Westward Expansion Essential Question: How did Westward Expansion, the attempt to spread slavery, the Industrial Revolution, and the Protective Tariff.

Westward Expansion

Essential Question: How did Westward Expansion, the attempt to

spread slavery, the Industrial Revolution, and the Protective Tariff cause tension in the government and

among American citizens?

Situation #1: The Louisiana Purchase

Situation #1- Louisiana Purchase • 1. President Jefferson wanted to

purchase land from France and the Constitution didn’t grant him power.

• 2. Mississippi’s Importance: for trade: allowed crops/raw materials to be shipped overseas.

• 3. If the Mississippi was closed to Americans: loss of $, the economy would suffer

Situation #1- Louisiana Purchase

• 4. NapoleonBonaparte planned on building a French empire in North America

• 5. Jefferson believed the port of New Orleans was vital for the success of US Agriculture

Situation #1- Louisiana Purchase

What action should the US take?

A,B or C

EXPLAIN--

Situation #8- The Gadsden Purchase

What action should the US take?

A,B or C

EXPLAIN--

Situation #1- The Louisiana Purchase • 1. President Jefferson

Purchased the territory-1803• 2. Buy New Orleans & west

Florida for $10 million• 3. The Mississippi River to the

Rocky mountains – Doubled the size of the US

• 4. Purchased from France at the cost of $15million- less then 3 cents per acreWHAT PROBLEMS MIGHT EXPANSION CAUSE?

As people began moving west…new states were created

• 1812: Louisiana petitions entry into the Union as a slave state & Indiana petitions and enters the the Union as a free state—A BALANCE EXISTS

– Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1819, they wanted to enter as a slave state

Missouri Conflict • US in 1819: 11 Free & 11 slave states

– Conflict: Admission of Missouri would upset the balance

Tallmadge Amendment • Congressman James Tallmadge of NY

proposed an amendment to the Statehood bill– Banning slavery within the boundaries of the MO– Calling for the gradual emancipation(setting free)

of thousands already in slavery

• Amendment set off debates & brought slavery into the national spotlight– See Common Assessment Documents

Situation #2- The War of 1812

• 1. The Embargo Act: stopped US trade ships from travelling to foreign ports– Jefferson hoped it would

protect American trade interests from European interference

• 2. Resulted in: economic disaster for the US – Especially New England

Situation #2- The War of 1812

• 3. Congress repealed the Embargo Act & replaced it with: The Non-Intercourse Act

• 4. Non-Intercourse Act– Allowed for trade with all nations

except for Britain and France• Signed 2 days before Jefferson left office

• 5. 1809: James Madison elected President

Situation #2- The War of 1812

• 6. War of 1812:– Causes

• 1. Seizing American ships/ Impressing Americans • 2. Chesapeake incident: British warship commander

demanded the right to board & search the Chesapeake for British deserters– US captain refused– British opened fire, killing 3

• 3. American belief that battles with Natives were caused by British interference

Situation #2- The War of 1812

• Causes• #4 – War Hawks

– Group of Congressmen determined to gain respect for foreign powers

• Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun

Situation #2- The War of 1812

Should the United States have declared war on Great Britain?

Why or why not?

EXPLAIN--

Situation #3- Florida

• 1.Jackson was sent to Florida to protect southern & western settlers against Native attack

• 2. While in Florida: – executed 2 Englishmen -

suspected of supplying natives with weapons

* After the War of 1812- many natives & run away slaves were Trading weapons with the British

Situation #3- FloridaWhat action should the US take?

A,B or C

EXPLAIN--

D. FLORIDA

–1. Florida was given to the US through the Adams-Onis Treaty.

–2. The US would pay off Spain’s $5 million debt.

SITUATION #4-THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, THE AMERICAN SYSTEM AND THE PROTECTIVE

TARIFFWestward Expansion and Development Continues to cause TENSION. 1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

An economic shift from agriculture to manufacturing

The replacement of hand tools by machinesThe beginning of mass production-the production

of goods in large quantities2. Causes:

* The Embargo Act 1807-America could not trade with foreign nations

* The War of 1812-The British blockaded American ports, being unable to trade, America manufactured her own goods

3. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, the machine removed the seeds & allowed the south to produce huge amounts of cotton.

4. The need for slaves to pick the cotton grew-slavery expanded.

* Although the Industrial Revolution gave Americans a feeling of pride, it also divided the nation. * The north industrialized and the southern economy remained based on agriculture

5. The American System-a. a plan to unify and Unite the nation & create a strong economy.

b. link the North, West & South together with federally funded internal improvements such as roads and canals for trade and expansion.

c.establish protective tariffs.

GOAL-economic independence-America should become self-sufficient

5. HOW IT SHOULD WORK?Assign each region a specialized task

North-manufacture goods South-produce crops West- produce meat & farm products

*all would exchange goods and the American economy would become self-sufficient.

6. Southerners were angered by federally funded internal improvements(their taxes are used for Northern projects) and the protective tariff (taxed imports the southerners bought from Europe, to protect Northern industry).

7a. a protective tariff--taxes on imported goods. The taxes would encourage Americans to buy American made goods, because they would be cheaper than imports

7b. The Tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff that would place taxes on imported goods. The government wanted Americans to support US industry.

8. PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM TARIFFS

*Northerners welcomed the tariff to protect their manufactured goods from

foreign competition.

* Southerners resented paying taxes on imports because they traded their cotton for British goods, which the tariff makes more expensive.

• 9. The Tariff of 1828,aka, The Tariff of Abominations.

• 10. Southern states rejected the tariff as a New England protectorate. (TO protect Northern industry).

• 11. Democrat Andrew Jackson

was elected President of the

“common man”. John C.

Calhoun was re-elected

Vice-President.

• 12. Southerners felt the tariffs forced them to spend more for goods from Europe or pay high prices to support the northern economy.

• 13. A. John C. Calhoun

• B. (V.P.) wrote the “Exposition and Protest of South Carolina”.

• C. He argued the protective tariff was unconstitutional because it unfairly taxed one part of the nation to benefit another. He proposed NULLIFICATION

of the Tariffs.

• 14. To Nullify-to void, Nullification-the belief that a state can void a federal law if the state believes the law violates the Constitution.

• 15. S.C. voted to nullify the tariffs in Feb. 1833. They instructed S.C. citizens not to pay the duties. They threatened secession if the government enforced the tariffs.Secede-to withdraw or break away from

• 16. President Jackson responded with the Force Bill-threat to send 50,000 troops to S.C.

• 17. Henry Clay of Kentucky suggested a lower rate tariff and S.C. accepted the deal.

President Jackson & The Indian Removal Act 1830

HOW DID WESTWARD EXPANSION IMPACT NATIVE AMERICANS?

“Situation 5: Texas”p. 268-272 1. Prior to 1821, the west was dominated by the

_SPANISH____.

1. In 1821, the Republic of _MEXICO__ won independence from Spain.

2. Empresarios are AGENTS WHO RECEIVED CHEAP LAND GRANTS FROM THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT-and sold the land for 12.5 cents an acre.

1. __STEPHEN F. AUSTIN__, the most successful empresario, brought the first American settlers into Texas.

1. The American settlers living in Texas agreed to convert to ROMAN CATHOLICISM and swear loyalty to Mexico.

2. General Antonio Lopez de SANTA ANNA was elected President of Mexico, instead, he ruled as a dictator.

7. In San Antonio at the __ALAMO, an old Spanish mission became the site of a 13 day Mexican siege. The result of the battle at the Alamo was

ALL 187 US DEFENDERS & APPROX. 1200 MEXICAN SOLDIERS WERE KILLED

8. On March 2, 1836,TEXAS declared independence from Mexico.

9. In 1836 at the San Jacinto River SAM HOUSTON and 900 of his men cornered General Santa Anna’s forces and defeated them.

10. Santa Anna was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco, recognizing TEXAN independence and setting the Rio Grande River as the southern border of Texas.

11. In July 1836, SAM HOUSTON was elected President of the Independent Republic of Texas

Situation #5- TexasWhat action should the US take?

A,B or C

EXPLAIN--

1. Explain how northerners and southerners felt about annexing Texas?

* SOUTHERNERS WANTED TO ANNEX, ADD ON, TEXAS-TO SPREAD SLAVERY

* NORTHERNERS WERE AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SLAVERY

2. TEXAS became the 28th US state on Dec. 29, 1845.

Situation 6: Oregon Country 1. Define: Manifest Destiny

A belief it was Americas destiny to expand westward to the Pacific and into Native & Mexican territory

2. What were the results of Black Hawk’s War? The Illinois militia slaughtered 200 Sauk and Fox Natives

3. What were the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty? The Natives were given control of 400 miles of land on the central plains, east of the Rocky Mts.

4. They were supposed be paid and protected-white settlers slaughtered their buffalo and ignored their rights.

5. The Oregon Trail started in Independence, Missouri and ended in Portland, Oregon.

6. Describe the journey on the Oregon Trail.--2,000 mile journey that took 4 to 6 months.

-- It was a long, rough and dangerous trail.7. Settlers spread Diseases

8. The members of The Church Of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints were known to most as MORMONS__, they were hated for their religious beliefs and forced from their towns and cities repeatedly throughout the 1830’s and 1840’s.

9. JOSEPH SMITH was the founder of the Mormon religion.

• 10. The Mormon practice of polygamy made the hated by many.

• 11. After the murder of their founder in Nauvoo the Mormons fled Illinois and were led west by __BRIGHAM YOUNG_____

• 12. Brigham Young led 10,000 persecuted Mormons to the GREAT SALT LAKE in UTAH where they found their permanent home.

• 13. Both the US and BRITAIN claimed the Oregon Country.

• 14. The slogan “54” 40’ OR FIGHT” was used by those who wanted the US to control all of the Oregon Country.54’ 40’ was the latitude of the area.

Situation #6- Oregon Country

What action should the US take?

A,B or C

EXPLAIN--

• 14. In 1846, the US and Great Britain extended the 49th parallel boundary from the Rocky Mountain to PUGET SOUND. The US and Great Britain decided

to share the OREGON COUNTRY.

• 15. Color, label and date the Oregon Country.

Situation 7: War with Mexico.

1. Mexico refused to sell New Mexico and California to the US. So, President Polk sent General ZACHARY TAYLOR to blockade the Rio Grande River and agitate the Mexican government.

2. Mexicans argued the Nueces River, not the Rio Grande marked the border with Texas. Mexico sent troops to defend the area. 11American soldiers were killed in a skirmish. President Polk used their deaths as an excuse to start a war.

3. Americans settling in California proclaimed their independence from Mexico and created the BEAR FLAG Republic.

4. During the war American General Winfield Scott had not lost a single battle.

Situation #7- War with Mexico

What action should the US take?

A,B or C

EXPLAIN--

1. The Mexican-American War ended and on Feb. 2, 1848 the two nations signed the Treaty of GUADALUPE-HIDALGO

2. The terms of the treaty.* the Rio Grande was the border between

Mexico and Texas* Mexico ceded New Mexico & California to the US.* The US paid $15 million for the Mexican

Cession Territory.

Situation 8: The Gadsden Purchase

The United States paid Mexico $10 Million for southern New Mexico & Arizona

--The Gadsden Purchase

What impact do you think the gold rush had upon the natives of the Plains?

• WHITES RUSHED ONTO THEIR LAND, THE BUFFALO WERE KILLED OR DRIVEN OFF, NATIVES WERE STARVING & FIGHTING ONE ANOTHER FOR FOOD, COLERA BROUGHT BY WAGON TRAINS KILLED 1/2 OF THE CHEYENNE & MEASLES KILLED 1/2 OF THE KYUTE