walesa was elected President, new

constitution• Joined NATO and the EU

Germany

• Berlin Wall torn down in 1989, mass exodus• Reunified as a free market democracy• Has gone through many changes since WWI

Collapse of Soviet Union• Mikhail Gorbachev: glasnost, perestroika• Elements of private enterprise added to the economy• Great Purge was denounced.• Disintegrated in 1991.• Yugoslavia: ethnic cleansing• Chechnya• 1993, Constitution: Federal state with 3 branches,

checks and balances, independent court• First President=Boris Yeltsin• Vladimir Putin-head of state• Dmitry Medvedev-head of government

India

• Indian National Congress and Muslim League• Amritsar Massacre in 1919• Mohandas K. Gandhi: Passive resistance• Hindus and Muslims didn’t get along, India

partitioned when it got independence. (India and Pakistan) caused at least 500,000 deaths

• Still have trouble today, Kashmir

Africa

• Decolonization issues• Algerians fight war of independence• Civil Wars, such as Rwanda with genocide• New resources: metals and palm oils• South Africa ends Apartheid

Middle East• Balfour Declaration• Creation of Israel in 1948

– Arab-Israeli War– Six Days’ War– Camp David Accords– PLO, intifada– Hamas, Fatah, Hezbollah

• Iran Revolution– Ayatollah Khomeini– U.S. Embassy workers taken hostage

• Iraq-Iran War– Iran-Contra Scandal

• Gulf War– Iraq invades Kuwait

Globalization Since 1980

• Gulf War• Terrorism: Taliban, Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden– September 11, 2001---World Trade Center

• Global Trade: NAFTA, EU, transnational corporations, IMF, GATT, G6/G8/G20

• Environmental Issues: Earth Summit, Kyoto Protocol

Technology

• Weapons of mass destruction: atomic bombs to nuclear weapons

• Computers!!! Whee!!!– Reduced size, increased power– Personal– World Wide Web– Browsers

Role of Women• Women’s suffrage movements after WWI and

WWII, but not in most Middle Eastern nations• More access to education• Communist nations said women were equal,

but still were not• Population: one-child policy in China,

sterilization in India• Work!!!• Family Structure: women in the workforce

and working at home

Big Picture

• Nationalism• Globalization---Is there a world culture?