Wetland Design and Restoration - UF Watershed Ecology Lab

WetlandDesignandRestorationENV6309(Sections0430,0431,0439)–Spring2016

CatalogDescription:3credits.Appliedandtheoreticalaspectsofwetlandsuseforwaterqualitymanagement;naturalandconstructedtreatmentwetlands;engineeringandecologyofwetlandsystems;designforsustainabilityandancillarybenefits.Theoreticalandappliedaspectsoftherestorationandmanagementofwetlandecosystems.

Instructor:Dr.DavidKaplan,EnvironmentalEngineeringSciences [email protected],www.watershedecology.org Contact:Classwebsite(UFe-Learning):https://lss.at.ufl.edu Coursee-mail:usee-Learningforcorrespondence OfficeHours:afterclassandbyappointment Prerequisite:WetlandEcology(EES6308C,SWS5242,orWIS6934)orinstructorpermissionTimeandLocation:

• Tuesday3-4,Thursday4;CSE112CourseDescription:Wetlandshavebeenshowntoremoveorassimilatelargequantitiesofnutrients(i.e.,nitrogenandphosphorous),suspendedsediments,andbiologicaloxygendemandfrominflowingwaters.Bothnaturalandconstructedwetlandsareincreasinglybeingusedtoremovenutrients,metals,pesticides,andevenindustrialsolventsfromavarietyofsourcewatersincludingmunicipal,agricultural,andstormwaterrunoff.Thefirsthalfofthiscoursewillfocusonthedesignofwetlandsspecificallyforwaterqualityenhancementbyprovidingathoroughreviewofthephysical,chemical,

andbiologicalprocessesthatdrivecontaminantremoval.Studentswillalsohavetheopportunitytodevelopexpertiseintheplanning,design,operation,andtrouble-shootingofwetlandtreatmentsystems.ThisportionofthecoursewasoriginallydevelopedbyDr.BobKnight,co-authorofTreatmentWetlands,andbenefitsgreatlyfromhisexpertise.Unfortunately,morethanhalfofthewetlandsintheUnitedStateshavebeendestroyedbydraining,dredging,filling,andland-useconversionsincethe1600s.Inrecentdecades,agrowingappreciationoftheenvironmentalandecologicalfunctionsprovidedbywetlandecosystemshasmotivatedwidespreadefforts—onthescaleofmillionsofacresandbillionsofdollars—toregainaportionofthislostfunctionthroughecologicalrestoration(and/orenhancement)andimprovedwetlandmanagement.Thescienceandpracticeofwetlandrestorationisstillrelativelynew,however,andbysomeestimates,morethan75%ofrestorationattemptsfail.Inthesecondhalfofthiscourse,webrieflyreviewthedriversofnaturalwetlandstructureandfunctionandexploremajortheoreticalandappliedaspectsofwetlandrestorationandmanagement,including:restorationecologytheory;self-organizationvs.design;wetlandhydrology;restorationdesign;regulation,permitting,andmitigation;adaptivemanagement;andtheeconomicsofwetlandrestorationandmanagement.Inbothsections,coursecontentwillconsistofinstructorandguestlectures(includingstafffrommanagementagencies,non-profits,andconsultingfirms),criticalreviews/discussionsoffoundationalandnewliterature,andlocalfieldtrips.WhoShouldTakeThisCourse?Anyoneinterestedinthetheoryandpracticeofwetlandrestorationandmanagement,includingthosewhostudyand/orpracticeenvironmentalorwaterresourcesengineering,ecology,environmentalscience,naturalresourcemanagement,andenvironmentalpolicyorlaw.Thiscourseisalsointendedforthoseinterestedintreatmentwetlandsfromamanagementoradministrativeperspectiveandforthosewhowishtodeveloptheirdesignskills.Thiscoursewillbeofvaluetothoseinterestedintreatmentwetlandtechnology:environmental,civil,agricultural,andwastewaterengineers;biologists;environmentalscientists;landscapearchitects;utilitymanagers;treatmentplantoperators,andenvironmentaladvocates.ReadingMaterial:

• RequiredText:KadlecandWallace,2009.TreatmentWetlands,SecondEdition,CRCpress.• Additionalreadings:Readingswillcomefromthescientificliterature,casestudies,andagency

reports.Relevantreadingsoneachtopicareawillbeassignedweekly.CourseExpectations:• Attendclassandarriveontime.Requirementsforclassattendanceandmake-upexams,

assignments,andotherworkinthiscourseareconsistentwithuniversitypoliciesthatcanbefoundat:https://catalog.ufl.edu/ugrad/current/regulations/info/attendance.aspx.

• CompleteassignedreadingsPRIORtotheclassforwhichtheyareassigned.• Participateinclassdiscussions,includingyourthoughtsontheassignedreadingsandlecture

subjects.Learningismorethanpassiveaccumulationofinformation.GradingSchemeandAssignments: Participation: 10%“Mini-Projects”(2): 30%(15%each)Mid-termExam(due2/25): 20%SynthesisPaper(due3/24): 20%WetlandRestorationProject: 20%(10%Report+10%Presentation)(Reportdue4/19;Presentations4/27,5:30–7:30PM)AttendanceandParticipation:Attendingclassisrequired(foron-campusstudents),andyourin-classparticipationisstronglyencouraged;itwillmakeclassalotmoreinteresting.Note,youcannotreceiveanAinthiscoursewithoutactivelyparticipating.

o On-campusstudents:earnyourparticipationgradebyconsistentlyattendingclass,askingandansweringquestions(basedonyourreadingassignmentsaheadoftime),andofferingyouropiniononcoursetopicsandcurrentevents.

o EDGEStudents:earnyourparticipationgradebypostingonequestionorcommentaboutthecurrentreadingsorlecturetotheDiscussionboardeachweek;IwillattempttoselectoneormorequestiontoanswereachTuesdayduringlecture.

Mini-Projects:Twoindividualmini-projectswillbeassignedduringthesemester.Considertheselikehomeworkassignments.Youwillhavetwoweekstoworkoneachassignment,andadditionaldetailswillbeannouncedinclass.SynthesisPaper:Anoriginal,well-writtenandthoroughlyresearchedsynthesispaper,focusedonemergingtopicsinwetlandrestorationortheuseofwetlandsystemsforwastewatertreatment.Ideally,thispaperwillcoveratopicthatbridgesyourownresearchandthecentralconceptsofthiscourse.Originalfiguresortables(i.e.,onesyoudevelopusingdatafrommultiplesources)synthesizinginformationfromabroadvarietyofsourcesarestronglyencouraged.

• Abrief(2-paragraph)summaryofyourchosentopicisduetotheinstructorbyJanuary21st.• Ifyou’renotsurewheretostart,usethereadinglisttolookfortopicsofpotentialinterest.• STARTEARLY—theSynthesisPaperandSemesterProjectarebothdueneartheendofthe

semester.WetlandRestorationDesignProject:Groupprojects(3-4students)willintegratethetheoreticalandappliedaspectsofthesecondhalfofthecourse.Groupswillbeassignedaspecificprojectlocationwithdegradedwetlandecosystemsandwilldevelopasiterestorationproposalthatincludes(attheminimum)thefollowing:

• Sitehistoryandphysiogeograhpicsetting• Characterizationofcurrentsoils,hydrology,vegetation,andwildlifefunction• Restorationdesignthataddressesthecausesandconsequencesoftheecosystemimpairment• Adaptivemonitoringplantoassessrestorationsuccess• Assessmentoflocal,state,andfederalregulations• Projectcostestimateandsuggestionsforfundingopportunitiestoimplementtheproject

Groupswillhave~4weekstoprovideasuccinct(<10page)projectreportandwillsharetheirproposalswiththeclassin30-minutepresentations.Groupswillbeformedtobalancetheskillsetsofenrolledstudents.Specificgroupassignmentsandfurtherinstructionswillbedeliveredinclass.GradingScale:A(≥93),A-(≥90&<93),B+(≥87&<90),B(≥83&<87),B-(≥80&<83),C+(≥77&<80),C(≥73&<77),C-(≥70&<73),D+(≥67&<70),D(≥63&<67),D-(≥60&<63),E(<60).GPAinformationcanbefound:https://catalog.ufl.edu/ugrad/current/regulations/info/grades.aspx.FieldTrips:Oneortwofieldtripswillbeorganizedtovisitregionalwetlands.Participationisoptionalbutstronglyrecommendedtohelpyoufullyappreciatethematerialcoveredinthiscourse.TriplocationsanddatesareTBDandwillbefinalizedinthefirstfewweeksofclass.CourseTopicsandSchedule:Thisscheduleistentativeandsubjecttochangebasedonthetimingoffieldtrips,guestlecturerschedules,studentinterests,currentevents,andthewhimoftheinstructor.Weekof TuesdayLecture ThursdayLecture Readings*/DueDates

Jan3 CourseOverview,WetlandEcology101

IntroductiontoWetlandTreatmentSystems(WTS) KW(1)

Jan10 WetlandHydrology WetlandHydraulics:FWS KW(2-3)

Jan17 WetlandHydraulics:SSF EnergyFlowsandChemistryinWTS KW(4-5);HW1Due

Jan24 WTSDesignI:PerformanceExpectations&IntrotoWQModels

ContaminantRemovalProcessesI:SolidsandBOD KW(6-8)

Jan31 ContaminantRemovalProcessesII:NitrogenandPhosphorous

ContaminantRemovalProcessesIV:Metals,Organics,Pathogens,etc.

KW(9-13);SynthesisPaperSummaryDue

Feb7 WTSDesignII:Planning,Permits,andRegulations WTSDesignIII:FWSSystems KW(16-19);HW2Due

Feb14 WTSDesignIV:SSFSystems WTSManagement,Operations,andMaintenanceandEconomics KW(20-23)

Feb21 Catch-upandReview MidtermExam(InClass) ---

Feb28 SPRINGBREAK–NOCLASS SPRINGBREAK–NOCLASS ---

Mar6 Intro:Isrestorationpossible? Historyofwetlandloss&degradation

ReadingsforsecondhalfofthecourseTBD

Mar13 RestorationEcologyI–Context,Disturbance&Succession

RestorationEcologyII–AttributesofRestoredEcosystems

Mar20RestorationEcologyIII–ReferenceModels&EcosystemTrajectories

RestorationEcologyIV–Metapopulationtheory,etc.

SynthesisPaperDue

Mar27RestorationDesign–ProjectDevelopment&ManagementI

RestorationDesign–ProjectDevelopment&ManagementII

Apr3Design&Implementation–RCEofFreshwaterWetlands

Design&Implementation–RCEofTidalWetlands

Apr10AdaptiveManagementinWetlandRestoration

OtherIssues:Permitting,EconomicsofRestoration&Management

Apr17 Catch-upandReview ReadingDays-NoClass ProjectReportDue

Apr24 Project2PresentationsDuringScheduledExamTime–4/27,5:30-7:30PM)

*KW=KadlecandWallace,2009;numberedreadingscorrespondtoreadinglistbelow.

AcademicHonesty:AsastudentattheUniversityofFlorida,youhavecommittedyourselftoupholdtheHonorCode,whichincludesthefollowingpledge:“We,themembersoftheUniversityofFloridacommunity,pledgetoholdourselvesandourpeerstothehigheststandardsofhonestyandintegrity.”YouareexpectedtoexhibitbehaviorconsistentwiththiscommitmenttotheUFacademiccommunity,andonallworksubmittedforcreditattheUniversityofFlorida,thefollowingpledgeiseitherrequiredorimplied:"Onmyhonor,Ihaveneithergivennorreceivedunauthorizedaidindoingthisassignment."Itisassumedthatyouwillcompleteallworkindependentlyineachcourseunlesstheinstructorprovidesexplicitpermissionforyoutocollaborateoncoursetasks(e.g.assignments,papers,quizzes,exams).Furthermore,aspartofyourobligationtoupholdtheHonorCode,youshouldreportanyconditionthatfacilitatesacademicmisconducttoappropriatepersonnel.ItisyourindividualresponsibilitytoknowandcomplywithalluniversitypoliciesandproceduresregardingacademicintegrityandtheStudentHonorCode.ViolationsoftheHonorCodeattheUniversityofFloridawillnotbetolerated.ViolationswillbereportedtotheDeanofStudentsOfficeforconsiderationofdisciplinaryaction.FormoreinformationregardingtheStudentHonorCode,pleasesee:http://www.dso.ufl.edu/SCCR/honorcodes/honorcode.php.SoftwareUse:Allfaculty,staffandstudentsoftheuniversityarerequiredandexpectedtoobeythelawsandlegalagreementsgoverningsoftwareuse.Failuretodosocanleadtomonetarydamagesand/orcriminalpenaltiesfortheindividualviolator.Becausesuchviolationsarealsoagainstuniversitypoliciesandrules,disciplinaryactionwillbetakenasappropriate.CampusHelpingResources:Studentsexperiencingcrisesorpersonalproblemsthatinterferewiththeirgeneralwell-beingareencouragedtoutilizetheuniversity’scounselingresources.TheCounseling&WellnessCenterprovidesconfidentialcounselingservicesatnocostforcurrentlyenrolledstudents.Resourcesareavailableoncampusforstudentshavingpersonalproblemsorlackingclearcareeroracademicgoals,whichinterferewiththeiracademicperformance:

• UniversityCounseling&WellnessCenter,3190RadioRoad,352-392-1575,www.counseling.ufl.edu/cwc/o CounselingServiceso GroupsandWorkshopso OutreachandConsultationo Self-HelpLibraryo TrainingProgramso CommunityProviderDatabase

• CareerResourceCenter,FirstFloor,J.WayneReitzUnion,392-1601,www.crc.ufl.edu

StudentswithDisabilitiesAct:StudentswithdisabilitiesrequestingaccommodationsshouldfirstregisterwiththeDisabilityResourceCenter(352-392-8565,www.dso.ufl.edu/drc/)byprovidingappropriatedocumentation.Onceregistered,studentswillreceiveanaccommodationletter,whichmustbepresentedtotheinstructorwhenrequestingaccommodation.Studentswithdisabilitiesshouldfollowthisprocedureasearlyaspossibleinthesemester.DistanceStudents:Eachonlinedistancelearningprogramhasaprocessfor,andwillmakeeveryattempttoresolve,studentcomplaintswithinitsacademicandadministrativedepartmentsattheprogramlevel.Seehttp://distance.ufl.edu/student-complaintsformoredetails.

Evaluations:Studentsareexpectedtoprovidefeedbackonthequalityofinstructioninthiscoursebycompletingonlineevaluationsathttps://evaluations.ufl.edu.Evaluationsaretypicallyopenduringthelasttwoorthreeweeksofthesemester,butstudentswillbegivenspecifictimeswhentheyareopen.Summaryresultsoftheseassessmentsareavailabletostudentsathttps://evaluations.ufl.edu/results/.PreliminaryReadingList:Thefollowingreadingsareallavailable(online)throughtheUFLibrarysubscriptionoronreserveattheMarstonScienceLibrary.PleaseletmeknowifyouareunabletoaccessanyoftheseresourcesandIwillmakethemavailableasPDF.Listsubjecttogrow,shrink,and/orchange.Asubsetofthesereadingswillberequiredduringthesecondhalfofthecourse.1. SER,2004.SERInternationalPrimeronEcologicalRestoration(Version2,October,2004).SocietyforEcological

RestorationInternationalScience&PolicyWorkingGroup.Availableathttp://www.ser.org/resources/resources-detail-view/ser-international-primer-on-ecological-restoration(verified5Dec2012).

2. Clewell,A.F.&Aronson,J.(2005)Motivationsfortherestorationofecosystems.ConservationBiology,20,420–428.3. EPA,2012.RiverCorridorandWetlandRestoration.Availableathttp://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/restore/(verified

6Dec2012).4. Aronson,J.,S.J.Milton,andJ.Blignaut,(2007).RestoringNaturalCapital:Science,BusinessandPractice.IslandPress,

Washington,DC.(ONRESERVEINMARSTON).5. Zedler,J.B.,&Kercher,S.(2005).Wetlandresources:status,trends,ecosystemservices,andrestorability.Annu.Rev.

Environ.Resour.,30,39-74.6. Dahl,T.E.andG.J.Allord.HistoryofWetlandsintheConterminousUnitedStates.Availableathttp://www.fws.gov/

wetlands/Documents/History-of-Wetlands-in-the-Conterminous-United-States.pdf(verified20Dec2012).7. Vaughn,K.J.,Porensky,L.M.,Wilkerson,M.L.,Balachowski,J.,Peffer,E.,Riginos,C.&Young,T.P.(2010)Restoration

Ecology.NatureEducationKnowledge3(10):66.8. Hobbs,R.J.&D.A.Norton.1996.Towardsaconceptualframeworkforrestorationecology.RestorationEcology4:93–

110.9. Hobbs,R.J.&J.A.Harris.2001.Restorationecology:repairingtheearth'secosystemsinthenewmillenium.

RestorationEcology9:239–246.10. Suding,2011.Towardaneraofrestorationinecology:successes,failuresandopportunitiesahead.Annu.Rev.Ecol.

Evol.Syst.,42(2011),pp.465–487.11. Ehrenfeld,J.G.Definingthelimitsofrestoration:theneedforrealisticgoals.Restor.Ecol.,8(2000),pp.2–9.12. Hilderbrand,R.H.,Watts,A.C.,&Randle,A.M.(2005).Themythsofrestorationecology.EcologyandSociety,10(1),

19.13. Maron,M.,Hobbs,R.J.,Moilanen,A.,Matthews,J.W.,Christie,K.,Gardner,T.A.,Keith,D.A.,Lindenmayer,D.B.,

McAlpine,C.A.2012,"Faustianbargains?Restorationrealitiesinthecontextofbiodiversityoffsetpolicies",BiologicalConservation,v.155,pp.141-148.

14. Holling,C.S.Resilienceandstabilityofecologicalsystems.Annu.Rev.Ecol.Syst.,4(1973),pp.1–2315. Gunderson,L.H.Ecologicalresilience–intheoryandapplication.Annu.Rev.Ecol.Syst.,31(2000),pp.425–439.16. Clewell,A.(2009).Guidelinesforreferencemodelpreparation.EcologicalRestoration,27(3),244-246.17. Zweig,C.L.,&Kitchens,W.M.(2009).Multi-statesuccessioninwetlands:anoveluseofstateandtransitionmodels.

Ecology,90(7),1900-1909.18. Moreno-MateosD,PowerME,ComínFA,YocktengR(2012)StructuralandFunctionalLossinRestoredWetland

Ecosystems.PLoSBiol10(1):e1001247.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.100124719. Chambers,J.C.andA.R.Linnerooth.(2001).RestoringriparianmeadowscurrentlydominatedbyArtemesiausing

alternativestateconcepts–theestablishmentcomponent.Appl.Veg.Sci.,4(2001),pp.157–166.20. Matthews,J.W.,andG.Spyreas."Convergenceanddivergenceinplantcommunitytrajectoriesasaframeworkfor

monitoringwetlandrestorationprogress."JournalofAppliedEcology47.5(2010):1128-1136.21. Matthews,J.W.,G.Spyreas,andA.G.Endress."Trajectoriesofvegetation-basedindicatorsusedtoassesswetland

restorationprogress."EcologicalApplications19.8(2009):2093-2107.22. Bishel-Machung,L.,R.P.Brooks,S.S.Yates,K.L.Hoover,1996.Soilpropertiesofreferencewetlandsandwetland

creationprojectsinPennsylvania.Wetlands16:532541.23. Brinson,M.M.&R.Rheinhardt.1996.Theroleofreferencewetlandsinfunctionalassessmentandmitigation.

EcologicalApplications6:69–76.

24. Zedler,J.B.andJ.C.Callaway.Trackingwetlandrestoration:domitigationsitesfollowdesiredtrajectories?Restor.Ecol.,7(1999),pp.69–73.

25. Findlay,S.E.G.,Kiviat,E.,Nieder,W.C.&Blair,E.A.(2002)Functionalassessmentofareferencewetlandsetasatoolforscience,managementandrestoration.AquaticSciences,64,107–117.

26. FDEP,2002.PaynesPrairieUnitManagementPlan.FloridaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection.Availableathttp://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/planning/parkplans/PaynesPrairiePreserveStatePark.pdf(verified25Feb2013).

27. Peterson.G.D.Contagiousdisturbance,ecologicalmemory,andtheemergenceoflandscapepattern.Ecosystems,5(2002),pp.329–338

28. Scheffer,M.,Carpenter,S.,Foley,J.A.,Folke,C.,&Walker,B.(2001).Catastrophicshiftsinecosystems.Nature,413(6856),591-596.

29. Suding,K.N.,&Gross,K.L.(2006).Thedynamicnatureofecologicalsystems:multiplestatesandrestorationtrajectoriesinFalk,D.,PalmerM.,andZedler,J.(eds.)Foundationsofrestorationecology,190-209.

30. Bachmann,R.W.etal.TherestorationofLakeApopkainrelationtoalternativestablestates.Hydrobiologia,394(1999),pp.219–232.

31. Suding,N.etal.2004.Alternativestatesandpositivefeedbacksinrestorationecology.TrendsEcol.Evol.,19:46–53.32. Suding,K.N.,Gross,K.L.&Houseman,G.R.(2004)Alternativestatesandpositivefeedbacksinrestorationecology.

TrendsinEcology&Evolution,19,46–53.33. Groffman,P.M.etal.Ecologicalthresholds:Thekeytosuccessfulenvironmentalmanagementoranimportantconcept

withnopracticalapplication?Ecosystems,9(2006),pp.1–13.34. Mitsch,W.J.andR.F.WilsonImprovingthesuccessofwetlandcreationandrestorationwithknow-how,time,andself-

designEcol.Appl.,6(1996),pp.77–8335. Lindig-Cisneros,R.,Desmond,J.,Boyer,K.E.,&Zedler,J.B.(2003).Wetlandrestorationthresholds:Canadegradation

transitionbereversedwithincreasedeffort?.EcologicalApplications,13(1),193-205.36. Zedler,J.B.Progressinwetlandrestorationecology.TrendsEcol.Evol.,15(2000),pp.402–407.37. Richardson,CurtisJ.,etal."Integratedstreamandwetlandrestoration:Awatershedapproachtoimprovedwater

qualityonthelandscape."EcologicalEngineering37.1(2011):25-39.38. Rood,S.B.,Gourley,C.R.,Ammon,E.M.,Heki,L.G.,Klotz,J.R.,Morrison,M.L.,Mosley,D.,Scoppetone,G.G.,Swanson,

S.&Wagner,P.L.(2003)Flowsforfloodplainforests:asuccessfulriparianrestoration.BioScience,53,647–656.39. Sedell,J.R.,Reeves,G.H.,Hauer,F.R.,Stanford,J.A.&Hawkins,C.P.(1990)Roleofrefugiainrecoveryfrom

disturbances:modernfragmentedanddisconnectedriversystems.EnvironmentalManagement,14,711–724.40. Stanturf,J.A.,S.H.Schoenholtz,C.J.Schweitzer,J.P.Shepard.2001.Achievingrestorationsuccess:mythsin

bottomlandhardwoodforests.RestorationEcology9:189–200.41. Sweeney,B.W.,Czapka,S.J.&Yerkes,T.(2002)Riparianforestrestoration:increasingsuccessbyreducingplant

competitionandherbivory.RestorationEcology,10,392–400.42. Wissmar,R.C.&Beschta,R.L.(1998)Restorationandmanagementofriparianecosystems:acatchmentperspective.

FreshwaterBiology,40,571–585.43. LewisIII,R.R.(2011).Howsuccessfulmangroveforestrestorationinformstheprocessofsuccessfulgeneralwetland

restoration.NationalWetlandsNewsletter,33,23-25.44. LEWISIII,R.(2009).MangroveFieldofDreams:IfWeBuildIt,WillTheyCome?SWSResearchBrief,1-4.45. Additionalbackgroundatwww.mangroverestoration.comandwww.royrlewis3.com(verified1March2012).46. Vardi,T.,Williams,D.E.,&Sandin,S.A.(2012).Populationdynamicsofthreatenedelkhorncoralinthenorthern

FloridaKeys,USA.EndangeredSpeciesResearch,19,157-169.47. Boumans,R.M.J.,Burdick,D.M.,&Dionne,M.(2002).Modelinghabitatchangeinsaltmarshesaftertidalrestoration.

RestorationEcology,10(3),543-555.48. Neckles,H.A.,Dionne,M.,Burdick,D.M.,Roman,C.T.,Buchsbaum,R.,&Hutchins,E.(2002).Amonitoringprotocolto

assesstidalrestorationofsaltmarshesonlocalandregionalscales.RestorationEcology,10(3),556-563.49. Zedler,JoyB.,andJ.Callaway."Tidalwetlandrestoration."Ecology5(2009):291-300.50. Handa,I.T.andR.L.Jefferies.Assistedrevegetationtrialsindegradedsalt-marshesJ.Appl.Ecol.,37(2000),pp.944–

958551. Brophy,Laura,etal."NewToolsforTidalWetlandRestoration:DevelopmentofaReferenceConditionsDatabaseanda

TemperatureSensorMethodforDetectingTidalInundationinLeast-disturbedTidalWetlandsofOregon,USA.AmendedFinalReport."(2011).

AdditionalReadings:CaseStudies• Comín,F.A.,J.A.Romero,O.Hernández,M.Menéndez.2001.Restorationofwetlandsfromabandonedricefieldsfor

nutrientremoval,andbiologicalcommunityandlandscapediversity.RestorationEcology9:201–208.• Cui,Baoshan,etal."EvaluatingtheecologicalperformanceofwetlandrestorationintheYellowRiverDelta,China."

EcologicalEngineering35.7(2009):1090-1103.• Klotzli,F.andA.P.Grootjans.Restorationofnaturalandsemi-naturalwetlandsystemsinCentralEurope:progressand

predictabilityofdevelopments.Restor.Ecol.,9(2001),pp.209–219.ClimateChange• Choi,Y.D.etal.Ecologicalrestorationforfuturesustainabilityinachangingenvironment.Ecoscience,15(2008),pp.

53–64.• Erwin,KevinL."Wetlandsandglobalclimatechange:theroleofwetlandrestorationinachangingworld."Wetlands

EcologyandManagement17.1(2009):71-84.• Harris,J.A.etal.Ecologicalrestorationandglobalclimatechange.Rest.Ecol.,14(2006),pp.170–176.Economics• Milon,J.W.,&Scrogin,D.(2006).Latentpreferencesandvaluationofwetlandecosystemrestoration.Ecological

Economics,56(2),162-175.ExoticSpecies• D'Antonio,C.andL.A.Meyerson.Exoticplantspeciesasproblemsandsolutionsinecologicalrestoration:asynthesis.

Restor.Ecol.,10(2002),pp.703–713• Gordon,D.R.Effectsofinvasive,non-indigenousplantspeciesonecosystemprocesses:lessonsfromFlorida.Ecol.

Monogr.,8(1998),pp.975–989• MacDougall,A.S.&Turkington,R.(2005)Areinvasivespeciesthedriversorpassengersofchangeindegraded

ecosystems?Ecology,86,42–55Fauna• Charalambidou,I.&Santamaría,L.(2002)Waterbirdsasendozoochorousdispersersofaquaticorganisms:areviewof

experimentalevidence.ActaOecologia,23,165–176.• Gawlik,D.E.(2006).Theroleofwildlifescienceinwetlandecosystemrestoration:lessonsfromtheEverglades.

EcologicalEngineering,26(1),70-83.• Opperman,J.J.andA.M.Merenlender.Deerherbivoryasanecologicalconstrainttorestorationofdegradedriparian

corridors.Restor.Ecol.,8(2000),pp.41–47• Stralberg,Diana,etal."Optimizingwetlandrestorationandmanagementforaviancommunitiesusingamixedinteger

programmingapproach."BiologicalConservation142.1(2009):94-109.General• Dobson,A.etal.Hopesforthefuture:restorationecologyandconservationbiology.Science,227(1997),pp.515–522• Gunderson,L.H.ManagingsurprisingecosystemsinsouthernFlorida.Ecol.Econ.,37(2001),pp.371–378• Harris,J.ProgresswithRestoration:OurWideningScope.EcologicalRestorationVol.29,Nos.1–2,2011• Higgs,E.S.1997.Whatisgoodecologicalrestoration?ConservationBiology11:338–348.• Hobbs,R.J.Settingeffectiveandrealisticrestorationgoals:Keydirectionsforresearch.Restor.Ecol.,15(2007),pp.

354–357.• Jackson,S.T.andR.J.Hobbs.Ecologicalrestorationinthelightofecologicalhistory.Science,325(2009),pp.567–569• Jackson,S.T.Vegetation,environment,andtime:theoriginationandterminationofecosystems.J.Veg.Sci.,17(2006),

pp.549–557.• Landres,P.B.etal.Overviewoftheuseofnaturalvariabilityconceptsinmanagingecologicalsystems.Ecol.Appl.,9

(1999),pp.1179–1188.• McGraw,K.andR.M.Thom.ProtectionandRestoration:AreWeHavinganEffect?EcologicalRestorationVol.29,Nos.

1–2,2011• Palmer,M.A.,Ambrose,R.F.&Poff,N.L.(1997)Ecologicaltheoryandcommunityrestorationecology.Restoration

Ecology,5,291–300.

• Parker,V.T.&S.T.A.Pickett.1997.Restorationasanecosystemprocess:implicationsofthemodernecologicalparadigm.Pages17–32inK.M.Urbanska,N.R.WebbandP.J.Edwards,editors.Restorationecologyandsustainabledevelopment.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge.

• Prach,K.etal.Theroleofspontaneousvegetationsuccessioninecosystemrestoration:aperspective.App.Veg.Sci,4(2001),pp.111–114

• Stein,EricD.,etal."Historicalecologyasatoolforassessinglandscapechangeandinformingwetlandrestorationpriorities."Wetlands30.3(2010):589-601.

• Teal,JohnM.,andSusanPeterson."USWetlandProtectionandRestoration:HaveWeMadeaDifference?."EcologicalRestoration29.1(2011):22-24.

• Tobe,J.D.,Cantrell,R.W.,&Burks,K.C.(1998).Floridawetlandplants:anidentificationmanual.UniversityofFlorida.• VanDerValk,A.G.(1992)Establishment,colonisationandpersistence.Plantsuccession:theoryandprediction(ed.by

T.T.Veblen).Chapman&Hall,London.• VanDiggelen,R.,Grootjans,A.P.&Harris,J.A.(2001)Ecologicalrestoration:stateoftheartorstateofthescience?

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