Well Water Quality: Analysis and Assessment of Well Water Quality in City of San Jose Michel Benin Walden University PUBH 8165 Dr. Raymond THron.

Well Water Quality: Analysis Well Water Quality: Analysis and Assessment of Well Water and Assessment of Well Water Quality in City of San JoseQuality in City of San JoseMichel BeninMichel BeninWalden UniversityWalden UniversityPUBH 8165PUBH 8165Dr. Raymond THronDr. Raymond THron

ObjectivesObjectives

Explain the chemistry, biology and microbiology Explain the chemistry, biology and microbiology of water, including water quality standardsof water, including water quality standards

Discuss who is San Jose Municipal Water System Discuss who is San Jose Municipal Water System its service areas, and well water sourcesits service areas, and well water sources

Understand public water supply requirements and Understand public water supply requirements and measurementsmeasurements

Understand well water quality standards in the Understand well water quality standards in the City of San Jose, including disinfection methodsCity of San Jose, including disinfection methods

Explore issues and future challenge of San Jose Explore issues and future challenge of San Jose Municipal Water System Municipal Water System

I. WaterI. Watera.Chemistry a.Chemistry

Raw waters has pH of < 7.0 , natural acidity due to Raw waters has pH of < 7.0 , natural acidity due to natural constituents, i.e. dissolved carbon dioxide or natural constituents, i.e. dissolved carbon dioxide or organic acidsorganic acids

Some treatment processes for example coagulation with Some treatment processes for example coagulation with aluminum or iron sulfate can lower the pH of wateraluminum or iron sulfate can lower the pH of water

Main criteria in for water guidelines and standards is to Main criteria in for water guidelines and standards is to adjust pH value to achieve a non corrosive water supplyadjust pH value to achieve a non corrosive water supply

Water contains many inorganic chemicals like aluminum, Water contains many inorganic chemicals like aluminum, ammonia, calcium, chloride, etcammonia, calcium, chloride, etc

Reference: Twort, et al. (2000). Reference: Twort, et al. (2000). Water SupplyWater Supply. Great Britain: Arnold Publishers. Great Britain: Arnold Publishers

I. WaterI. Waterb. Biologyb. Biology

The organic matter in water can come from a The organic matter in water can come from a number of sources including plant, animal number of sources including plant, animal material, domestic and commercial effluents.material, domestic and commercial effluents.

The many tastes and odors of water can The many tastes and odors of water can come from natural contaminants or come from natural contaminants or agricultural and industrial dischargesagricultural and industrial discharges

The turbidity of water determines condition of The turbidity of water determines condition of the waterthe water


I. WaterI. Waterc. Microbiologyc. Microbiology

Water can support growth of various microorganisms. Water can support growth of various microorganisms.

Many microorganisms are found naturally in fresh and Many microorganisms are found naturally in fresh and saltwater. saltwater.

The various organisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, The various organisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, protozoa, algae, and tiny animals such as rotifers.protozoa, algae, and tiny animals such as rotifers.

The various organism present in water can cause The various organism present in water can cause serious health effects on humans.serious health effects on humans.

Reference: Water Microbiology Retrieved from Reference: Water Microbiology Retrieved from http://science.jrank.org/pages/7311/Water-http://science.jrank.org/pages/7311/Water-Microbiology.html#ixzz0LaKXnjX7Microbiology.html#ixzz0LaKXnjX7

II. WaterII. Watere. Water Quality Standardse. Water Quality Standards

The various water quality standards being used today The various water quality standards being used today are as follows:are as follows:

a.a. The World Health Organization’s “ Guidelines for The World Health Organization’s “ Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 2003” , amendments and Drinking Water Quality 2003” , amendments and various editions.various editions.

b.b. The European Commission Directive on the “Quality of The European Commission Directive on the “Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption 1998”Water Intended for Human Consumption 1998”

c.c. U.S Environmental Protection Agency, National primary U.S Environmental Protection Agency, National primary Drinking water Regulations, 1986 Amendments to the Drinking water Regulations, 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water ActSafe Drinking Water Act

Reference: Gilbert, C and Calabrese, E. (1992). Regulating Drinking Water Quality. Reference: Gilbert, C and Calabrese, E. (1992). Regulating Drinking Water Quality. Michigan: Lewis PublishersMichigan: Lewis Publishers. .

Health concerns regarding water quality prompted the 1986 passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974.

A number of amendments to the SDWA act included 1988 Lead Contamination Control Act, promulgation of surface water treatment rule, groundwater disinfection requirements, 1989 total coliform rule and the new maximum contaminant rule for radon

Reference: Gilbert, C and Calabrese, E. (1992). Regulating drinking water quality. Michigan: Lewis Publishers

II. WaterII. Watere. Water Quality Standards cont.e. Water Quality Standards cont.

Lead in drinking water comes from raw water supplies and dissolution of lead bearing materials from distribution systems and private structure plumbing.

The current regulation for lead are as follows:

1. Maximum Contaminant Level Goal of zero.

2. Treatment technologies are reducing lead in source water, reducing corrosiveness of water, removing lead from distribution system and plumbing, and implementation of public education


II. WaterII. Watere. Water Quality Standards: LEADe. Water Quality Standards: LEAD

Levels of radon in water is a significant health concern, causing an EPA estimate of 8,000 to 40,000 lung cancer cases.

Radon in water comes from soil that goes to groundwater.

National water surveys showed that radon levels in groundwater is 900 pCi/L.

Current EPA radon standard is 300 pCi/L as technically achievable level.

A Reference: Gilbert, C and Calabrese, E. (1992). Regulating drinking water quality. Michigan: Lewis Publishers

II. WaterII. Watere. Water Quality Standards: e. Water Quality Standards:

RADONRADON

Microbial contamination in water significantly pose a health risk.

Under the regulation, the disinfection requirements for microbial contamination are:

1. State specific design and operating conditions.

2. State specifies design and operating conditions to meet standard minimum level of inactivation

3. State responsible for monitoring and enforcing criteria.


II. WaterII. Watere. Water Quality Standards: e. Water Quality Standards:

Microbial ContaminationMicrobial Contamination

III. San Jose Municipal Water SystemIII. San Jose Municipal Water Systema. Whoa. Who

The San Jose Municipal Water System supplies water to the City The San Jose Municipal Water System supplies water to the City of San Jose, located easterly of Santa Clara Valleyof San Jose, located easterly of Santa Clara Valley

The city spreads over 173 square miles, with an estimated The city spreads over 173 square miles, with an estimated population of 1,000,000.population of 1,000,000.

This is the 3This is the 3rdrd largest city on the West Coast, and 11 largest city on the West Coast, and 11thth largest in largest in the U.S..the U.S..

Water comes from watershed in Santa Clara, which consists of Water comes from watershed in Santa Clara, which consists of lands, reservoir, rivers, streams, creeks and groundwater lands, reservoir, rivers, streams, creeks and groundwater recharge areas and distribution and treatment facilitiesrecharge areas and distribution and treatment facilities

The city has a semi-arid Mediterranean type of climate The city has a semi-arid Mediterranean type of climate

Reference: City of San Jose. (1996). Water Policy Framework. Reference: City of San Jose. (1996). Water Policy Framework. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from www.sjmuniwater.comwww.sjmuniwater.com

III. San Jose Municipal Water SystemIII. San Jose Municipal Water Systema. Who continuationa. Who continuation

Thee City of San Jose receives 14 to 15 inches of rainfall Thee City of San Jose receives 14 to 15 inches of rainfall per year. Normal rainfall years provides 50% of the city’s per year. Normal rainfall years provides 50% of the city’s water supply.water supply.

The three major groundwater basins are Santa Clara, The three major groundwater basins are Santa Clara, Coyote and Llagas Valley.Coyote and Llagas Valley.

The city owns the San Jose Municipal Water System.The city owns the San Jose Municipal Water System.

The supply of potable water in the City is determined by The supply of potable water in the City is determined by annual rainfall. Storage capacity for snow pack runoff, annual rainfall. Storage capacity for snow pack runoff, contractual arrangements between water wholesalers contractual arrangements between water wholesalers and suppliers, prevailing contractual rights and suppliers, prevailing contractual rights


III. San Jose Municipal Water SystemIII. San Jose Municipal Water Systemb. Service Areasb. Service Areas

The San Jose Municipal Water System service The San Jose Municipal Water System service areas can be located at this linkareas can be located at this link

www.sjmuniwater.com/PDFs/www.sjmuniwater.com/PDFs/MuniWaterServiceAreaMap_3-13-09.pdf - MuniWaterServiceAreaMap_3-13-09.pdf - 2009-03-13 - 2009-03-13 -

III. San Jose Municipal Water SystemIII. San Jose Municipal Water Systemc. Water Sourcesc. Water Sources

The water sources for the city is based on three service areasThe water sources for the city is based on three service areas

1.1. Evergreen- water source comes from Santa Clara Valley Water Evergreen- water source comes from Santa Clara Valley Water District, which comes from South Bay aqueduct, Lake Del Valle District, which comes from South Bay aqueduct, Lake Del Valle and San Luis Reservoir. District local water comes from and San Luis Reservoir. District local water comes from Anderson and Calero ReservoirsAnderson and Calero Reservoirs

2.2. North San Jose/Alviso – water comes from water purchased North San Jose/Alviso – water comes from water purchased from Hetchy Hetcy water and treated water from san Francisco from Hetchy Hetcy water and treated water from san Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Also supplemented by local Public Utilities Commission. Also supplemented by local watersheds from Alameda and Santa Clara counties.watersheds from Alameda and Santa Clara counties.

3.3. Edenvale and Coyote Valley – water comes from deep wells. Edenvale and Coyote Valley – water comes from deep wells. Water quality from these wells monitored by Santa Clara Valley Water quality from these wells monitored by Santa Clara Valley Water District.Water District.

Reference: City of San Jose. (1997). Study Session on Water Reference: City of San Jose. (1997). Study Session on Water Issues. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from Issues. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from www.sjmuniwater.comwww.sjmuniwater.com

III. San Jose Municipal Water SystemIII. San Jose Municipal Water Systemd. Water Qualityd. Water Quality

The city adopted USEPA and CDHS Best Available Technologies The city adopted USEPA and CDHS Best Available Technologies for reducing MCLs.for reducing MCLs.

Based from the analysis, the constituents that had levels above Based from the analysis, the constituents that had levels above PHG, no PHG or above PHG are lead and copper – in 2004 the PHG, no PHG or above PHG are lead and copper – in 2004 the 9090thth percentile for lead was 0.003 mg/l, 90 percentile for lead was 0.003 mg/l, 90thth percentile for copper percentile for copper was 0.41 mg/dl. All these values still within State regulatory was 0.41 mg/dl. All these values still within State regulatory requirements. Radon levels are within regulatory requirementsrequirements. Radon levels are within regulatory requirements

All parameter of inorganic chemicals, organic microbiological are All parameter of inorganic chemicals, organic microbiological are all within regulatory standards.all within regulatory standards.

Secondary drinking water parameters are also within regulatory Secondary drinking water parameters are also within regulatory standards.standards.

Other parameters like boron, hardness , calcium, etc are within Other parameters like boron, hardness , calcium, etc are within the regulatory standards the regulatory standards

Reference: City of San Jose. (2008). Water Quality. Retrieved on Reference: City of San Jose. (2008). Water Quality. Retrieved on July 15, 20009 from July 15, 20009 from www.sjmuniwater.comwww.sjmuniwater.com

IV. Public Water Supply IV. Public Water Supply and Requirementsand Requirements

a.a. Categories of ConsumptionCategories of Consumption

b.b. Levels of consumptionLevels of consumption

c.c. Price and its effects on water demandPrice and its effects on water demand

d.d. Growth trends and forecasting demandsGrowth trends and forecasting demands

e.e. Demand constraints methodsDemand constraints methods

IV. Public Water Supply and IV. Public Water Supply and RequirementsRequirements

a. Categories of consumptiona. Categories of consumption

DomesticDomestic – – consumption category that includes drinking, cooking, consumption category that includes drinking, cooking, laundry, gardening, etc. laundry, gardening, etc.

Trade and Industrial- Trade and Industrial- consumption category that includes factories, consumption category that includes factories, restaurants, airports, government offices, hospitals, etcrestaurants, airports, government offices, hospitals, etc

AgriculturalAgricultural - -consumption category that includes crops and livestock consumption category that includes crops and livestock farming, dairies, farms, etc.farming, dairies, farms, etc.

PublicPublic - -consumption category that includes street cleaning, public parks consumption category that includes street cleaning, public parks maintenance, sewer flushing, etcmaintenance, sewer flushing, etc

LossesLosses - -consumption category that includes leaks from valves, misuse of consumption category that includes leaks from valves, misuse of water by consumers, supply meter errors, unauthorized consumption, etc. water by consumers, supply meter errors, unauthorized consumption, etc.



b. Levels of Consumptionb. Levels of Consumption An acre foot (AF) is the standard of water consumption An acre foot (AF) is the standard of water consumption

measurement used in most public water management measurement used in most public water management companies including the City of San Josecompanies including the City of San Jose

US gallon unit of volume is used for daily water operationsUS gallon unit of volume is used for daily water operations

One Hundred Cubic Feet (either CCF or HCF) is the volume One Hundred Cubic Feet (either CCF or HCF) is the volume unit measurement used by most water retailers to quantify a unit measurement used by most water retailers to quantify a home’s monthly water usage home’s monthly water usage

In 2007, approximately 400,000 acre-feet (357 MGD) of In 2007, approximately 400,000 acre-feet (357 MGD) of potable water was consumed by residents and commercial potable water was consumed by residents and commercial establishments in San Jose.establishments in San Jose.

In San Jose, the average monthly water usage per household In San Jose, the average monthly water usage per household was 15 CCF (11,220 gallons or .3 AF) and with an average was 15 CCF (11,220 gallons or .3 AF) and with an average cost of $43 per month. cost of $43 per month.



c. Price and its effects on water c. Price and its effects on water demand demand

San Jose Municipal Water purchases wholesale their water supply San Jose Municipal Water purchases wholesale their water supply from San Francisco since 1984from San Francisco since 1984

The Water Supply Agreement between the two cities include:The Water Supply Agreement between the two cities include:I.I. Agreement for 25 years from July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2034.Agreement for 25 years from July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2034.II.II. Supply assurance of 184 million gallons per daySupply assurance of 184 million gallons per dayIII.III. San Francisco commits to water efficiency programs and water quality standardsSan Francisco commits to water efficiency programs and water quality standards

The elasticity of the demand for water in San Jose, which affects The elasticity of the demand for water in San Jose, which affects the city’s budget for water is mainly driven by proposed the city’s budget for water is mainly driven by proposed development projects in the North San Jose, Evergreen East Hills development projects in the North San Jose, Evergreen East Hills projectsprojects

San Jose Municipal Water is expected to apply for three years a San Jose Municipal Water is expected to apply for three years a rate increase of 4.5% annually among residential and rate increase of 4.5% annually among residential and commercial establishments commercial establishments

Reference: City of San Jose. (1997). Study Session on Water Reference: City of San Jose. (1997). Study Session on Water Issues. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from Issues. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from www.sjmuniwater.comwww.sjmuniwater.com

IV. Public Water Supply RequirementsIV. Public Water Supply Requirementsd. Growth Trends and forecasting d. Growth Trends and forecasting

demands demands Current and estimated growth projections for San Jose Municipal Current and estimated growth projections for San Jose Municipal

Water service area from 2005, 935,000 to 1.5 million in 2040. Water service area from 2005, 935,000 to 1.5 million in 2040.

Based from estimated growth of built in 25,000 homes with a Based from estimated growth of built in 25,000 homes with a demand assumption of 300 gallons per day, the water demand will demand assumption of 300 gallons per day, the water demand will be approximately 8400 AF/yearbe approximately 8400 AF/year

Based from estimated increase in 50,000 in jobs with a demand Based from estimated increase in 50,000 in jobs with a demand assumption of 70 gallons per day per employee, the water assumption of 70 gallons per day per employee, the water demand will be approximate 4000 AF/yeardemand will be approximate 4000 AF/year

This results to 21,300 acre-feet per year demand increase that This results to 21,300 acre-feet per year demand increase that represents 14% of the current San Jose Municipal Water supply. represents 14% of the current San Jose Municipal Water supply.

Reference: City of San Jose. (1997). Study Session on Water Issues. Reference: City of San Jose. (1997). Study Session on Water Issues. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from www.sjmuniwater.comwww.sjmuniwater.com

IV. Public Water Supply IV. Public Water Supply RequirementsRequirements

e. Demand Constraints Methods e. Demand Constraints Methods

Since California is experiencing its third year of Since California is experiencing its third year of drought, the City of San Jose is implementing a drought, the City of San Jose is implementing a community wide water reduction program of community wide water reduction program of 15%15%

The city provided its customers Water Usage The city provided its customers Water Usage Guidelines Program to determine how much Guidelines Program to determine how much water can be used every month to meet the water can be used every month to meet the 15% reduction in water target15% reduction in water target

Reference: City of San Jose. (2008). Water Usage Reference: City of San Jose. (2008). Water Usage Guideline. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from Guideline. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from www.sjmuniwater.comwww.sjmuniwater.com


e. Demand Constraints Methods e. Demand Constraints Methods cont. cont.

The important components of the guidelines are:The important components of the guidelines are:

1.1. Establish a baseline flow – provide flow balance Establish a baseline flow – provide flow balance diagram to show water processes and activities in diagram to show water processes and activities in residential, commercial facilities.residential, commercial facilities.

2.2. Identify high water use areas – calculate total influent Identify high water use areas – calculate total influent liquid flow rate, which includes all sources and the rate liquid flow rate, which includes all sources and the rate of flow of liquid chemicals used for various purposes of flow of liquid chemicals used for various purposes greater or equal to 1,000 gpd.greater or equal to 1,000 gpd.

3.3. Complete a water balance – the total of all effluent flow Complete a water balance – the total of all effluent flow streams leaving the facilitystreams leaving the facility

Reference: City of San Jose (2009). Water Usage Guidelines. Reference: City of San Jose (2009). Water Usage Guidelines. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from www.sjmuniwater.comwww.sjmuniwater.com


e. Demand Constraints Methods e. Demand Constraints Methods Based from the water usage guidelines results, the city Based from the water usage guidelines results, the city

recommends the following:recommends the following:

1.1. Idle flow rate reductionIdle flow rate reduction

2.2. High efficiency reverse osmosis systemHigh efficiency reverse osmosis system

3.3. Replace toilets and urinals with low flow unitsReplace toilets and urinals with low flow units

4.4. Retrofit and replace faucets and shower heads with low flow Retrofit and replace faucets and shower heads with low flow unitsunits

5.5. Replace pump and packing sealsReplace pump and packing seals

6.6. Install irrigation flow constraintsInstall irrigation flow constraints

Reference: City of San Jose. (2009). Water Usage Guidelines. Reference: City of San Jose. (2009). Water Usage Guidelines. Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from www.sjmuniwater.comwww.sjmuniwater.com

V. San Jose Municipal Water V. San Jose Municipal Water System:System:

Issues and Future ChallengesIssues and Future Challenges

Major issue due to population growth is by 2030 Major issue due to population growth is by 2030 need an additional 125,000 acre feet of waterneed an additional 125,000 acre feet of water

Need to meet conservation goal of 100,000 acre Need to meet conservation goal of 100,000 acre feet per yearfeet per year

Implementation of existing programs and new Implementation of existing programs and new technologiestechnologies

BudgetBudget

Environmental changeEnvironmental change


Questions and Answers

Well Water Quality: Analysis and Assessment of Well Water Quality in City of San Jose Michel Benin Walden University PUBH 8165 Dr. Raymond THron.

Documents

corrosive water supply

water sources

microbiology of water

microbiology water

water reference

water guidelines

turbidity of water

odors of water