-
Wescoal Elandspruit Coal Resource Report
Report Prepared for:
Report Prepared by: Gemecs (Pty) Ltd
Visiomed Office Park Unit 16, Building 5
269 Beyers Naude Drive Blackheath, Randburg
Republic of South Africa
Tel: +27 11 431 2327 Fax: +27 11 388 5243
www.gemecs.co.za
Report Author:
CD van Niekerk Principal Consultant
M.Sc, MDP, Pr.Sci.Nat., FGSSA
Project Number: GMXP14057
11 May 2014
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
......................................................................................................
7
1. INTRODUCTION
...........................................................................................................
8
1.1 Background
...............................................................................................
8
1.2 Qualifications of Consultant
.......................................................................
8
1.3 Reliance on Other Experts
........................................................................
9
1.4 Disclaimer
..................................................................................................
9
2. LOCALITY
...................................................................................................................
10
3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
.....................................................................................
11
4. OWNERSHIP AND TENURE (MINERAL HOLDINGS)
................................................ 12
5. DEPOSIT GEOLOGY
..................................................................................................
13
5.1 Introduction
..............................................................................................
13
1.2 Regional Geology
....................................................................................
13
5.1 Local Geology
.........................................................................................
19
6. EXPLORATION AND DATA
........................................................................................
22
6.1 Surface Mapping
.....................................................................................
22
6.2 Aeromagnetic Survey
..............................................................................
22
6.3 Drilling
.....................................................................................................
22
6.4 Borehole Collar Surveys
..........................................................................
23
6.5 Borehole Core Recoveries
......................................................................
24
6.6 Borehole Logging and Sampling
.............................................................
24
6.7 Analytical Laboratories
............................................................................
25
6.8 Data Verification
......................................................................................
26
6.8.1 Borehole Collar Positions and Elevations
.................................... 26
7. GEOLOGICAL MODELLING
.......................................................................................
29
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7.1 Structural Modelling
.................................................................................
29
7.2 Coal Quality Modelling
............................................................................
39
8. COAL RESOURCES ESTIMATION
.............................................................................
46
8.1 Introduction
..............................................................................................
46
8.2 Coal Resources Classification
.................................................................
46
9. COAL RESOURCES
...................................................................................................
51
9.1 Resource Estimation Assumptions
.......................................................... 51
9.2 Coal Resource Statement
.......................................................................
51
9.3 Geological Discounts
...............................................................................
52
10. ADDITIONAL EXPLORATION
.....................................................................................
52
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List of Tables
Table 1: Elandspruit In Situ Coal Resources (TTIS) and Raw
Qualities (air-dried) ................ 7
Table 2: Showing the Minimum, Maximum, Average, Mean and
Standard Deviation of the
seam thickness of all the seams present in the area
........................................................... 20
Table 3: Boreholes with collars differing more than 1 metre from
the LADAR Topographic
DTM
....................................................................................................................................
28
Table 4: Summary of the Raw air-dried qualities of the 5 coal
seams present in the
Elandspruit area
..................................................................................................................
39
Table 5: SAMREC Resource Classification based on borehole
density .............................. 48
Table 6: Elandspruit In Situ Coal Resources (TTIS) and Raw
Qualities (air-dried) .............. 51
List of Figures
Figure 1: Locality map of the Elandspruit Project (from The
Mineral Corporation) ............... 11
Figure 2: The Mineral Rights (“NOMR”) ownership of the
Elandspruit Project ..................... 12
Figure 3: Locality of the Coalfields of South Africa - Witbank
Coalfield indicated in yellow
(modified from Snyman, 1998)
............................................................................................
14
Figure 4: The Witbank Coalfield (position of prospecting area
indicated in purple) .............. 16
Figure 5: The effect of the palaeo-topography on coal seams
............................................. 16
Figure 6: Generalised stratigraphic column of the Witbank
Coalfield (depicting the typical
occurrence and distribution of the more important coal seams)
........................................... 17
Figure 7: Diagram illustrating the coal seam splits that occur
within the No. 1 and 2 Coal
Zone, in the Witbank Coalfield
............................................................................................
18
Figure 8: Local geology of the Elandspruit Project Area
...................................................... 20
Figure 9: Borehole plan of Elandspruit
................................................................................
23
Figure 10: Surface topography of Elandspruit based on a Ladar
Survey ............................. 27
Figure 11: Surface Topography
...........................................................................................
30
Figure 12: Limit of weathering depth
...................................................................................
30
Figure 13: No 4 Lower Seam Thickness Isopach
................................................................
32
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Figure 14: No 3 Seam Thickness Isopach
...........................................................................
32
Figure 15: No 2 Upper Seam Thickness Isopach
................................................................
33
Figure 16: No 2 Lower Seam Thickness Isopach
................................................................
33
Figure 17: No 1 Seam Thickness Isopach
...........................................................................
34
Figure 18: No 4 Lower Seam Floor Elevation Contours
....................................................... 34
Figure 19: No 3 Seam Floor Elevation Contours
.................................................................
35
Figure 20: No 2 Upper Seam Floor Elevation Contours
....................................................... 35
Figure 21: No 2 Lower Seam Floor Elevation Contours
....................................................... 36
Figure 22: No 1 Seam Floor Elevation Contours
.................................................................
36
Figure 23: No 3 Seam Interburden Thickness Contours
...................................................... 37
Figure 24: No 2 Upper Seam Interburden Thickness Contours
........................................... 37
Figure 25: No 2 Lower Seam Interburden Thickness Contours
........................................... 38
Figure 26: No 1 Seam Interburden Thickness Contours
...................................................... 38
Figure 27: No 4 Lower Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution Contours
.................................. 40
Figure 28: No 3 Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution Contours
............................................ 41
Figure 29: No 2 Upper Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution Contours
.................................. 41
Figure 30: No 2 Lower Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution Contours
.................................. 42
Figure 31: No 1 Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution Contours
............................................ 42
Figure 32: No 4 Lower Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield Contours
............................... 43
Figure 33: No 3 Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield Contours
.......................................... 44
Figure 34: No 2 Upper Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield Contours
............................... 44
Figure 35: No 2 Lower Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield Contours
............................... 45
Figure 36: No 1 Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield Contours
.......................................... 45
Figure 37: Geological confidence relating to Resource
Classifications ................................ 47
Figure 38: Resource classification No 4 Lower Seam Resource
Blocks Green=Measured;
Orange = Indicated
.............................................................................................................
48
Figure 39: Resource classification No 3 Seam Resource Blocks
Green=Measured; Orange =
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Indicated
.............................................................................................................................
49
Figure 40: Resource classification No 2 Upper Seam Resource
Blocks Green=Measured;
Orange = Indicated
.............................................................................................................
49
Figure 41: Resource classification No 2 Lower Seam Resource
Blocks Green=Measured;
Orange = Indicated
.............................................................................................................
50
Figure 42: Resource classification No 1 Seam Resource Blocks
Green=Measured; Orange =
Indicated
.............................................................................................................................
50
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Gemecs (Pty) Ltd (“Gemecs”) has been commissioned by Wescoal
Holdings Limited
(“Wescoal”), to produce a Coal Resource Report on the coal
resources of the Elandspruit
Project (prospecting permit) in Mpumalanga, South Africa.
This coal resource statement was prepared based on resource
models created in Geovia
MinexTM from base principles by CD van Niekerk, a full-time
geologist at Gemecs.
The report was prepared using the South African Code for
Reporting of Mineral Resources
and Mineral Reserves (the SAMREC Code - 2008) as a guide, as
well as the South African
guide to the systematic evaluation of coal resources and coal
reserves (SANS10320:2004).
It comprises a resource statement covering the Elandspruit
Project area derived from the
May 2014 geological resource model.
Both Gross Tons In Situ (GTIS) and Total Tons In Situ (TTIS)
coal resources are reported for
the 4 Lower (S4L), 3 (S3), 2 Upper (S2U), 2 Lower (S2L) and 1
(S1). Coal seams tonnage
and raw coal qualities are summarised in the table below:
Table 1: Elandspruit In Situ Coal Resources (TTIS) and Raw
Qualities (air-dried)
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Gemecs (Pty) Ltd (“Gemecs”) has been commissioned by Wescoal
Holdings Limited
(“Wescoal”), to produce a Coal Resource Report on the
Elandspruit Project coal resources
near Middelburg in Mpumalanga.
This coal resource statement was prepared based on resource
models created in Geovia
MinexTM from base principles by CD van Niekerk, a full-time
geologist at Gemecs.
The report was prepared using the South African Code for
Reporting of Mineral Resources
and Mineral Reserves (the SAMREC Code - 2008) as a guide, as
well as the South African
guide to the systematic evaluation of coal resources and coal
reserves (SANS10320:2004).
It comprises a resource statement covering the Elandspruit
Project area derived from the
March 2014 geological resource models.
The person responsible for estimating the coal resources is
satisfied that, based on the
information made available, the estimates presented are
reasonable and are appropriate for
the type of deposit, its location and the current and proposed
methods of exploitation.
Gemecs places reliance on Wescoal that all legal information
provided to Gemecs at the
time of writing is both valid and accurate for the purpose of
compiling this report including
tenure and Mineral Right status.
1.2 Qualifications of Consultant
Gemecs’ independence is ensured by the fact that it holds no
equity in any ongoing or
planned projects. This permits Gemecs to provide its clients
with conflict-free and objective
recommendations on crucial judgement issues. Gemecs has a
demonstrated track record in
undertaking independent assessments of resources and reserves,
project evaluations and
audits, CPR’s and independent feasibility evaluations to
bankable standards on behalf of
exploration and mining companies and financial institutions
worldwide.
Neither Gemecs nor any of its employees and associates employed
in the preparation of this
report has any beneficial interest in the assets of Wescoal
Holdings Limited.
The competent person with overall responsibility for reporting
of Mineral Resources is
Coenraad D van Niekerk, Pr.Sci.Nat (Reg No. 400066/98), M.Sc
(Geology), MDP, FGSSA,
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who is a senior coal geologist at Gemecs. Mr van Niekerk is a
mining geologist with over 38
years’ experience in the coal mining industry.
1.3 Reliance on Other Experts
During the investigation, data processing and modelling, Gemecs
made use of the following
experts:
Johan Repsold is an experienced coal geologist with more than 35
years’ coal experience.
He obtained a B.Sc. Hons. from the University of the
Witwatersrand and is registered as a
Professional Natural Scientist with the South African Council
for Natural Scientific
Professions (Pr.Sci.Nat - Reg No 400049/04). He also worked for
nearly 6 years on coal
projects in KZN and gained expert knowledge in borehole database
development and coal
data preparation. Johan has worked as an associate with Gemecs
since 2007 and was
responsible for the data processing for this project.
Dan Ferreira, a qualified and experienced surveyor and owner of
Dan Ferreira Technical
Services. Mr Ferreira was responsible for the survey of borehole
positions, obtaining the
Ladar surface survey data for Wescoal. He also checked the
borehole coordinates and collar
elevations and assisted with the conversion of the coordinates
from Cape Lo 29 to WGS84
Lo 29.
Gerhard Mulder, owner of Geotechnical Consultants CC. Mr Mulder
is an experienced
geologist and he was responsible for the processing of
historical borehole data and the
logging and sampling of the “ED” series boreholes drilled in
2013 by Wescoal.
1.4 Disclaimer
This report is a Geological Resource Report.
The guidelines of the SAMREC code (The South African Code For
The Reporting Of
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources And Mineral Reserves
-2007 Edition), as well as
The South African Guide To The Systematic Evaluation Of Coal
Resources And Coal
Reserves (SANS10320:2004) have been used to compile this
report.
Due to the reciprocity agreement that exists between SAMREC and
JORC (Joint Ore
Reserve Committee-Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration
Results, Mineral
Resources and Ore Reserves), this report is JORC compliant.
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This report is for internal use by the client and may be used
for public reporting purposes if
so required. The report is compiled and signed off by a
Competent Person as defined by the
SAMREC code.
It is important to note that this is a Geological Resource
Report compiled by a Competent
Person, but not a Competent Persons Report (“CPR”) as per the
requirements specified by
the JSE (Johannesburg Stock Exchange); however, since it is
SAMREC compliant, this
report can be used to populate the geological and resource
section of a JSE-compliant CPR.
2. LOCALITY
The project is located 8 kilometres west of the town Middelburg
in the Mpumalanga Province
of South Africa. The site is approximately 200 km from the city
of Johannesburg. Given the
proximity to Middelburg, the local infrastructure and services
are excellent (Figure 1).
The R55 national road runs east-west along the southern boundary
of the property, while a
gravel road running north-south from the R555 transverses the
property.
Graspan Colliery, owned and operated by Shanduka Coal Limited
(“Shanduka”), adjoins the
property to the east while the open pit of the Middelburg
Townlands Colliery, also owned and
operated by Shanduka, is located south of the property.
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Figure 1: Locality map of the Elandspruit Project (from The
Mineral Corporation)
3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Historical ownership details of the Elandspruit are not readily
available. Only general
information regarding exploration campaigns by some mining
companies is available, and is
presented below.
Exploration was first undertaken by Tselentis in 1981 and 1982
when a total of 45 boreholes
were completed. A second drilling programme was done by the same
company between
March and November 1990. This time, a total of 71 boreholes were
drilled.
Xstrata Coal undertook an exploration drilling programme after
they obtained the prospecting
rights from Tselentis. The drilling was conducted in 2007 when
23 boreholes were drilled.
As at 6 September 2012, Xstrata Coal has had a 100% interest in
the Elandspruit Project
and, after the deal with Wescoal, is now the new owner of the
mineral rights of the
Elandspruit Project. Wescoal undertook a drilling programme
during 2013 when a total of 10
boreholes were drilled. Most of these boreholes were twinned
boreholes drilled next or close
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to old historical boreholes. Wescoal also plans to do additional
drilling later during 2014. In
addition, they have started with a pre-feasibility study to be
completed by the end of June
2014.
4. OWNERSHIP AND TENURE (MINERAL HOLDINGS)
The Elandspruit Project will be operated by Wescoal Mining Pty
Ltd, a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Wescoal Holdings Limited (“Wescoal”). The new
order Mining right (“NOMR”)
over the mineral Area 7 of Mineral Area situated on Portion 29,
Mineral Area 8 of Mineral
Area 6 situated on Portion 32 and Portions 30, 33, 34, 36, and
40, all of the farm Elandspruit
291 JS, are either currently held by Wescoal or are in the
process of being transferred to
Wescoal.
The Mineral Rights ownership of the Elandspruit Project is shown
in Figure 2.
Figure 2: The Mineral Rights (“NOMR”) ownership of the
Elandspruit Project
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5. DEPOSIT GEOLOGY
5.1 Introduction
This section gives an overview of the geology of Witbank
Coalfield and Elandspruit Project in
more detail.
5.2 Regional Geology
The Elandspruit Project is located in the Witbank Coalfield
(Figure 3). The Witbank Coalfield
forms part of the northern section of the
Witbank-Belfast-Standerton, Coal Province.
The Witbank Coalfield stretches from Springs in the west to
Belfast in the east over a
distance of around 180 km, and extends for roughly 40 km in a
north-south direction. The
irregular northern boundary of the Witbank Coalfield is defined
by the limit of the coal-
bearing strata. The southern margin of the Witbank Coalfield is
distinctly defined over the
central portion of the coalfield by the so-called ‘Smithfield
Ridge’ (which is represented by a
series of inliers of Rooiberg felsite). The Smithfield Ridge
forms the boundary between the
Witbank and Highveld Coalfields. Arbitrary southern boundaries
of the Witbank Coalfield
exist to the east and west of the central portion of the
coalfield. The southern margin extends
from south of Delmas Colliery to a position somewhere just south
of South Witbank Colliery,
in the eastern part of the coalfield.
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Figure 3: Locality of the Coalfields of South Africa - Witbank
Coalfield indicated in yellow
(modified from Snyman, 1998)
The geology of the Witbank Coalfield is dominated by sedimentary
rocks of the Dwyka and
Ecca Groups, which both form part of the Late Carboniferous to
Middle Jurassic (320-180
Ma) aged Karoo Supergroup. The sediments of the coal-bearing
Ecca Group present within
the Witbank Coalfield were deposited on an undulating pre-Karoo
floor, which had a
significant influence on the nature, distribution and thickness
of the coal seams (Smith and
Whittaker, 1986). After the deposition of the Karoo strata
extensive portions of the
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stratigraphic column were removed by erosion, together with
considerable amounts of coal
in certain areas. A maximum of approximately 180m of Karoo
Sequence lithologies have
been preserved within the Witbank Coalfield.
The stratigraphic sequence typically comprises, from the base of
the Karoo Sequence
upwards, a diamictite of glacial origin, pro-glacial varved
siltstone and pebbly mudstone, and
para-glacial gravel and conglomerate, overlain by swamp,
fluvio-deltaic, and near-shoreline
deposits. Up to four distinct, commonly coal-capped,
depositional sequences may be
recognized in various parts of the coalfield, as well as in
other coalfields around the northern
and north-eastern rim of the Greater Karoo depositional Basin
(Cadle, 1982: Smith and
Whittaker, 1986).
The Dwyka Group lithologies are best developed and thickest in
the deeper palaeo-valleys
and are not present over the most pronounced pre-Karoo
topographic highs. Numerous
prominent glacial valleys can be discerned within the Witbank
Coalfield.
As illustrated in Figure 4, these glacial valleys include (after
Smith and Whittaker, 1986):
• the Grootvlei Valley extending from north of Nigel and
trending in a southerly
direction towards the South Rand Coalfield;
• the Vischkuil Valley, north-east of Springs trending towards
Devon;
• the Coronation Valley running from north of Coronation
Kromdraai Colliery, north-
west of Witbank, southwards towards Springbok Colliery and then
extending to the
south-east towards Hendrina;
• the Bank Valley extending southward from north-west of
Middelburg to Bank Colliery
and subsequently linking to the Coronation Valley;
• the Arnot Valley trending from north of Arnot southwards to
the East of Arnot Colliery.
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Figure 4: The Witbank Coalfield (position of prospecting area
indicated in purple)
The distribution and thickness of the coal seams present in the
Witbank Coalfield was
controlled primarily by pre-Karoo palaeo-topography and are
therefore poorly developed
over distinct palaeo-topographic highs. The general effect that
the pre-Karoo floor
topography has on the continuity and distribution of the coal
seams present is illustrated in
Figure 5. Coal seams can be thinner or totally absent, over
major palaeo-topographic highs.
Figure 5: The effect of the palaeo-topography on coal seams
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The main economically important coal seams identified in the
Witbank Coalfield are the No.
5, 4 and 2 coal seams. The No. 1 Coal Seam also has economic
potential in certain areas,
but to a lesser extent. The No. 3 Coal Seam is thin and only
sporadically developed, but has
been locally exploited in conjunction with the overlying No. 4
Lower Coal Seam. In the
Witbank Coalfield the No. 2 Coal Seam has been the most
extensively mined and remains
the most economically important coal seam (Smith and Whittaker,
1986).
Figure 6: Generalised stratigraphic column of the Witbank
Coalfield (depicting the typical
occurrence and distribution of the more important coal
seams)
Coal seam splits occur in some parts of the coalfield such that
the No. 4-Upper and No. 4-
Lower plies may represent the No. 4 Coal Seam Zone. Similarly,
the No. 2 Coal Seam is
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split into an upper and lower ply in some places or the No. 2
Coal Seam Zone may contain a
rider coal (generally referred to as the No. 2A Coal Seam, but
locally as the 2 Upper Coal
Seam). The No. 2 and 1 coal seams are closely associated in
certain areas and may form a
continuous coal thickness (Figure 7). In rare instances an
additional coal seam is
encountered below the No.1 Coal Seam and has been referred to as
the No.1A, No. 1 Lower
or No. 0 Coal Seam.
Figure 7: Diagram illustrating the coal seam splits that occur
within the No. 1 and 2 Coal Zone,
in the Witbank Coalfield
The coal seams present in the Witbank Coalfield are mostly
moderately flat-lying to gently
undulating, with a slight regional dip to the south. Steep dips
(of as much as 1 in 8) are
encountered in regions where coal seams abut against pre-Karoo
basement ridges (see
Figure 5). The No. 4 and 5 Coal Seams have a more regular
distribution (being higher up in
the stratigraphy) and their occurrence is mainly controlled by
present-day surface
topography. In the western part of the Witbank Coalfield (in the
Springs-Delmas area), the
coal seams tend to be a lot more irregular in distribution
(mainly due to irregularities in the
Transvaal Supergroup dolomite floor), than the coal seams
present in the main Witbank
Coalfield.
The Karoo strata in the Witbank Coalfield are predominantly
unfolded to gently flexured and
have not been subjected to significant fault displacements,
except where they are
transgressed by dolerite bodies. Rare faults with throws of up
to 1m are recorded in a few
places, and faults with throws larger than this are very
infrequent. Where faulting does take
place in the coal seams it is normally associated either with
steeper dips near the flanks of
pre-Karoo basement ridges or with depressions such as those that
occur in regions where
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the basement is composed of dolomite.
Post-Karoo dolerites have extensively intruded the entire
sedimentary sequence present in
the Witbank Coalfield. The secondary structures caused by the
emplacement of these
dolerite intrusions are an important factor influencing the
estimation of coal reserves and
coal mining activities.
Dolerite dykes and sills have destroyed and devolatilised coal
seams over large areas within
the coalfield. The dolerite intrusions have burnt large portions
of the coal seams making the
coal useless in terms of utilization. The substantial
displacement of coal seams caused by
dolerite intrusions has an extremely adverse affect on mining in
numerous areas.
The Witbank Coalfield remains one of the most important
coalfields in South Africa,
consistently contributing to the coal production in the country.
Numerous major power
stations and coal mining operations are present within the
coalfield.
5.1 Local Geology
The surface material covering the Elandspruit Project area is
primarily underlain by the coal-
bearing Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group (see Figure 8).
The Witbank Coalfield is divided up into several sectors based
on stratigraphy and
geological structure. The Elandspruit Project area is situated
within the Middelburg sector of
the Witbank Coalfield, nearby the northern limit between the
Witbank coalfield.
Five principal seams are developed, namely No 1, 2 Lower, 2
Upper, 3 and 4 Lower. The 5
seam is not developed in the area. All the seams are absent in
the western half of the
property where they have been eroded, while the No 3 and 4 Lower
Seams are only present
in the higher topographic areas in the east.
The depth of weathering (“LOW”) is highly variable, ranging from
1.06m to 23.97m below
surface
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Figure 8: Local geology of the Elandspruit Project Area
Table 2: Showing the Minimum, Maximum, Average, Mean and
Standard Deviation of the seam
thickness of all the seams present in the area
SEAM Min Max Average Median Std.Dev
S4L 0.00 2.31 1.73 1.76 0.32
S3 0.00 0.66 0.45 0.46 0.06
S2U 0.00 4.23 1.89 1.72 0.73
S2L 0.00 4.73 2.57 2.77 0.87
S1 0.40 5.20 3.24 3.57 0.96
No 1 Seam – occurs just above the Dwyka Formation and increases
in thickness from less
than 1 metre on the eastern boundary to over 4 metres in the
western boundary (Figure 17).
The coal is mainly dull to lustrous with occasional bright
bands. Shale bands are usually
limited to the upper parts of the seam. The average Raw
qualities (air-dried) comfortably
satisfied typical Eskom minimum Calorific Value (“CV”) and
Volatile Matter (“VM”)
specifications of 20MJ/kg (air-dried) and 20% (air-dried)
respectively.
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No 2 Lower Seam – is usually separated from the underlying No 1
Seam by less than 1m of
sedimentary rocks but the interburden can increase to 11m in the
south-eastern corner of
the project (Figure 25). The thickness of the seam varies
between 2.50m and 4.75m (Figure
16).
In the south-east the seam is absent along a north-south
trending zone approximately 400 to
500m wide. It is possible that this is caused by a sedimentary
wash-out. The average Raw
qualities (air-dried) are compatible with the No 1 Seam and will
satisfy Eskom’s minimum
requirements.
No 2 Upper Seam – The interburden between the 2 Upper and the
underlying No 2 Lower
Seam ranges from a few centimetres in the north to over 11m in
the south (Figure 24). The
seam thickness ranges between 0.50m and 4.23m (Figure 15).
Raw qualities (air-dried), particularly in the west, are often
inferior due to shaley in-seam
partings. The quality can be improved by washing the coal.
No 3 Seam – the interburden between the No 2 Upper and No 3 seam
is remarkably
constant across the property and ranges between 12.0 and 15.5
metres (Figure 23). The
seam thickness, which is also very constant, is thin and never
exceeds 0.70m and is absent
in the lower topographical areas. The seam comprises mainly
bright coal and the quality is
excellent.
No. 4 Lower Seam – like the No 3 seam, it is only present in the
topographically high areas
of the property and lies on average 8m above the No 3 Seam As
far as thickness is
concerned, it ranges between 0.50 and 2.30m. In-seam partings
are rare and the raw
qualities are relatively high, with a Raw Ash content
(air-dried) below 20%. Washing can
improve the coal quality so that it reaches an attractive
yield.
Dolerite Intrusions
No dolerite sills are present in the area. Only one borehole
recorded a dolerite intrusion and,
given the high borehole density, it is considered unlikely that
more intrusions will be
encountered.
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6. EXPLORATION AND DATA
6.1 Surface Mapping
No detailed surface mapping was performed, but existing
published geological maps of the
study area were evaluated.
6.2 Aeromagnetic Survey
No aeromagnetic work has been done over the property.
6.3 Drilling
Except for a few boreholes known to have been completed by
Esterhuizen contractors, the
identity of the drillers used in the first ”ELA” programme is
unknown. The equipment type
and core size is not documented.
Boreholes in the second EP exploration campaign were drilled by
Robust Drilling and
Exploration, owned and operated by the brothers R N and R K
Eales, who also undertook
the logging and sampling. The core size was TNW which has a
nominal diameter of 60 mm.
The 2007, Xstrata drilled a series of boreholes denoted ”ESP”.
The drill contractor was
referred to in the logs as ACS, but details of the equipment and
core size are not known.
Wescoal undertook a drilling programme in 2013. The “ED” series
of 10 boreholes were
mostly twin boreholes next or very close to historic boreholes
The drilling was done by a
drilling contractor Geotechnical Consultants. The borehole
logging and sampling was
performed by Gerhard Mulder, an experienced geologist, while the
borehole positions were
surveyed by a qualified surveyor, Dan Ferreira of Dan Ferreira
Technical Services.
A plan showing the borehole positions is reflected in Figure
9.
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Figure 9: Borehole plan of Elandspruit
6.4 Borehole Collar Surveys
It is not known whether the locations of boreholes drilled
during the first exploration
programme were professionally surveyed. Indeed, the geological
report compiled by the
Eales brothers mentions “questionable survey positions” with
regard to the “ELA” Boreholes.
This suggests that some of the borehole coordinates may be
unreliable.
The ”EP” series of boreholes drilled during the second programme
were located at pre-
surveyed sites. Accepting that the boreholes were collared
exactly on the surveyed sites, it
can be reasonably assumed that the coordinate’s locations are
accurate for the most part.
The “ESP” series of boreholes drilled during Xstrata’s 2007
phase of exploration were
surveyed by Dragonfly Survey and Drafting (“Dragonfly”). It is
not known whether the
surveyors employed by this company were registered with the
South African Council for
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Professional and Technical Surveyors (“PLATO”).
The boreholes drilled by Wescoal in 2013 were surveyed by an
experienced and qualified
surveyor, D Ferreira of Dan Ferreira Technical Services, based
in Middelburg.
6.5 Borehole Core Recoveries
No records of core recoveries are available for any of the
boreholes drilled in the three
exploration programmes. Therefore no comment can be made as to
whether reasonable
recoveries were achieved, but based on discussions Gemecs had
with M Smith (Xstrata)
and Gerhard Mulder (Geotechnical Consultants CC), the standard
of 95% core recovery was
applied over coal seams intersected and boreholes with core
recoveries of
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It is also not clear if Gerhard Mulder, who handled the latest
drilling programme, is registered
with SACNASP.
Downhole geophysical wireline logging was conducted only on the
2007 “ESP” series of
boreholes. Information, however, is limited only to Long-Spaced
Density traces. It is not
known whether other tools were employed.
Generally, the standard of logging from the second and third
drill programmes is considered
sufficiently detailed to allow reasonable geological
interpretation and, for the most part,
reliable seam correlation. With the exception of the six
boreholes logged by D Thompson,
the standard of logging performed during the first drilling
programme is considered to be
poor.
No details of sampling methodology are available for the first
three drilling programmes. The
latest drilling programme done in 2013 was sampled according to
the standard practice in
South Africa to sample whole coal core, and there is no reason
to assume that this approach
was not practised during the historic drilling programmes.
6.7 Analytical Laboratories
Samples from the first Tselentis programme (“ELA” boreholes)
were analysed at at least
three different laboratories including Tans-Tugela, Middelburg
and North Natal. At that time
the South African National Accreditation System (‘SANAS’) did
not exist. Samples from the
second Tselentis programme were submitted to Middelburg
Laboratory and McLachlan &
Lazar (Pty) Limited (now known as Inspectorate M&L), which
is currently SANAS accredited
(Facility Accreditation No. T0313 complying with ISO/IEC
17025:2005). It is not known which
laboratory analysed samples from the Xstrata drilling
programme.
Exact details of the sample preparation techniques employed are
not known. However,
examination of the various laboratory reports suggests that
samples were usually first
crushed to -25mm and the -05mm material screened off. The +0.5 x
-25mm coal was
subjected to float/sink analysis at wash densities which varied
according to the programme.
A limited number of samples were also analysed at raw.
All -0.5mm material and the +0.5mm float/sink fraction were
tested for calorific value, total
sulphur content and proximate analysis (inherent moisture, ash
and volatile matter contents,
with fixed carbon determined by difference).
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No determinations of relative density (‘RD’) were performed on
samples from the first
programme of exploration (“ELA” series boreholes). The RD of
samples from the second and
third programmes was laboratory reported. The method used to
determine RD is not known.
Most samples from the second Tselentis programme (“EP”)
boreholes were tested for
phosphorus-in-coal content. Selected samples from the same
programme were also
submitted for specialised test work including Total Ash
Analysis, Ash Fusion Test (‘AFT’) and
Hardgrove Grindability Index (‘HGI’).
Approximately half of the original laboratory reports from the
first Tselentis programme
(“ELA” boreholes) are available (in hardcopy). For the second
Tselentis programme (“EP”
boreholes), most of the laboratory reports were supplied in
hardcopy format. No original lab
reports have been seen for the 2007 Xstrata phase of work.
In the case of the ”ED” series, the samples were processed and
analysed by Middelburg
Laboratory.
Coal samples were analysed for proximate analyses: Ash Content
(AS), Inherent Moisture
(IM) and Volatile Matter (VM), as well as for Calorific Value
(CV) and Total Sulphur (TS).
This was also done for wash densities at 1.50, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70
and sinks.
6.8 Data Verification
A new borehole database was created in Micromine GEOBANK and all
the relevant
borehole information was imported. This included borehole
collars, lithological descriptions
of some of the boreholes, unit interpretations, raw and
fractional analyses.
6.8.1 Borehole Collar Positions and Elevations
The recorded elevations of the borehole collars were checked
against the topographic DTM
(Ladar Survey) provided by Wescoal (see Figure 10).
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Figure 10: Surface topography of Elandspruit based on a Ladar
Survey
In most cases the difference between the LADAR data and the
collar elevations was less
than 1m. However, in 22 cases the difference was between 1 to
11m (Table 3).
No boreholes were omitted from the geological database on the
basis of apparent
differences between recorded collar and surface topographic
elevations as, in all cases, the
collar elevations were adjusted to be the same as the LADAR
surface when there were no
corresponding anomalies in the seam elevations, which would be
expected if there were
genuine discrepancies in borehole collar elevation.
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Table 3: Boreholes with collars differing more than 1 metre from
the LADAR Topographic DTM
A number of analytical data verification routines were used to
validate all the raw and
washability data as received from the laboratory. Anomalies were
identified, queried and
corrected where possible, otherwise flagged and removed from the
final modelling dataset.
All the coal samples with washability data were normalised in
GEOBANK to produce
cumulative washability curves on a sample basis that was used in
the modelling of the
different coal products.
Making use of different statistical methods, Gemecs could
identify erroneous RD values.
These values were either excluded or edited using a different
regression formula and then
the raw RD was modelled like the other raw qualities. The
modelled RD was used for
resource estimations.
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Stringent analytical quality validation testing was conducted by
Gemecs on all the other
qualities on all the borehole analyses as part of the borehole
validation and verification
routines that are available in the GEOBANK borehole database and
Geovia MinexTM
modelling software.
A minimum of 95% sampling coverage is applied to all coal seams
to enable coal quality
modelling.
7. GEOLOGICAL MODELLING
The data dumps from GEOBANK were imported into the Minex
database as a direct upload
from MS Excel spread sheets (CSV format) and after uploading the
Minex database was
checked for transfer errors.
7.1 Structural Modelling
Geological modelling was performed using Geovia MinexTM
software. Minex provides the
best geology and mine planning tools for coal and other
stratified deposits, ensuring
resources are evaluated accurately and mined efficiently.
Surface grids of the topography were created using surface DTM’s
provided by the client
(see Figure 11).
In each borehole, the limit of weathering as recorded was used
to model the weathering
surface (“LOW”) (see Figure 12).
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Figure 11: Surface Topography
Figure 12: Limit of weathering depth
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The stratigraphical seam sequence was validated in Minex before
structural modelling
commenced. Missing seams (boreholes that did not intersect seams
due to basement,
dolerite or weathering) were interpolated and thicknesses
selectively set to zero, to ensure a
full stratigraphical sequence for modelling and also to ensure
that the negative intersections
are honoured in the modelling process.
Each coal seam structure was modelled on a grid of 25mx25m. Roof
and floor surfaces
were created in 3D for each layer, as well as a thickness grid
for each seam. Coal
extrapolation was limited to 250m from the last borehole with
data which is deemed to be
appropriate for this geological setting and data
distribution.
The structural (physical) model grids were generated for the
following parameters:
• All coal seam thicknesses (“ST”)
• All seam floors (“SF”) and seam roofs (“SR”)
• All seam interburden thicknesses (“IB”)
The final structural model was created, using the topographic
surface and weathering limit
as cutting surfaces at the top to remove coal where it
intersects these surfaces.
The seam thickness isopach of the different seams is shown in
Figures 13 – 17.
The seam floor elevation contours are shown in Figure 18 –
22.
The dolerite sills could not be modelled due to the fact that
only one borehole intersected a
thin dolerite dyke.
The partings (interburdens) are critical in the mining of the
resource and are shown in
Figures 23 – 26.
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Figure 13: No 4 Lower Seam Thickness Isopach
Figure 14: No 3 Seam Thickness Isopach
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Figure 15: No 2 Upper Seam Thickness Isopach
Figure 16: No 2 Lower Seam Thickness Isopach
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Figure 17: No 1 Seam Thickness Isopach
Figure 18: No 4 Lower Seam Floor Elevation Contours
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Figure 19: No 3 Seam Floor Elevation Contours
Figure 20: No 2 Upper Seam Floor Elevation Contours
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Figure 21: No 2 Lower Seam Floor Elevation Contours
Figure 22: No 1 Seam Floor Elevation Contours
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Figure 23: No 3 Seam Interburden Thickness Contours
Figure 24: No 2 Upper Seam Interburden Thickness Contours
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Figure 25: No 2 Lower Seam Interburden Thickness Contours
Figure 26: No 1 Seam Interburden Thickness Contours
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7.2 Coal Quality Modelling
Raw coal qualities were modelled for each seam as mentioned
above. Coal qualities
modelled are: Relative density (RD), Calorific Value (CV), Ash
(AS), Inherent Moisture (IM),
Fixed Carbon (FC), Volatile Matter (VM) and Total Sulphur (TS).
The Raw air-dried qualities
of the 5 coal seams present in the area are summarised in Table
4.
Table 4: Summary of the Raw air-dried qualities of the 5 coal
seams present in the Elandspruit
area
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All coal qualities reported hereafter are on an air dried basis.
Sample qualities were
composited in Minex, based on the coal seam selections. Modelled
grids for each quality
variable were created on a 25mx25m grid.
Figures 27 to 31 show the different Raw Calorific Values (MJ/kg)
distribution of all the coal
seams.
Figure 27: No 4 Lower Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution
Contours
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Figure 28: No 3 Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution Contours
Figure 29: No 2 Upper Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution
Contours
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Figure 30: No 2 Lower Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution
Contours
Figure 31: No 1 Seam Raw CV (MJ/kg) Distribution Contours
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Coal product washability was modelled for two wash products,
namely at 26.5MJ/kg CV and
22.5MJ/kg CV.
Figures 32-36 show the borehole yield of all the coal seams for
a 26.5 MJ/kg CV (air dried)
product.
Figure 32: No 4 Lower Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield
Contours
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Figure 33: No 3 Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield Contours
Figure 34: No 2 Upper Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield
Contours
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Figure 35: No 2 Lower Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield
Contours
Figure 36: No 1 Seam 26.5 MJ/kg CV Borehole Yield Contours
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The above is just an indication and it is recommended that more
detailed work should be
conducted by Wescoal to determine what products should be
beneficiated to optimise the
wash products for Elandspruit Project.
8. COAL RESOURCES ESTIMATION
8.1 Introduction
This section summarises the methods used to estimate and
classify the Coal Resource for
the Elandspruit Project. All qualities are reported on an
air-dry uncontaminated basis, unless
otherwise stated.
8.2 Coal Resources Classification
Gemecs’ estimates of Coal Resources use the terms and
definitions as proposed by The
South African Code for reporting of Mineral Resources and
Mineral Reserves (SAMREC
Code), as well as the South African National Standard (SANS
10320:2004) for coal
evaluation.
Within the cover of the SAMREC Code, particular reference is
taken of Section 6,
Commodity Specific Reporting For Coal, as well as the guidelines
laid out in
SANS 10320:2004 (South African Guide to the systematic
evaluation of coal resources and
coal reserves). This standard provides a detailed framework for
reporting on coal resources
and reserves for the purpose of the Securities Exchanges and
defines common terminology
to be used in public reporting with the SAMREC Code.
Figure 37 is a diagram showing the relationship between the
level of geological knowledge
and resource categories.
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Figure 37: Geological confidence relating to Resource
Classifications
Principally, the main criteria for classification are based on
the number of boreholes
intersecting a particular coal seam(s) within a specified area
and the confidence in projecting
the coal quality across each seam, based on the analysis
performed on samples taken from
the cores of the individual borehole intersections.
Classification was guided by the following:
• Borehole density;
• Geological and grade continuity;
• Geological structure and its influence on mining;
• Complexity of the geology.
The borehole density and spatial distribution of cored
boreholes, sampled and analysed for
raw ash content, is sufficient to allow for confident
extrapolation of physical and quality
parameters between boreholes and also allows for the coal
resources to be adequately
categorised into Inferred, Indicated and Measured Resources as
per the SAMREC Code. In
addition, Reconnaissance tonnages were reported in line with
SANS10320:2004, where
borehole spacing allows such classification.
In the case of the Elandspruit Project coal resource, the
classification based on borehole
density (points of observation) is as follows:
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Table 5: SAMREC Resource Classification based on borehole
density
Figures 38 - 42 illustrate the resource classes for all the coal
seams. The different resource
classes are indicated as follows: green = measured, orange =
indicated and red = inferred
category.
Figure 38: Resource classification No 4 Lower Seam Resource
Blocks Green=Measured;
Orange = Indicated
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Figure 39: Resource classification No 3 Seam Resource Blocks
Green=Measured; Orange =
Indicated
Figure 40: Resource classification No 2 Upper Seam Resource
Blocks Green=Measured;
Orange = Indicated
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Figure 41: Resource classification No 2 Lower Seam Resource
Blocks Green=Measured;
Orange = Indicated
Figure 42: Resource classification No 1 Seam Resource Blocks
Green=Measured; Orange =
Indicated
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It is the opinion of Gemecs that density, distribution and
quality of data is sufficient at this
stage to allow for tonnage and grade estimates to be made.
9. COAL RESOURCES
9.1 Resource Estimation Assumptions
In situ coal resources were reported for each seam within the
individual resource area
boundaries. A seam thickness of less than 0.50m was applied to
the 4 Lower, 2 Upper, 2
Lower and 1 seams while in the case of No 3 Seam a thickness of
less than 0.30m was
excluded for reporting resource tonnes. A Raw Volatile Matter
cut-off was applied, excluding
coal with a Raw Volatile Matter content
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9.3 Geological Discounts
Provision has been made for a geological loss factor (discount).
Losses may occur mainly
as a result of intersection of dolerite dykes, small-scaled
faulting and other unforeseen
geological losses.
The geological discounts applied are:
• Measured resource - 10%
• Indicated - 15%
10. ADDITIONAL EXPLORATION
Gemecs would like to recommend that Wescoal undertakes
additional drilling:
• This includes twinning at least 3 of the historical boreholes
to confirm the presence of
economically viable coal deposits.
• Drilling in the indicated resource areas to convert the
resources to measured
resources.
• Drilling in areas where mining will start (box-cut), as well
as a few additional areas to
obtain additional analytical data.