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WELDINGABSTRACTS
The monthly abstracts journal for those seeking technical
knowledge about welding and allied processes, and the science of
joining
Welding Abstracts is the worlds most comprehensive abstracts
journal in the field of welding technology, providing fast,
exhaustive coverage of technical and business aspects of welding
and allied processes, including brazing, thermal cutting, etc;
equipment and materials; properties and testing involving such
essential topics as fatigue, corrosion, and fracture mechanics;
nondestructive testing and quality control; nuclear engineering and
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and standards, education and training, and health and safety.
Experts at TWI scan journals, books, conference proceedings,
newsletters, reports, etc and produce hundrends of abstracts every
month. These are transferred to WELDASEARCH, the worlds largest
online database on welding, which contains records dating back to
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Dialog, STN and Questel Orbit.
The abstracts herein are intended to represent the contents of
the original publications. All reasonable case is taken in
abstracting and editing, but TWI can accept no liability in respect
of any error or omission, or of any views expressed, which are
those of the original authors, not of TWI.
Editorial StaffSheila Thomas (Editor)Margaret Connell
ProductionJackie Lloyd
TechnologyEngineering
TWI
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Abstracts - layout explained iv
PROCESSES
01 ARC WELDING 102 RESISTANCE WELDING 903 ENERGY BEAM PROCESSES
1104 SOLID PHASE WELDING 1505 BRAZING 1606 SOLDERING 1807 OTHER
JOINING PROCESSES 2008 THERMAL CUTTING 2809 SURFACING 2810 SPRAYING
3011 MICROJOINING 3412 ANCILLARY OPERATIONS 36
PRODUCTION
20 AUTOMATION AND ROBOTS 3721 COMPUTERS 3922 EFFICIENCY AND
COSTS 3923 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE 40
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
30 EQUIPMENT [FOR WELDING, ETC.] 4131 CONSUMABLES [FILLERS,
FLUXES, GASES, ETC.] 4232 MATERIALS, GENERAL 44
PROPERTIES AND TESTING
40 TENSILE PROPERTIES, TOUGHNESS 4641 FATIGUE 4642 OTHER
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 4743 CORROSION 4844 WELDABILITY AND
METALLURGY 5045 RESIDUAL STRESSES 5147 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 5348
QUALITY CONTROL 53
MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION
50 NUCLEAR ENGINEERING 5551 OFFSHORE AND UNDERWATER OPERATIONS
5552 PIPES, PIPELINES AND VESSELS 5553 WELDED PRODUCTS 5754 WELDED
STRUCTURES 58
GENERAL
60 CODES AND STANDARDS 5961 COMMERCIAL INFORMATION 6262
EDUCATION AND TRAINING 6263 HEALTH AND SAFETY 6364 MISCELLANEOUS
64
COMMERCIAL
70 WELDING INDUSTRY 65
AUTHOR INDEX 66
COMPANY INDEX 75
SUBJECT INDEX 76
Welding Abstracts Vol.24, No.12, December 2011
Contents
Weldasearch Numbers 249147 - 249519
Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd
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01 ARC WELDING
See also abstracts: 03-249188, 03-249298, 03-249350,
03-249361,03-249399, 20-249330, 20-249332, 20-249348,
20-249453,22-249219, 22-249314, 22-249325, 23-249291,
23-249313,30-249166, 30-249246, 30-249310, 30-249318,
31-249389,31-249411, 32-249244, 40-249391, 43-249154,
44-249364,48-249390, 52-249441, 60-249228, 62-249486, 63-249238,
63-249385
*01-249148Argon-hydrogen shielding gas mixtures for
activatingflux-assisted gas tungsten arc welding.HUANG H
YMetallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol.41A,
no.11.Nov.2010. pp.2829-2835. 8 fig., 1 tab., 39 ref. ISSNs:
1073-5623,1543-1940[in English]The effects of activating flux and
shielding gas composition on weldsproduced in austenitic stainless
steel by TIG welding wereinvestigated. An activating flux (30%TiO2,
25%SiO2, 25%Cr2O3,20%MoO3) consisting of powder (particle size
70-80 micrometres)dispersed uniformly with acetone (40:60 vol%) was
manually appliedwith a brush to produce a layer (150 x 10 x 0.2 mm;
15 mg/squarecentimetre) on AISI 304 (0.06%C, 1.27%Mn, 18.4%Cr,
8.2%Ni)sheets (150 x 150 x 5 mm). Bead-on-plate welds were produced
usingA-TIG welding (speed 75 mm/min; 2% thoriated tungsten
electrode,shielding gas flow rate 20 l/min) with varying amount of
hydrogen inthe shielding gas (Ar + 0.5-5%H2). A charged-coupled
device camerasystem was used to observe the arc profile. The
results of analyses ofcross sections of the welds are discussed
with regard to weldmorphology, microstructures, arc profile,
retained delta ferrite contentand angular distortion.
*01-249191Gas-tungsten arc welding [TIG welding] of magnesium
alloys.LIU L MIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed:
L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd;
2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter
11.pp.160-177. 18 fig., 3 tab., 29 ref. ISBNs:
9781845696924,9780857090423[in English] [See also Weldasearch
227775]The use of TIG welding of magnesium alloys, with and without
fillerwire, is reviewed. Following an introduction that discusses
the TIGwelding process, the application of TIG welding without
filler wire tothe production of Mg alloy joints is described,
addressing preparationfor welding, macrographic observation,
microstructural observation,analysis and mechanical properties of
the welded joints. The results ofTIG welding with filler are
reported also, with discussion of thewelding parameters, the effect
of these parameters on weld shape, andthe macro-morphology,
microstructure and mechanical properties,which are compared with
those of the autogenous TIG welded joints.
*01-249192Metal inert gas welding [MIG welding] of magnesium
alloys.SONG GIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed:
L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd;
2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter
12.pp.178-196. 18 fig., 3 tab., 32 ref. ISBNs:
9781845696924,9780857090423
[in English]The use of pulsed MIG welding to join sheets of the
magnesium alloyAZ31B was investigated. In the first experiment,
AZ31B sheets (300 x130 x 3.5 mm) were joined using pulsed MIG
welding (base current 50A; pulse rework current 50-200 A; wire
speed 7.2 m/min; weldingspeed 400-1800 mm/min; pulse frequency
15-90 Hz) and extruded Mgfiller wire (diameter 1.6 mm). In a second
set of experiments, ACpulsed MIG welding was used to join AZ31B
sheets (300 x 100 x 3mm for butt and lap joints, 300 x 100 x 5 mm
for butt joints). Forsheets of different thickness, the following
welding parameters wereused: filler wire diameter 1.6 mm; mean
current 103-175 A; meanvoltage 21.7-24.2 V; wire speed 5.5-7.25
m/min; welding speed 800mm/min. For experiments in which the wire
speed was varied from 6.5to 8.0 mm, the welding parameters used
were: filler wire diameter 1.6mm; mean current 106-130 A; mean
voltage 20.2-20.8 V; weldingspeed 800 mm/min. A high-speed camera
documented the detachmentof droplets and arc shape. The influence
of welding parameters onprocess stability, metal transfer mode,
weld width, weld beadstructure, microstructure, mechanical
properties and hardness isdiscussed.
*01-249193Variable polarity plasma arc welding of magnesium
alloys.ZHANG Z DIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys.
Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd;
2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter
13.pp.197-228. 33 fig., 3 tab., 26 ref. ISBNs:
9781845696924,9780857090423[in English]The behaviour of AZ-based
magnesium alloys subjected to variablepolarity plasma arc welding
(VP-PAW) and to variable polarity plasmaarc weld bonding (VP-PAWB)
is explored. The effects of processconditions on process stability
and characteristics of the VP=PAWwelds are described, as is the
surface cleaning effect of the process.Hardness, microstructure and
tensile strength were determined for lapjoints in 2.5 mm Mg alloy
sheet made by plasma welding in keyholingmode. The VP-PAWB process
is illustrated using the example of lapjoining of extruded AZ31B
sheets (250 x 100 x 2.5 mm) with astructural epoxy adhesive
(interlayer 0.1 mm). Issues addressed includekeyhole vs non-keyhole
modes, adhesive decomposition duringwelding and porosity. The
effects of VP-PAW and VP-PAWB aredescribed with regard to welding
parameters, fusion zonecharacteristics, mechanical properties,
welding temperature fields andarc plasma behaviour.
*01-249194Hybrid laser-arc welding of magnesium alloys.SONG GIn
Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ:
Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2:
Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 14.pp.229-252.
33 fig., 2 tab., 21 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423[in
English] [See also Weldasearch 227322]A critical review of research
and progress in the use of hybrid laser arcwelding with magnesium
alloys is presented. The low-power hybridwelding of magnesium
alloys AZ31, AZ61, AZ91 and AZ91D tothemselves and to each other
using a laser beam and a TIG arc isdescribed with regard to: the
morphology of the welded seam; theeffects of welding parameters
(arc power, defocusing, welding speed,distance between laser beam
and arc); and the microstructure, porosity,
Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December 2011 1 ARC
WELDING
Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd
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tensile properties, fatigue strength and hardness of the hybrid
weldedjoints. The use of filler metal in the hybrid welding process
(laser beamand TIG arc) is examined also, addressing the
arrangement of beam, arcand filler wire feed in relation to welding
direction, welding parametersand defects, and microstructure and
tensile strength of the joint. Thepractical applications of laser
arc hybrid welding of Mg alloy andpossible future trends are
briefly discussed.
*01-249195Activating flux tungsten inert gas welding [A-TIG
welding] ofmagnesium alloys.ZHANG Z DIn Book: Welding and Joining
of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK;
Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and
Joining Techniques. Chapter 15.pp.253-273. 21 fig., 3 tab., 23 ref.
ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423[in English]The joining of
magnesium alloys by A-TIG welding is discussed. Thewelding
mechanisms when different activating fluxes (MgO, CaO,TiO2, MnO2,
CdCl2, AlF3 or Cr2O2) are present or absent aredescribed. The
effects of A-TIG welding parameters (welding current60-100 A; arc
length 1-2 mm; welding speed 360-480 mm/min,shielding gas Ar; flow
rate 7-12 l/m; electrode diameter 2.4 mm; fluxthickness 1.5-4
mg/square millimetre) on the bead shape,microstructure, tensile
strength and penetration of magnesium alloyA-TIG welds are examined
also.
*01-249218Weld faster and better - shielding gases for TIG
welding - processinfluence and possibilities for increasing economy
(Schnellerund besser schweissen - Schutzgase
beimWolfram-Inertgasschweissen ...).ZAHR J; HERTEL M; FUSSEL U;
SCHNICK MPraktiker, vol.62, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.18-23. 6
fig., 10 ref. ISSN:0554-9965[in German]Results are reported of
attempts to improve TIG welding performanceby using different
mixtures of shielding gases. The experimentsinvolved TIG welding of
unalloyed- and high alloy steels under pureargon, or argon with an
addition of helium, hydrogen or nitrogen.Numerical simulation and
experimental welding procedures were usedto establish interaction
between the gases in the mixture and the arcitself. Diagrams and
graphs are presented. Effects of the additions (Ar,He, H2, N2) on
welding speed and penetration, the welding arc and theformation of
the weld itself were investigated. The results proved
thatsignificant lowering of costs could be achieved.
*01-249220Special structural steels with increased wear
resistance and theirbehaviour in welding and cutting. Part 2: No
clear differences(Sonderbaustahle mit erhohtem
Verschleisswiderstand und ihrVerhalten beim Schweissen und
Schneiden. Teil 2: Keinedeutlichen Unterschiede).SCHUSTER J;
HERMANN JPraktiker, vol.62, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.28-31. 7
fig., 7 tab., 5 ref.ISSN: 0554-9965[in German] [Part 1: Praktiker,
vol.61, no.12. Dec.2010. pp.478-481;Weldasearch 247244]This second
part of the article deals with the effect of welding and
heattreatment on the surface hardness and wear resistance of
certain specialstructural steels, welded to wear resisting steels
or hardfaced.
Tabulated data show: welding parameters for making butt joints
in12-16 mm plate, parameters for non wear resistant
MIG/MAGsurfacing, the same for MIG/MAG surfacing wear resistant
steels,parameters for plasma powder surfacing of non wear resistant
steels,the same for plasma powder surfacing of wear resistant
steels andexperiments with MIG/MAG surfacing with wear resistant
steels andamounts of dilution when surfacing three other steels.
Hardness andwear resistance tests were done on the welded and
surfaced specimens.Results are presented in the form of graphs,
histograms and tabulateddata.
*01-249226Muscle men [powerful cranes] from Wilhelmshaven
[Germany](Kraftprotze aus Wilhelmshaven).SCHNEE DSchweiss- und
Pruftechnik, no.2. Feb.2011. pp.28-29. 8 fig. ISSN:1027-3352[in
German]New welding technology has revolutionised manufacturing at
theWilhelmshaven factory of Manitowoc Cranes. This company is
aworld leader in producing heavy mobile and telescopic cranes under
thenames of Manitowoc, Grove, National Cranes and Potain. A
typicalexample of such a crane is shown. Some of these large cranes
can lift80-450 tonnes. Key to the new development is MAG welding by
the"forceArc" process using the inverter power source "Phoenix
521puls". This technique is reckoned to give rise to cost savings
of up to50% of manufacturing costs. Examples are presented of
welding thicksections of fine grained structural steels and welded
joints areillustrated.
*01-249247Calculation of parameters of mechanised gas-shielded
welding ofsteel.PENTEGOV I V; PISMIENNYI A S; PETRIENKO O IPrzeglad
Spawalnictwa, vol.82, no.7. 2010. pp.33-39. 3 fig., 21 ref.ISSN:
0033-2364[in Polish]A new concept for an analytical solution of the
heat balance equationfor electrode extension in MAG welding is
presented. The temperaturevariation at the filler wire outlet
during the heating process,non-linearity of thermophysical
parameters and heat of phasetransition in the filler wire was taken
into account. The new method isused to calculate the main
parameters of the arc welding process. Thisincludes: voltage drop
at the electrode free outlet, the electrode starttemperature at the
current end, speed of wire feed, the electrode length,the distance
to the weld pool, the average voltage drop from theelectrode end to
the weld pool. The physical principles of the processare explained
and calculations shown.
*01-249252Pulsed MIG welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy.SONG G;
WANG PMaterials Science and Technology, vol.27, no.2.
Feb.2011.pp.518-524. 13 fig., 3 tab., 16 ref. ISSN: 0267-0836[in
English]The use of pulsed MIG welding to produce continuous butt
joints ofAZ31B (Mg, 3.0976%Al, 0.9806%Zn, 0.3036%Mn) magnesium
alloywas investigated. AZ31B alloy sheets (300 x 130 x 3.5 mm) were
MIGwelded (base current 50 A; pulse rework current 140-170 A;
pulsecurrent 290-310 A; wire speed 6.5-8.0 m/min; welding speed
700-1200mm/min; pulse frequency 65-75 Hz; shielding gas 99.99% pure
argon;gas flow 13-16 l/min) using extruded AZ31 (Mg, 2.8797%Al,
ARC WELDING 2 Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December
2011
Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd
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0.8469%Zn, 0.3294%Mn) and AZ61 (Mg, 6.9089%Al,
0.8790%Zn,0.1627%Mn) filler wires (diameter 1.6 mm), while a
high-speed camerarecorded the detachment of drops. The results of
analyses of themicrostructure, tensile properties and fractography
of the butt weldedjoints, as well as the results of analysis of
video captures of dropdetachment, are discussed with regard to the
effects of parameters onweld formation and drop transition during
pulsed MIG welding.
*01-249281Job knowledge. Part 110: Welding of titanium and its
alloys. Part2.MATHERS GConnect, no.170. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.4-5. 1
fig.[in English] [Part 109, Part 1: ibid., no.169. Nov.-Dec.2010.
pp.4-5;Weldasearch 247554]Welding advice is provided regarding
titanium and its alloys. Thetopics addressed include: the problem
of porosity and how to preventit by care of the gas supply system
and cleaning of filler wires;ductility tip cracking; selecting
appropriate filler materials; weldingprocess selection; and
preventing atmospheric contamination duringthe welding process.
Recommendations are presented regardingprocedures in TIG welding
and MIG welding.
*01-249292MAG welding of crane components with the "Force-Arc"
process(Metall-Aktivgasschweissen von Krankomponenten ...).SCHNEE
DSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.62, no.12. Dec.2010. pp.674-676. 7
fig.ISSN: 0036-7184[in German] [See also Weldasearch
245298]Manitowoc Cranes, a leading manufacturer of heavy mobile
andtelescopic cranes (80-450 tonnes) reports greatly improved
efficiencyin its construction efforts by using "ForceArc"
technology. The cranesare fabricated in high strength fine grained
steels welded by MAG- andsubmerged arc methods and an inverter
power source ("Phoenix 521puls"). A specimen large weld is shown
which has no large grain(coarse grained) structure in its heat
affected zone. The "ForceArc"process has enabled the manufacturing
regime to dispense with threestages and has resulted in impressive
cost savings.
*01-249297Determination of efficiency levels in gas shielded
weldingprocesses (Bestimmung von Wirkungsgraden
anSchutzgasschweissverfahren).KUSCH M; HALSIG A; THURNER
SSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.30-33.
2fig., 7 tab., 5 ref. ISSN: 0036-7184[in German]Investigations to
provide a more exact determination of workpieceheating needed for
processing thermal conduction sensitive materialsand simulation
modelling are described. The calorimetric test setup forthe
comparative investigations had water media and an inclined
testpiece with water rising synchronously as the weld is made.
Thetestpiece was of length 1000 mm and thickness 1-15 mm.
Awater-cooled manual TIG torch was tested with welding currents
of50-300 A, torch to testpiece distance of 2-8 mm and different
shieldinggases. For plasma welding a water cooled torch was used.
The resultsare compared with the TIG results. For MIG/MAG,
controlled diptransfer and spray transfer were tested using a water
cooled manualwelding gun. MIG/MAG high power and reduced energy
processeswere investigated. Tables of the results are provided.
*01-249299The first steps of TIG welding in the USA (Die ersten
Schrittedes WIG-Schweissens in den USA).AICHELE GSchweissen und
Schneiden, vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.45-46,48-49. 1 fig.,
13 ref. ISSN: 0036-7184[in German]The development of TIG welding
for wartime aircraft manufacture,materials used, applications,
further development and introduction inthe UK and Germany are
described. An overview is provided of thework of J K Northrop in
developing completely welded, magnesiumfighter planes as an impetus
for the development of a suitable weldingprocess. Contemporary
technologies to weld magnesium alloys andwartime production of
magnesium in the USA are outlined. The first1942 USA report on the
welding process, praising the work of RMeredith, the advantages and
applications of the heliarc weldingprocess are described. A later
article which described applications ofthe new welding process, a
cost comparison with riveting for aircraftmanufacture and the
licensing process is summarised. Reports onfurther developments in
1944 and 1945 and the introduction of TIG inGreat Britain and
Germany are described.
*01-249303Faster production, better ergonomics - automated
welding of forklift accessories (Schnellere Produktion, bessere
Ergonomie Automatisiertes Schweissen ...).GURSKY S HPraktiker,
vol.63, no.3. Mar.2011. pp.72-74. 6 fig. ISSN: 0554-9965[in
German]The demands of a forklift attachment manufacturer for a
newautomated welding machine, the equipment selected and
itsperformance in use are described. The reasons for the decision,
theintention to integrate TIG welding with cold wire feed, and
ergonomicaspects, are discussed. The two-station welding cell,
six-axis robot, andtandem MAG welding at up to 700 mm/min are
described. Topicsdiscussed include: development of the welding
sequence andparameters with the robotics provider; robot control
and operatorinput; monitoring of the equipment by sensors in the
robot and onlinemonitoring at the central computer; features of the
software such asvirtual representation of the welding cell and
simulation of the weldingprocess; the change from MAG to TIG
welding; and the ergonomicimprovements achieved by the use of a
hydraulic ejector cylinder.
*01-249312Application of grey-based Taguchi method for
optimising gasmetal arc welding of stainless steels.SARKAR A; DAS
SIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.1. Jan.2011. pp.37-48. 6 fig.,
17tab., 11 ref. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English]Process parameters in
MAG welding of stainless steel were optimisedusing the Taguchi
method in combination with Grey relational analysis.Stainless steel
(0.0607%C, 8.74%Mn, 13.219%Cr, 1.128%Ni,0.1492%Mo, 0.0614%V,
0.3561%Cu) plates (100 x 50 x 6 mm)underwent MAG welding (current
130-160 A; voltage 22.5-30 V;welding speed 327-723 mm/min; gap
between fraying surfaces 1.3 mm;welding position flat; torch angle
75 degrees; shielding gas CO2; gasflow rate 15 l/min) with a
stainless steel (0.03%C, 1.34%Mn,18.09%Cr, 8.34%Ni, 0.20%Mo)
electrode (diameter 1.2 mm) tofabricate square butt joints.
Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array design wasused to create the
experimental design, and the objective functions tobe optimised
were derived using signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental
Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December 2011 3 ARC
WELDING
Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd
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samples were evaluated visually and via hardness testing, bend
testingand geometry of the weld bead. The multi-response
optimisationproblem was solved by means of Grey relational
analysis. The resultsare discussed with regard to the welding
parameters required toproduce the optimum MAG weld.
*01-249320Arc stability of pulse current gas metal arc welding
of low alloysteel under different pulse parameters and shielding
gascompositions.GHOSH P K; DEVAKUMARAN K; PIYUSH MIndian Welding
Journal, vol.44, no.2. Apr.2011. pp.29-34, 37-42. 18fig., 1 tab.,
24 ref. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English]An experimental investigation
was performed to study the effect ofpulse parameters with varying
content of CO2 in argon during MAGwelding. Bead on plate weld metal
deposition was performed using a1.2 mm diameter mild steel filler
wire under Ar-2%CO2 andAr-18%CO2 gas shielding at a flow rate of 18
litres per minute. Thepulse performance was also studied as a
function of mean weld currentand arc voltage for each gas
composition. Behaviour was studied at 200millisecond intervals at
between 9 and 15 locations, Results arediscussed with the objective
of forming a basis for improvement inautomation of this welding
process.
*01-249323Stainless Q & A [questions and answers: covered
electrodes forwelding 310 stainless steel].KOTECKI D JIndian
Welding Journal, vol.44, no.2. Apr.2011. AWS Section. p.64. 2ref.
ISSN: 0046-9092[in English] [Similar paper: Welding Journal,
vol.90, no.1. Jan.2011.p.58; Weldasearch 246258]Centreline cracking
on complete joint penetration fillet welds in 310stainless steel
plates (thickness 0.5 in, 12.7 mm) is discussed withfocus on MMA
welding consumables' diameter and coveringcomposition. The ways to
avoid cracking of the austenite 310 weldmetal during solidification
are considered, including: partial jointpenetration rather than
complete; using small diameter electrodes;E310-15 electrode;
electrodes with the lowest possible sulphur andphosphorus content;
and electrodes with a 0.08- 0.15%C range.
*01-249327A guide to making GTAW [TIG welding] repairs on
stainlesssteel.FISHER DIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.2.
Apr.2011. AWS Section.pp.72-76. 11 fig., 1 tab. ISSN: 0046-9092[in
English] [Similar paper: Welding Journal, vol.90, no.2.
Feb.2011.pp.50-54; Weldasearch 246331]Following a summary of the
five main types of stainless steel, withtheir weldability and
typical applications, and a review of theadvantages of the TIG
welding process, best practice in TIG weldingfor repair of
stainless steel in the field is described. Features of the
TIGwelding process described include control over heat input and
the weldbead, portability of welding inverters, suitability for out
of positionwelding, availability of torches that allow access in
constricted spacesand awkward positions, and the use of a gas lens
and large cup toensure good shielding. Some characteristics of
stainless steels whichaffect weldability are mentioned, including:
relatively low thermalconductivity; use of colour to indicate
suitable heat input; formation ofchromium carbide if heat input is
excessive, which results in loss of the
protective chromium oxide on the surface, so encourages
corrosion;warping and means of overcoming it using tack welds and
high speedpulsed current welding. A table of compositions is
presented for AISIgrades: austenitic SS (minimum 16%Cr and 6%Ni)
304, 304L, 308,316, 316L and 347; ferritic SS (10.5%-18%Cr); duplex
SS 2205;martensitic SS 416, 440C; and precipitation-hardening
martensitic SS630 or 17-4 PH (17%Cr-4%Ni).
01-249342Development of a MIAB [magnetically impelled arc butt]
weldingmodule and experimental analysis of rotational behaviour
ofarc-simulation of electromagnetic force distribution duringMIAB
welding of steel pipes using finite element analysis.ARUNGALAI
VENDAN S; MANOHARAN S;BUVANASHEKARAN G; NAGAMANI CInternational
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.43,no.11. 2009.
pp.1144-1156. 24 fig., 2 tab., 15 ref. ISSNs:
0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The development of a laboratory
module for magnetically impelled arcbutt (MIAB) welding and of a
finite element method (FEM)-basedthree dimensional model for
determining the key parameters ofmagnetic flux density and
electromagnetic force distribution isdescribed. The proposed FEM
model is verified by means ofexperimental data. The topics
addressed include the theory underlyingthe MIAB welding process;
the stages involved in the MIAB weldingprocess; the chemical
composition of T11 grade tubes (0.05-0.15%C,0.3-0.6%Mn, 1-1.5%Cr,
0.44-0.65%Mo) used in experimental trials;the parameters used in
the MIAB welding experimental trials; and theFE analysis used to
numerically model the MIAB welding system. Theexperimental results
and the results obtained from the simulationstudies are discussed
and compared with regard to magnetic fluxdensity distribution and
electromagnetic force distribution during theMIAB welding
process.
01-249344Numerical analysis for effect of process parameters
oflow-current micro-PAW [micro-plasma arc welding] onconstricted
arc.XU P Q; YAO S; HE J P; MA C W; REN J WInternational Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.3. 2009. pp.255-264. 9
fig., 1 tab., 13 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The
influence of process parameters on the arc plasma duringlow-current
microplasma arc welding (micro-PAW) was investigatedexperimentally
and by means of a numerical analysis model.Micro-PAW of a thin
stainless steel (0.08%C, 2.00%Mn,18.0-20.0%Cr, 8.0-10.5%Ni) foil
was carried out using the followingparameters: arc length 3-7 mm;
nozzle neck-in 0.5-2.5 mm; weldingcurrent 0.8-15 A; welding voltage
15-30 V; plasma gas flow 0.5-1l/min; shielding gas flow 3-7 l/min.
The appearance of the constrictedmicroplasma arc was characterised
using image sampling. Amathematical model that simulated the
electromagnetic phenomena andfluid field in the plasma arc was
developed. The experimental andnumerical results are discussed with
regard to current densitydistribution, electromagnetic force
distribution, flow velocitydistribution and plasma arc
appearance.
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01-249352Optimisation of quality characteristics parameters in a
pulsedmetal inert gas welding process using grey-based
Taguchimethod.PAL S; MALVIYA S K; PAL S K; SAMANTARAY A
KInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
vol.44,no.11. 2009. pp.1250-1260. 8 fig., 9 tab., 21 ref. ISSNs:
0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The process parameters influencing
quality characteristics of pulsedMIG welding (PMIGW) were optimised
by means of Taguchi'sorthogonal array (OA) with grey relational
analysis. The processparameters used in the grey-based Taguchi OA
were backgroundvoltage (12-20 V), pulse voltage (27-39 V), pulse
frequency (101-171Hz), pulse duty factor (0.35-0.75), wire feed
rate (7-11 m/min) andtable feed rate (3.098-6.363 mm/s). Data were
obtained from anexperiment in which two steel (0.139%C, 0.499%Mn,
0.019%Cr,0.024%Ni, 0.056%Cu) plates (125 x 100 x 8 mm) with a
V-shapedjoint preparation (groove angle 30 degrees; root face 2 mm;
root gap 2mm) and a constant gap of 2 mm underwent PMIGW to produce
asingle side butt joint. The welded sample was examined for
tensilestrength, bead geometry, transverse shrinkage, angular
distortion anddeposition efficiency, and the impact of individual
process parameterson these welding quality parameters was
determined by means ofanalysis of variance (ANOVA).
01-249353Application of PCA [principal component analysis]-based
hybridTaguchi method for correlated multicriteria optimisation
ofsubmerged arc weld: a case study.DATTA S; NANDI G; BANDYOPADHYAY
A; KUMAR PAL PInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, vol.45,no.3. 2009. pp.276-286. 3 fig., 13 tab., 23 ref.
ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The application of a
principal component analysis (PCA)-basedhybrid Taguchi method to
solve the problem of optimising correlatedmultiple criteria for the
submerged arc welding (SAW) process isdescribed. Depth of
penetration, reinforcement, bead width andpercentage dilution were
selected as correlated features of beadgeometry, whereas voltage
(25-31 V), wire feed rate (340-1600cm/min), traverse speed (46-150
cm/min) and electrode stick-out(25-33 mm) were the variables
assumed to make up the processenvironment. Experimental
bead-on-plate SAW of mild steel plates(thickness 10 mm) was
conducted using copper-coated AWSA/S5.17:EH14 electrode wire
(diameter 3.16 mm) and AWSA5.17/SFA5.17 flux (grain size 0.2-1.6;
basicity index 1.6). Thecorrelated features of bead geometry were
examined, and the resultingdata were used in optimisation processes
using the PCA-based hybridTaguchi method and using a grey-based
Taguchi technique. The resultsof the PCA-based hybrid Taguchi
approach and the grey-basedTaguchi approach for solving
multicriteria optimisation problems arediscussed and compared.
01-249371Phase formation in 6060/4043 aluminium weld
solidification.CONIGLIO N; CROSS C E; DORFEL I; OSTERLE WMaterials
Science and Engineering A, vol.A517, no.1-2. 20
Aug.2009.pp.321-327. 10 fig., 4 tab., 25 ref. ISSN: 0921-5093[in
English] [See also Weldasearch 226255]The effects of silicon
content (0.42-5.30%) and cooling rate on thesolidification and
microstructure of 6060 AlMgSi alloy (Al, 0.42%Si,
0.59%Mg, 0.19%Fe, 4 mm thickness) were investigated. Welded
jointswere made using the TIG process and alloy 4043 filler metal
wire (Al,5.3%Si, 0.22%Fe, 0.8 mm diameter). A thermal analysis was
carriedout on both welds and alloy castings. The significant
changes in castmicrostructure at cooling rates higher than 27
deg.C/second and thelow-temperature solidification reactions
obtained with rapid cooling arediscussed. The limited effects of
increasing the weld metal siliconcontent on weld solidification
range and microstructure are consideredin relation to weldability
and weld quality.
*01-249382New welding automation concept for shipyards.WELDING
AND CUTTINGWelding and Cutting, vol.10, no.4. 2011. pp.208-209. 3
fig. ISSN:1612-3433[in English]A welding automation system that
allows the use of robotic welding ina confined environment, typical
of later stages of ship blockmanufacture, is described. The "Mobile
Automatic Arc" system wasdeveloped jointly by the Finnish company
Kempii Oy and the Danishsupplier of automation solutions Inrotech.
The opportunities andbenefits offered by the system in shipyard
applications are highlighted.KEMPPI OY
*01-249383A stairway to quality.SCHNEE DWelding and Cutting,
vol.10, no.4. 2011. pp.209-211. 9 fig. ISSN:1612-3433[in
English]The application of "Force Arc", a MIG/MAG welding process
forjoining structural steels (such as S235 and S355) is described.
Anexample application involving the manufacture of a steel stairway
ispresented and the advantages of the system in terms of improved
weldquality, reduced welding time, and the ability to bridge large
gapsduring pre-assembly of complex staircases, are described.
*01-249388Development of a cost-effective seam tracking system
for theautomated GMA [MIG/MAG] welding of aluminium alloys.REISGEN
U; STEIN L; GEFFERS C; DILGER K;NITSCHKE-PAGEL T; BABORY HWelding
and Cutting, vol.10, no.4. 2011. pp.240-245. 6 fig., 11 ref.ISSN:
1612-3433[in English]A seam tracking system was developed, using
the heat flow transferredto the welding torch by the welding
process to guide the weld duringthe automated MIG welding of
aluminium alloys. The system,consisting of a stand-alone control
box and a detection unit, isdescribed, covering the variants for
single wire welding and twin wirewelding. The underlying functional
principle, the control box, thesensor element and detection unit
are introduced. Aspects of height andlateral control, are then
described. The fields of application, as well asthe limitations and
peculiarities of the welding head guiding system arediscussed
also.
*01-249393Pulsed Laser-TIG hybrid welding of coated unalloyed
steel thinsheets.BIRDEANU V; CIUCA C; IACOB MBuletinul Institutului
National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare in Sudura si
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Incercari de Materiale-ISIM Timisoara, vol.20, no.2. 2011.
pp.31-34.16 fig., 8 ref. ISSN: 1453-0392[in English] [Journal also
known as: Sudarea si IncercareaMaterialelor - Welding &
Material
Testing][http://www.bid-isim.ro/bid_arhiva/bid2011/birdeanu-2_2011.pdf]The
application of a pulsed laser-TIG welding hybrid welding
process,combining a pulsed Nd:YAG laser source and a pulsed TIG
arc, to joincoated unalloyed steel sheet, is described. Butt welded
joints wereproduced with no joint preparation in sheets of 1.5 mm
thickness,using TIG as the leading process. Welds were made with
coated testpieces and with others where the coating had been
removed in theregion of the joint. Test samples incorporating the
weld were extractedfor detailed studies including macroscopic
examination of the weldsurface to locate craters, cracks and
inclusions, microstructuralcharacterisation, hardness measurements
(HV5), and static tensile andbend testing (fracture location,
maximum deformability angle withoutcracking). The results can be
used to establish the proper processparameters for butt welding
using the proposed hybrid technique.
*01-249400Quality evaluation of tube welding of pressure
equipment fromCrNi austenitic steels.COMAJ MZvaranie/Svarovani,
vol.58, no.3. Mar.2009. pp.68-71. 6 fig., 3 tab., 11ref. ISSN:
0044-5525[in Slovak]Factors affecting the quality, particularly the
delta ferrite (DF) content,of tube and tube-to-plate welds in
austenitic stainless steels wereinvestigated. After a discussion of
the metallurgy of CrNi stainlesssteels at welding temperatures and
at cryogenic (-196 deg.C)temperatures, two series of tests are
reported, using X5CrNi18-10 (EN10028-7) steels (0.036%C, 0.92%Mn,
17.19%Cr, 9.13%Ni).Tube-to-tube TIG welding on 2 mm or 2.6 mm
thickness tube wasperformed at two heat inputs, with and without
EN12072 filler, andusing orbital welding; tube-to-jacket TIG and
MAG welds were madewith filler (MAG with flux-cored EN12073). DF
content wasmeasured for each test weld. The need for DF
measurements inaddition to mechanical tests in evaluating quality
for cryogenicapplications is highlighted.
*01-249401Submerged arc welding in manufacture of evaporator
membranewalls.PECHA J; AKOSSY A; STANO D; MRAZ MZvaranie/Svarovani,
vol.58, no.4. Apr.2009. pp.95-99. 9 fig., 3 tab., 10ref. ISSN:
0044-5525[in Slovak]The use of submerged arc welding (SAW) with
solid or flux-cored wirein the fabrication of membrane walls for
evaporators was assessed.Fillet welding requirements between tube,
typically 4.5 mm wallthickness of 16Mo3 steel and spacer, typically
6 mm thickness13CrMo4-5 steel are set out. Welding tests were made
using solid wire(EN 756:52Mo) and flux (EN 760; SAAR178ACH5) and
flux-coredwire (T2Mo + SAAR177ACH5). Detail of performance achieved
andpractical experiences are reported. Future trends towards the
use ofone-sided MIG welding or hybrid laser-arc welding are
discussed.
*01-249402Effect of active fluxes on bead geometry in remelting
of steelgalvanised plates by plasma arc.SEJC PZvaranie/Svarovani,
vol.58, no.4. Apr.2009. pp.100-105. 13 fig., 6
tab., 11 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]The effect of using
activated flux on the bead shape in remelting ofgalvanised steel
sheet was investigated. Sheet of 2.5 mm thicknessDP600 (0.113%C,
1.44%Mn, 1.25%Al) with 16.7 micrometrethickness zinc coating was
used for bead-on-plate remeltingexperiments with a plasma arc.
Experimental variables included use ofPATIG SA activated flux, 70
or 100 A current, with a range ofremelting speeds and energy
inputs, and tungsten electrode in the planeof the plasma nozzle or
set back 2 mm. Weld pool width, profile andthrough-thickness
penetration were evaluated.
*01-249417Preheat temperature of welding boiler membrane walls
withsupercritical parameters from T24 steel.PECHA J; KRAJCI
DZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.11-12. Nov.-Dec.2009.
pp.287-292.14fig., 4 tab., 13 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]The
use of preheat to improve welded joint properties of membranewalls
in boilers operating in the supercritical zone (to give
reducedemissions) was investigated. Current boiler design trends
are reviewed,including the use of Cr-Mo modified T24 steel
(0.05-0.1%C,0.3-0.7%Mn, 2.2-2.6%Cr, 0.9-1.1%Mo, 0.2-0.3%V). Tests
wereconducted on a pair of pipes 38 mm diameter, 6.3 mm wall
thicknessof T24 steel (0.02%C, 0.52%Mn, 2.32%Cr, 0.96%Mo),
automaticallysubmerged arc welded with intermediate spacer plate
using matchingfiller (0.11%C, 0.57%Mn, 2.53%Cr, 0.95%Mo). Torch
preheating inthe range 100-200 deg.C was correlated with
post-welding hardness ofweld metal and HAZ, and a recommended heat
cycle was derived.
*01-249418Improving wear properties of surface layer castings of
AlSi7Mgalloy by GTAW [TIG welding] remelting process.ORLOWICZ A W;
TUPAJ MZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.11-12. Nov.-Dec.2009.
pp.293-297. 6fig., 2 tab., 15 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in
Slovak]Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of TIG
surfaceremelting on the surface hardness and frictional wear
characteristics ofcast AlSi7 alloy (Al, 7.4%Si, 0.3%Mn, 0.25%Mg).
Single scan lineremelting was performed for a range of currents,
scan speeds andenergy inputs. Cross-sectional profiles of the
affected zone weremeasured, and hardness and frictional wear
characteristics weredetermined. Regression analysis was used to
establish the effect ofeach variable and was correlated with
microstructural changesobserved.
*01-249430Determination of optimum welding parameters for 1534
steelgrade applying mathematical modelling (Odredivanje
optimalnihparametera ...).CORIC AZavarivanje, vol.53, no.1-2.
Jan.-Apr.2010. pp.5-13. 6 fig., 12 tab., 11ref. ISSN: 0044-1902[in
Croatian]MAG welding conditions for case hardening steel grade 1534
VP(0.47%C, 0.88%Mn, 0.09%Cr, 0.027%Cu) were investigated
bynumerical modelling and experiment. Welds were made with
differentlevels of preheat temperature (150, 300, 450 deg.C) and
energy input(15 or 22 kJ/cm). The filler used was Kb52-FD (0.07%C,
1.2%Mn,
ARC WELDING 6 Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December
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0.8%Ni) and shielding gas was Ar-18%CO2. Heat affected
zonehardness and toughness were determined. This data was analysed
toestablish optimum levels for the two variables.
*01-249434Automated MAG [MIG/MAG] welding of the girder
structure forthe railway wagon dedicated for container
transportation(Automatsko MAG zavarivanje ...).SAMARDZIC I;
SIGURNJAK M; NOVAK DZavarivanje, vol.53, no.3-4. May-Aug.2010.
pp.83-91. 23 fig., 3 tab., 4ref. ISSN: 0044-1902[in Croatian]MAG
welding of the load carrying structure for a railway wagondesigned
to transport containers is described. The main components,two
longitudinal beams, are assembled with welded butt and T jointsfrom
steel grades S355J2G3 and S355J2G3C by automatic MAGwelding. The
welding equipment used is described in detail. Jointpreparations,
and welding parameters are presented. Microstructure oftwo example
fillet welds was analysed and hardness distribution acrossthe same
joint was determined.
*01-249445MAG welding of joints in pressure vessels from
ferritic andaustenitic steels with flux-cored wires in active gas
shielding.KOZMOVA R; COMAJ MZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.59, no.7-8.
July-Aug.2010. pp.165-167. 6 fig.,4 tab., 3 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in
Slovak]A process of MAG welding of cryogenic pressure vessels made
fromfine grained ferritic steel and austenitic stainless steel is
discussed. A Tjoint was made between parent metals P355 NL1
(0.16%C, 1.48%Mn)and X5CrNi1810 (0.04%C, 1.19%Mn, 19.0%Cr, 9.01%Ni
of 11.4 mmthickness. Flux cored filler wire Tetra S 309L (0.037%C,
1.6%Mn,25.53%Cr, 13.06%Ni, 0.13%Mo) of 1.2 mm diameter was applied
in 3passes under Ferromix C8 (Ar, 8%CO2) shielding gas. The process
isdescribed in comparison with joints made using filler wire
containing18%Cr, 8%Ni, 6%Mn and shielding gas M21. Weld metal
content ofdelta ferrite, hardness distribution across the welds,
yield strength,tensile strength and V notch toughness at -60 deg.C
were determined.
*01-249448Quality prediction of fillet welds fabricated by
method 135 basedon welding process monitoring.HRSTKA D; NEUMANN
HZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.59, no.9-10. Sept.-Oct.2010. pp.206-212.
15fig., 7 tab., 5 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Czech]Some variations of
the welding process settings when making MAGwelded fillet welds
were evaluated and monitoring process andrecording of parameters
are discussed. Different monitoring systemsare reported. Structural
steel parent metal S235 JR of 8 mm thicknesswas MAG welded using
ESAB OK Aristorod wire of 1.2 mm diameterwith shielding gas
Ferromaxx Plus (Ar, 12%CO2, 20%He). TheWeldMonitor 3.5 system was
used to monitor the welding processparameters and a Shewhart
regulation diagram was used to aid theidentification of weld
defects. Welding voltage and contact tip weldingdistance were
determined. Software NIS Elements 4.12 was used toexamine the
welds. Welding speed and wire feed speed were analysedto determine
the instability of the welding process.
*01-249452Effect of welding parameters on weld pool geometry in
MAGwelding method.MORAVEC J; NEUMANN HZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.59,
no.11-12. Nov.-Dec.2010. pp.250-255. 7fig., 2 tab., 3 ref. ISSN:
0044-5525[in Czech]The effects of welding travel speed (0.195-0.892
m/minute), wire feedspeed (2.517-9.511 m/minute), voltage
(17.4-26.8 V) and current(131-341 A) on the shape and dimensions of
a fillet weld molten poolwere investigated. The double ellipsoid
model was used for heat sourcecalculations. The equations used are
described. To validate thecalculations, butt test welds were made
of S255J2G3 steel sheets of 5mm in thickness using MAG welding
under Euromix M21 (Ar,12%CO2) shielding gas. Filler metal OK Autrod
12.51 of 1.2 mmthickness was used with 0 mm joint gap. The welding
power sourceBDH 550 Puls Syn was used for welding with WeldMonitor
3.5program for monitoring and registering the process parameters.
Weldmicrostructure was analysed and geometry of the weld pool
wasexamined using NIS Elements AR2.30 program.
*01-249456Effect of various factors on toughness in P92 SAW
[submergedarc welding] weld metal.CHOVET C; GALAND E; LEDUEY
BZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.60, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.16-21. 11
fig., 4tab., 9 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak] [Similar paper:
Competence, no.4. May 2009. pp.5-12;Weldasearch 241790][See also
Weldasearch 234890 and 236254]Submerged arc welding experiments
were carried out in order tooptimise the composition of P92 steels
to achieve greater toughness ofthe welded joints. This work is
within the scope of a general attemptto improve the efficiency of
thermal power plants fabricated in thenew 9%Cr steels. The
influence of the following elements was studied:0.07-0.12%C,
1.2-1.35%Mn, 0.13-0.34%Si, 8-9.6%Cr,0.41-0.68%Mo, 0.93-1.12%Co,
0.18-0.24%V, 0.031-0.063%Nb,1.28-1.74%W, 0.02-0.04%Ni, 10-25 ppm B,
400-480 ppm N. Weldmetals were deposited using a basic flux and
flux cored wires to obtainthe required alloying elements. Effects
on toughness of boron, nitrogen,tungsten, titanium, carbon and
chromium were examined in detail. Themicrostructure of weld metal
as solidified and after reheating wasexamined. This exercise led to
the formulation of an optimised steelcomposition and a seamless
flux cored wire that had a promisingtoughness/creep compromise.
*01-249461Through steel and glass, artist seems to defy
gravity.SWARTZ JWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10. Oct.2011. pp.36-40.
7 fig. ISSN:0043-2296[in English]The combination of artist,
fabricator and businessman is exploredthrough the work of a glass
and steel welding sculptor. UsingMIG/MAG and TIG welding
techniques, Jeff Rumaner is helped withMiller Diversion 180 (thin
materials and alloy TIG welding);Millermatic 211 (thick steel
MIG/MAG welding) and Miller Spectrum375 X-Treme (plasma cutting)
machines.
*01-249463Ceramic backing enhances one-sided welding.SONG T Z;
DENG H; XU Z M; NIU X L; YAO J CWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10.
Oct.2011. pp.48-51. 7 fig., 6 tab., 4 ref.
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ISSN: 0043-2296[in English] (Article preprinted with permission
from Modern Welding,published by Chengdu ONLY Welding Industry
Development Co., Ltd.,Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China)The
fabrication of a bridge using low alloy steel Q345D plate in
boxgirders with one-sided FCA welding with CO2 shielding gas
andceramic backing is presented. Steel Q345D plate (0.18%C,
0.31%Si,1.34%Mn, 0.003%Ni, 0.01%P, 0.001%S, 0.005%V,
0.004%Ti,0.003%Al) and ceramic pads (27-37%Al2O3, 40-45%
SiO2,4-10%MgO, 2-4%FeO, 3-6% other) are used. Butt joint
weldingparameters are: 20-24 l/min gas flow; 1.2 mm wire diameter;
220-260 Acurrent; 22-28 V voltage; 24-32 cm/min speed; and DC:
reverseconnection polarity. The weld composition (0.036%C,
0.52%Si,1.40%Mn, 0.013%P, 0.011%S), tensile properties and
toughness weredetermined. Quality control measures are
described.
*01-249464Double groove welds [butt welds] (Welding workbook
datasheet327).WELDING JOURNALWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10.
Oct.2011. p.142. 1 fig. ISSN:0043-2296[in English] (Excerpted from
the Welding Handbook, Vol.1, ninthedition, and AWS A3.0M/A3.0:2010,
Standard Welding Terms andDefinitions)A range of two-sided butt
joint types are illustrated: double squarebutt, double bevel butt,
double V butt, double J butt, double U butt,double flare bevel
(tube flat on plate), and double flare V butt (tubesside by
side).
*01-249465Laser enhanced metal transfer. Part 1: System and
observations.HUANG Y; ZHANG Y MWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10.
Oct.2011. Supplement: WeldingResearch. pp.183s-190s. 17 fig., 23
ref. ISSN: 0043-2296[in English]The effect of using a laser beam
with a MAG welding gun to influencethe metal transfer mode and weld
metal droplet size and to controlwhere the droplet landed in the
weld pool was investigated. Anexperiment is described in which a
modified MIG/MAG weldingprocess worked with a low power laser to
control drop globulardirection and improve weld formation. An
analysis of the metaltransfer mode was made by use of a series of
high speed images. Beadon plate welds were deposited onto mild
steel using ER70S-6 0.8 mmdiameter wire, a CV continuous waveform
power supply, 12 l/min Arshielding gas flow, 6.6 mm/s travel speed;
26, 28, 30, 32 V; 106, 127,148, 169 mm/s wire feed speeds; 135 A
max; and 0, 46, 54, 62 W/sqmm laser intensities. Sequential
photographs of the metal transfermode using different wire feed
speeds, compared with and without thelaser, are presented.
*01-249469Effect of arc ultrasonic vibration on microstructure
of joint ofplasma arc "in situ" welding of SiCp/6061Al.LEI Y C; XUE
H L; HU W X; LIU Z Z; YAN J CScience and Technology of Welding and
Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011. pp.575-580. 10 fig., 3 tab., 17
ref. ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in
English][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]An
experimental plasma welding process incorporating an
ultrasonicexcitation source was set up in order to study the
effects of ultrasonic
vibration of the arc during welding on the microstructure of
particlereinforced aluminium metal matrix composite SiCp/6061
sheets. Thearc vibration equipment system is described. Sheets of 3
mm thicknesswere prepared by in-situ weld alloying/plasma arc
welding. Thechemical composition of the aluminium alloy 6061 was
Al, 0.35%Cu,0.76%Mg, less than 0.05%Ni, 1.25%Si, less than 0.05%Ti.
Prior towelding, the material was T6 treated and the microstructure
examined.A flux-cored wire filler (Al, 15%Ti, 3%Si) was used during
welding.The frequency of the ultrasonic excitation current was
varied from 20to 70 kHz during the welding process. Microstructure
of the weld zonewas examined after welding using SEM. X-ray energy
dispersivespectroscopy was used for phase composition analysis.
Weldmicrostructures made with and without arc ultrasonic excitation
werecompared.
*01-249471Metal transfer characteristics of GMAW [MIG/MAG
welding]with strip electrode.ZHENG S M; GAO H M; LIU XScience and
Technology of Welding and Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011.
pp.586-591. 12 fig., 2 tab., 13 ref. ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in
English][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]An
experimental investigation was carried out to study
thecharacteristics of metal transfer and welding arc behaviour in
MAGwelding with strip electrode using a high speed digital camera
system.Emphasis was placed on examination of the droplet motion of
themetal during its detachments. During welding a 0.2 mm thickness
fillermetal of SUS 304 stainless steel strip (0.8%C, 0.03%Si, 1%Si,
2%Mn,0.04%P, 18-20%Cr, 8-10.5%Ni), with a flat contact tip, was
used andthe shielding gas was Ar, 5%CO2. The parent metal was a
Q235 lowcarbon steel (0.156%C, 0.052%S, 0.192%Si, 0.393%Mn,
0.032%P,0.032%Cr, 0.029%Ni) of 6 mm thickness. During welding, the
stripelectrode feed rate was varied from 6 to 9 m per minute, the
arc voltagefrom 26 to 29 V and the average welding current from 242
to 340 A.Bead on plate welded were made in the flat position. The
metaltransfer process with strip was analysed for the different
weldparameters and compared with the situation when welding with a
fillerwire. The mechanism of droplet movement along the strip
electrodeend is discussed in detail with reference to the influence
of weldingparameters and the behaviour of the arc.
*01-249476Hydrocarbon-metal reactions during metal arc welding
under oil(MAW-UO).ALMOSTANEER H; CADIGAN C; LIU S; OLSON D
L;RICHARDS R; LIANG H JScience and Technology of Welding and
Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011. pp.619-629. 8 fig., 8 tab., 37 ref.
ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in
English][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]Aspects
of an automated arc welding process (MAW-UO), carried outunder oil
for in service repair of pipelines and storage tanks,
wereinvestigated. Details of dissociation and ionisation that occur
during thewelding process are described, taking the arc plasma and
oil vapourbubble zones in turn, followed by a description of the
chemicalreactions that occur as the organic compounds break down
and carbonmonoxide forms, using paraffins as a representative
hydrocarbon group(C5-C11). Welds were made on ASTM A36 (0.14%C,
0.786%Mn)low carbon steel plates in oil using ER70S-6 filler wire
(0.06%C,
ARC WELDING 8 Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December
2011
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1.46%Mn). Three oil samples were analysed: a bulk oil sample
neverexposed to MAW-UO; a post-weld sample taken from an oil tank
after1 minute of MAW-UO; and one taken after 7 minutes exposure
toMAW-UO. Oil samples were distilled to remove high boiling
residuesbefore identification of composition by gas
chromatography-massspectrometry (GC-MS) to validate the arc
behaviour mechanisticmodel. Weld metal compositions and
microstructures were determined;the quantity of carbon derived from
hydrocarbon decomposition wascalculated, and the roles of carbon
and quenching on the distribution ofplate and lath martensite were
analysed.
*01-249489Chromium-molybdenum steels (Welding workbook
datasheet324).INDIAN WELDING JOURNALIndian Welding Journal, vol.44,
no.3. July 2011. AWS Section. p.103.2 tab. ISSN: 0046-9092[in
English] (Excerpted from the Welding Handbook, Vol.4.
ninthedition)[Similar paper: Welding Journal, vol.90, no.6. June
2011. p.94;Weldasearch 247884]A datasheet on welding chromium
molybdenum (Cr-Mo) steels(0.5-9%Cr, 0.5-1%Mo). Recommended minimum
preheattemperatures for welding Cr-Mo steels with a range of
compositionsusing covered low hydrogen electrodes for various
thicknesses (up to13 mm, 13-25 mm and over 25 mm) are tabulated.
Suggested weldingconsumables for the range of Cr-Mo steels for MMA,
TIG, GMA,FCA and submerged arc welding are also provided.
02 RESISTANCE WELDING
See also abstracts: 20-249334, 43-249278, 44-249398,
47-249311,48-249295
*02-249198Resistance spot welding of magnesium alloys.LIU L M;
FENG J; ZHOU YIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed:
L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd;
2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter
18.pp.351-366. 7 fig., 20 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,
9780857090423[in English] [See also Weldasearch 238235, 224922,
247567 and247566]The application of resistance spot welding (RSW)
to magnesium alloysis reviewed. The fundamentals of RSW, including
general principles,dynamic resistance and weld nugget
microstructure, are described, andthe importance of surface
condition in RSW of Mg alloys ishighlighted, as is the importance
of welding current, weld time andelectrode force among welding
parameters. Nugget growth andmicrostructure in Mg alloys are
compared with those of steel andaluminium alloys. RSW of Mg alloys
to other alloys (particularly Alalloys) and to steel is discussed,
and the equipment used in the RSWprocess is outlined. Possible
future trends in the field of RSW of Mgalloys are briefly
examined.
*02-249221Avoidable trouble. Defects and their prevention in
resistancewelding; electrical domain. Part 1: Choice and basic
adjustmentof the welding machine (Vermeidbarer Arger - Fehler und
derenVermeidung beim Widerstandsschweissen; elektrischer Bereich
-Teil 1 ...).POLROLNICZAK H; ARETZ WPraktiker, vol.62, no.1-2.
Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.32-36. 4 fig., 4 tab., 1 ref.ISSN: 0554-9965[in
German] [See also Weldasearch 227718, 231779, 233061]Hints are made
to assist small and medium enterprises make the mostof their
resistance welding equipment and avoid defects, as they maynot have
the necessary expert knowledge in electronics, engineering
andmaterials technology. Tabulated data outline welding tasks,
thenecessary parameters as well as technical data on a pneumatic
poweredspot welding installation with AC (400 V, 50 Hz). Aspects of
weldingcurrent and its application are discussed. Pre-welding
trials arerecommended and basic differences between trial welding
andproduction are explained.
*02-249282HAZ [heat affected zone] microstructures and local
mechanicalproperties of high strength steels resistance spot
welds.DANCETTE S; MASSARDIER-JOURDAN V; FABREGUE D;MERLIN J; DUPUY
T; BOUZEKRI MISIJ International, vol.51, no.1. Jan.2011. pp.99-107.
14 fig., 4 tab., 31ref. ISSN: 0915-1559[in English]The
microstructures and local mechanical properties in the HAZs ofhigh
strength steels subjected to resistance spot welding (RSW)
wereinvestigated numerically and experimentally. Finite element
analysiswas used to develop a model (1200 elements) of RSW
(electrodediameter 6-8 mm; welding force 350-650 daN; welding time
4(7+2)-1150 Hz welding current periods; holding time 11-25 50 Hz
weldingcurrent periods; experimental welding current 5.9-11.1 kA;
simulationwelding current 7.2-13.5 kA; water cooled, 6 l/min) of
DP590 steel(0.075%C, 1.440%Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu) sheets (thickness
1.0-3.0 mm), andthe thermal cycles experienced in the spot weld
were estimated fromnumerical simulations of the RSW process.
Experimental simulationsof spot welding thermal cycles were carried
out using Gleebleapparatus to simulate the RSW (temperature
700-1200 deg.C) ofDP450 steel (0.055%C, 1.235%Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu) and
DP980(0.135%C, 1.905%Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu) steel sheets (100 x 12 x 0.7
mm).The heat-treated specimens were subjected to microstructural
analysisand microhardness and tensile testing. The results are
discussed withregard to the effects of the thermal cycles on
microstructures andconstitutive behaviours in the HAZ.
*02-249305Observing limits - defects and their avoidance in
resistancewelding: in the field of electricity. Part 2: Required
cablecross-section in connection of the welding machine
andpermissible welds per minute (Grenzen beachten - Fehler undderen
Vermeidung beim Widerstandsschweissen; ...).POLROLNICZAK H; ARETZ
WPraktiker, vol.63, no.3. Mar.2011. pp.81-85. 4 tab., 5 ref.
ISSN:0554-9965[in German] [Part 1: ibid., vol.63, no.1-2.
Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.32-36;Weldasearch 249221]Calculations of required
technical data for the connecting cable aredescribed and equations
worked through. Determining the conductorcross section according to
permitted continuous current and highest
Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December 2011 9 RESISTANCE
WELDING
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welding current of the welding machine is examined. An equation
formeasurement according to the continuous current under
thermalconsiderations is provided. Measurement according to
maximumallowed voltage drop, thermal replacement current for
specific weldingtasks, taking into account maximum allowed voltage
drop in connectionlines and allowed thermal loading of welding
transformer and cyclesequence for different tasks are all examined.
Calculations of allowedwelds per minute for a series of spot welds
and sheet combinations areoutlined. Calculations for thermal total
current for a working cycle timeof 1 minute, of less than one
minute and start of the next cycle afterone minute and for a
working cycle time of longer than one minute aredescribed.
*02-249409Quality of resistance spot welds on galvanised steel
sheets.MISICKO R; KASCAK L; VINAS J; FUJDA MZvaranie/Svarovani,
vol.58, no.7-8. July-Aug.2009. pp.189-192. 18fig., 3 tab., 14 ref.
ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]Experiments were performed to determine
the optimum resistance spotwelding parameters for joining three
overlapped 1 mm thickness sheetsof galvanised steel, with
application to car body fabrication. In twoseries of tests, using
10 and 12 welding cycles, spot welds were madeat four values of
current in the range 6-7.7 amp on D51D+Z (EN10142:2000, 0.15%C)
steel. Weld quality was evaluated bymacrostructural and
microstructural examination and measurements ofload-carrying
capacity.
*02-249468Effects of welding parameters on mechanical properties
andmicrostructure of resistance spot welded DP600 joints.ZHANG P;
XIE J; WANG Y X; CHEN J QScience and Technology of Welding and
Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011. pp.567-574. 14 fig., 2 tab., 15
ref. ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in
English][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]An
experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects
ofwelding parameters, including electrode force, welding current
andwelding time on the mechanical properties and microstructure
ofresistance spot welded DP600 lap joints. Dual phase DP600
highstrength steel with a thickness of 1.7 mm and a chemical
compositionof (0.084%C, 0.009%P, 0.0073%S, 0.01%Si, 0.032%Cr,
0.315%Mo,0.057%Al, 0.017%N) was used in the experiments. Weld
electrodeforce varied between 2-3.5 kN, weld current between 6-12
kA andweld time between 8-17 seconds. Tensile shear tests were
performedafter welding. The tensile shear load and failure energy
was measuredas a function of weld time, weld current and weld
force. Microstructureof the welded joints was examined. The effects
of welding parameterson nugget diameter and penetration rate, as
well as on microhardnesswere examined also.
*02-249480Resistance microwelding of crossed Pt-10lr and 316
LVMstainless steel wires.HUANG Y D; PEQUEGNAT A; FENG J C; KHAN M
I; ZHOU YScience and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol.16,
no.7.Oct.2011. pp.648-656. 13 fig., 1 tab., 26 ref. ISSNs:
1362-1718,1743-2936[in English] [See also Weldasearch
240446][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]An
experimental investigation was made to study the resistance
microwelding of dissimilar crossed wire joints of Pt-10Ir (Pt,
10%Ir)and low carbon vacuum melted 316 stainless steel
(0.024%C,1.84%Mn, 0.75%Si, 17.47%Cr, 14.73%Ni, 2.76%Mn,
0.017%P,0.001%S, 0.04%Cu, 0.024%N) wires of 0.38 mm diameter.
Theelectrode displacement and dynamic contact resistance at the
fayinginterface were measured using a data acquisition system
duringwelding. Two different welding sequences were used, including
doubleand single pulse processes. In the single pulse process, the
electrodeforce was varied from 1-5 kgf and the current varied
between 100 and500 A. For the double pulse welding, two pulses were
applied withdifferent electrode forces and current levels, which
were selectedfollowing observations during conventional single
pulse welding inorder to optimise the joint breaking force. Weld
surface condition,geometries and cross-sections were examined using
SEM. The jointstrength was measured for three or more welds at each
set ofparameters by subjecting the joints to tensile shear
loading.
*02-249491Electrode dressing makes a better spot weld.KUSANO
HIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.3. July 2011. Special Issue.
AWSSection. pp.110-114. 10 fig., 1 tab. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English]
(Based on paper presented at the AWS Detroit Section'sSheet Metal
Welding Conference XIV, Livonia, MI, USA, 12-14 May2010)[Similar
paper: Welding Journal, vol.90, no.5. May 2011.pp.28-32;
Weldasearch 247479]An analysis of the copper electrode face during
resistance welding ofgalvanised steel is presented highlighting the
correlation of alloy layerwith the number of welds and tips to
optimise tip dressing arepresented. A CuCrZr electrode with a 16 mm
diameter cap tip wasused to weld galvanised steel and the thickness
of the layer of alloy(79%Fe, 13%Zn, 6%Cu, 0.8%Cr, 0.8%Al) on the
cap tip wasmeasured following 100, 300, 400 and 500 welds. Use of
tip dressers isdiscussed focusing on inline autoelectric motor tip
dressers. Tipdressing guidelines (weld numbers, optimal tip
dressing conditions,weld parameters, cutting life, verification
devices, chips/shavingmanagement) cutting blade selection and
benefits of tip dressers (costs,splatter reduction) are
discussed.
02-249513Resistance welding - Vickers hardness testing
(low-force andmicrohardness) of resistance spot, projection, and
seam welds.BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION;EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR
STANDARDIZATION;INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR
STANDARDIZATIONBritish Standard BS EN ISO 14271: 2011. Publ: London
W4 4AL, UK;British Standards Institution; 2011. 12pp. 4 fig., 1
ref. ISBN:9780580674785[in English] (French and German versions
also exist)(Supersedes BS ENISO 14271: 2001. 12pp; [Weldasearch
204356])This standard describes the procedures for hardness testing
of etchedcross sections of resistance spot, projection and seam
welds in order todetermine Vickers hardness in the low load or
microhardness range of theweld nugget, HAZ and parent metal. It is
applicable to welds made inferrous and non-ferrous metal sheets
with a thickness 0.5-6 mm. Thestandard covers recommended forces
for testing resistance welds, testpieces, test equipment, testing
procedures and positions of theindentations, and the information to
be included in the test report.
RESISTANCE WELDING 10 Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December
2011
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02-249514Resistance welding - destructive tests of welds -
pressure test ofresistance seam welds.BRITISH STANDARDS
INSTITUTION;EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION;INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATIONBritish Standard BS EN ISO 17654:
2011. Publ: London W4 4AL, UK;British Standards Institution; 2011.
9pp. 2 fig. ISBN: 9780580688553[in English] (French and German
versions also exist)(Supersedes BS ENISO 17654: 2003. 9pp;
[Weldasearch 209575])This standard specifies requirements for a
pressure test on resistanceseam welds in the destructive testing of
welds in metallic materials, inorder to determine the suitability
of the material, process equipment,process parameters and other
factors relevant to container constructionby resistance seam
welding. It applies to single sheet thicknesses rangingfrom 0.3 mm
to 3.2 mm.
03 ENERGY BEAM PROCESSES
See also abstracts: 01-249194, 01-249393, 01-249465,
09-249260,09-249261, 11-249450, 23-249229, 32-249379, 43-249370,
44-249398,52-249441, 60-249498, 63-249308
*03-249174Laser technique shortens welding process for
heat-treatable steels.PRAKTISCHE METALLOGRAPHIE/PRACTICAL
METALLOGRAPHYPraktische Metallographie/Practical Metallography,
vol.47, no.12. Dec.2010.p.735. 2 fig. ISSN: 0032-678X[in English]A
process developed by the Laser Zentrum Hannover (LZH) and
Institutefor Electrotechnology (ETP) for one step inductive
hardening andwelding for multi-part heat treatable steel
constructional elements is outlined.A structural diagram of the
laser processing head developed for this techniqueis provided. The
parts are heated to a temperature of over 900 deg.C,welded and then
quenched. The advantages of the head and the processdescribed.LASER
ZENTRUM HANNOVER EV; INSTITUTEELECTROTECHNOLOGY, LEIBNIZ
UNIVERSITAT HANNOVER
*03-249188The joining of magnesium alloy to steel.LIU L MIn
Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ:
Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 1:
General. Chapter 6. pp.63-78. 13 fig., 2 tab., 25 ref.
ISBNs:9781845696924, 9780857090423[in English]The production of
welded joints composed of magnesium alloy andsteel is reviewed. The
problems that arise in joining Mg alloys to steelare outlined, as
are the physical and chemical properties of thesemetals. The
principles for the hybrid laser TIG welding of lap jointsbetween
sheets of AZ31B Mg alloy and Q235 low carbon steel areoutlined,
including use of a nickel interlayer. Properties of the
weldedjoints were investigated, with focus on the effects of
processparameters (laser power, welding speed, defocusing; TIG
current) onlap shear strength and microstructure. The distribution
of nickel wasdetermined in the joints made with an Ni interlayer
and the bondingmechanism was investigated. Future trends in the
joining of Mg alloysto steel are outlined.
*03-249197Laser welding of magnesium alloys.SHAN JIn Book:
Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ:
Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2:
Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 17.pp.306-350.
36 fig., 6 tab., 69 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423[in
English]The application of laser welding to the joining of
magnesium alloys isreviewed. The laser welding process is
characterised (largely using mildsteel as an example) with regard
to the physical process, and theinfluence of the welding
parameters, such as the character and power ofthe laser beam,
welding speed, focal position, heat input and theimportance of and
selection of shielding gas, is examined. Theweldability of Mg
alloys and the advantages of using laser welding areoutlined, and
the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mgalloys that have
undergone laser welding are described. The nature andcauses of
defects that are typically found in laser welded Mg alloys
areexplored, including solidification cracking, liquation cracking,
moltenpool collapse and hydrogen porosity. Finally, the outlook for
thistechnique and possible future trends are outlined.
*03-249296The importance of moving gradually from the capillary
front inlaser welding and cutting. Part 1 (Zur Bedeutung von
gleitendenStufen an der Kapillarfront beim Schweissen und Schneiden
...).BERGER P; SCHUSTER R; ZVYAGOLSKAYA M; HUGEL H;SCHAFER
PSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011.
pp.20-26,27-28. 10 fig., 49 ref. ISSN: 0036-7184[in
German]Investigations of phenomena influencing the quality of fibre
laser anddisc laser welding in the 1 micrometre wavelength range
are describedwith an outline of the theoretical background and
visualisation ofcapillary dynamics. The concept of energy coupling
and fluidmechanical processes is illustrated by a short summary of
studies ofwelding and cutting. Outlines are given of studies of
deep penetrationwelding, cutting, Fresnel absorption as a
determining parameter ofmovement of the keyhole, the mechanisms of
the pulse input into themolten mass with advance of the keyhole
along the weld and the effectof plasma in the capillary.
Visualisation experiments in water for a CWlaser of 10.6 micrometre
wavelength, power 500-1000 W, for 5seconds with zero and 6.7 m/min
feed speed and in ice of -7 deg.C,beam power of 500-1000 W, feed
speeds of 1-10 m/min are described.
*03-249298Laser-MIG hybrid welding - extension from the macro-
into themicrorange (Laserstrahl-MIG-Hybridschweissen -
DieErweiterung vom Makro- in den Mikrobereich).REISGEN U; OLSCHOK
S; MAVANY MSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011.
pp.34-40.17 fig., 1 tab., 9 ref. ISSN: 0036-7184[in German] [See
also Weldasearch 241137]The results of tests on laser-MIG hybrid
welding and mechanicaltechnological properties of the resulting
welds are described. The testequipment was a laser unit with two
diode pumped fibre lasers ofwavelength 1070 nm, maximum beam power
250 and 200 W and a laserof 300 W power, MIG power supply for 0-32
V and 2-200A,modified contact tube, wire feed unit for 0.3-1.6 mm
diameter at0.05-20 m/min feed rate. The parent materials were
stainless steel(X5CrNi18-10 and X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2) and aluminium
Al99.5.
Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December 2011 11 ENERGY BEAM
PROCESSES
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Mechanical-technological properties of welds in austenitic CrNi
steelusing hardness measured according to DIN EN ISO 6507-1 and
tensiletests are described. Results of micro hybrid welding tests
on sheet ofthickness 0.25 mm in X5CrNi18-8 are described. For
aluminiumwelding tests, sheet of thickness 0.5 mm in Al 99.5 and
filler wireSG-AlSi12 were used.
*03-249322Laser welding of precision engineering
components.GOPAL K A; MURUGAN S; VENUGOPAL S;KASIVISWANATHAN K
VIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.2. Apr.2011. pp.54-59. 9 fig.,
4tab., 2 ref. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English]A presentation is made of
the techniques used in the production of avariety of intricate
precision engineering components fabricated usinglaser welding
(LBW). A brief introduction to the LBW process is givenand the
details of the Nd-YAG pulsed solid-state laser systemavailable at
the Indira Ghandi Centre for Atomic Research Centre,India, are
presented. Examples of fabricated components include MIcoil
termination in an eddy current based position sensor and a
sodiumleak detector in a diverse safety rod drive mechanism of a
prototypefast breeder reactor, and austenitic stainless steel 316
components foran Ir-192 high dose rate source holder, used in
cancer treatment, for theBoard of Radiation and Isotope Technology,
Mumbai. Laser weldingparameters are presented and results are
discussed for each trial.
*03-249331Laser welding of root welds of thick joints of
heat-resistant steel.CHERNAYA T I; TSARYUK A K; SIORA A V;
SHELYAGIN V D;KHASKIN V YuPaton Welding Journal, no.2. Feb.2010.
pp.14-17. 5 fig., 3 ref. ISSN:0957-798X[in English and Russian]
(Translated from Avtomaticheskaya Svarka)Experiments to determine
optimum process conditions for laser rootwelding of turbine rotors
are summarised and recommendations aremade. Preliminary experiments
were conducted using butt joints in 5mm thickness type 20 steel
(0.2%C, 0.5%Mn) and a solid state laser.Effects of laser power (2.5
- 4 kW), shielding gas mixture (CO2, 0 or18%Ar), and laser focus
relative to the surface were evaluated withrespect to welding
defects and back bead shape. This experience wascarried forward to
root welding in V or U groove in 30 mm thickness25Kh2NMFA heat
resistant steel (0.22%C, 0.44%Mn, 1.87%Cr,1.38%Ni, 0.36%Mo, 0.04%V)
with and without SV-08G2S filler wire,with 250-300 deg.C preheat. A
set of recommended process conditionswas derived and is listed.
03-249339Improvement of mechanical properties of Inconel 718
electronbeam welds - influence of welding techniques and postweld
heattreatment.MADHUSUDHANA REDDY G; SRINIVASA MURTHY C V;SRINIVASA
RAO K; PRASAD RAO KInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, vol.43,no.7. 2009. pp.671-680. 9 fig., 7 tab., 17 ref.
ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The effects of welding
techniques and PWHT on electron beam welded(EBW) Inconel 718 joints
were investigated. Solution-treated sheets ofInconel 718
(50.0%Ni+Co, 0.08%C, 0.35%Mn, 20.0%Cr, 2.7%Mo,0.56%Al, 1.13%Ti,
0.15%Cu, 4.93%Nb) of dimensions 205 x 105 x3.1 mm underwent EBW
using the following parameters: gun to work
distance 275 mm; accelerating voltage 55 kV; beam current 22-25
mA;beam focus on or slightly above the surface; welding speed 1.5
m/min;vacuum level 0.04 Pa; heat input 48.4-55 J/mm. Joints were
producedeither using no electron beam oscillation or using the
followingoscillation patterns and constant amplitude: sinusoidal,
square,triangular, ramp, circular and elliptical. After undergoing
one of twosolutionising treatments (980 deg.C or 1080 deg.C for 1
h, air cooling),the welded samples were subjected to a duplex
ageing treatmentconsisting of 8 h furnace cooling at 720 deg.C
followed by 8 h aircooling at 620 deg.C. Joint microstructure
(particularly Laves phasecontent), distribution of Nb, hardness,
yield strength, tensile strength,elongation and locus of failure
were determined. The results arediscussed with regard to weld Nb
segregation, Laves phase formationand response to ageing.
03-2493403D finite element temperature field modelling for
direct laserfabrication.YANG J; WANG FInternational Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.43,no.11. 2009.
pp.1060-1068. 10 fig., 1 tab., 19 ref. ISSNs:
0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The development of a
three-dimensional finite element temperaturefield model capable of
describing the thermal dynamics behaviour thatoccurs during direct
laser fabrication (DLF), also known as laserengineered net shaping,
is discussed. The topics addressed includefeatures of DLF
temperature field modelling; difficulties and possiblesolutions;
and heat transfer and equations related to modelling of theDLF
process. A case study involving repair by laser surfacing
isdescribed and solved using the applied temperature field model.
Theeffects of non-linear thermal properties in pure nickel on
thetemperature distribution in the model are estimated.
03-249341Statistical analysis of recast formation in laser
drilled acuteblind holes in CMSX-4 nickel superalloy.LEIGH S; SEZER
K; LI L; GRAFTON-REED C; CUTTELL MInternational Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, vol.43,no.11. 2009. pp.1094-1105. 11
fig., 6 tab., 22 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The
influence of welding parameters on the metallurgy and
drillingvelocity during laser percussion drilling of CMSX-4 nickel
superalloywas investigated. Acute blind holes were laser drilled in
CMSX-4sheets of thickness 2 mm using a 300 W pulsed Nd:YAG laser
(laserhead inclination 30 degrees; assist gas oxygen) delivered via
a 300micrometre optical fibre and emitting at a wavelength of
1.06micrometres. A central composite design and a response
surfacemethod were applied to identify the significant processing
factors andrelationships with measured outputs: the independent
processvariables selected for study were pulse energy (2-5 J),
pulse width(0.2-0.6 ms), pulse frequency (30-100 Hz) and gas
pressure (200-600kPa), and the thickness of the recast layer on the
internal walls of thedrilled holes was selected as the primary
response variable of interest.The maximum thickness of the recast
layers on the walls and at thebottom of the holes was measured, and
the drilling velocities weredetermined. The results of
statistically modelling the experimental dataand the optimisation
of the laser drilling process are discussed. Resultsare applicable
to gas turbine aero engine blades.
ENERGY BEAM PROCESSES 12 Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12,
December 2011
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03-249345Effects of heat input on microstructure and mechanical
propertyof Al/Ti joints by rectangular spot laser welding-brazing
method.CHEN Y B; CHAN S H; LI L QInternational Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.3. 2009. pp.265-272. 12 fig., 2
tab., 18 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The effects of
heat input on dissimilar titanium/aluminium alloy buttjoints
produced by means of a novel laser welding-brazing method withcored
filler wire were investigated. A laser welding-brazing process
inwhich the CO2 laser beam (laser power 2.4 kW; double shielding
gasargon) was modulated to a 2 x 4 mm rectangular spot was used to
join5A06 aluminium alloy (Al, 5.8-6.8%Mg, 0.1%Cu,
0.5-0.8%Mn,0.4%Fe, 0.2%Zn) and Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy (Ti,
5.5-6.8%Al,3.5-4.5%V, 0.3%Fe) in a butt joint configuration with
heat inputs of144-720 kJ/m. An Al-12%Si (Al, 12.0%Si, 0.15%Ti,
0.1%Mg,0.3%Cu, 0.15%Mn, 0.8%Fe, 0.2%Zn) flux-cored filler wire
(diameter2 mm) was fed in front of the laser beam at an angle of 30
degrees. Thejoints' microstructure and chemical constitution were
determined, thecrystal phases of the reaction layer were analysed,
and the joint tensilestrengths were evaluated. The results are
discussed with regard to weldappearance and interfacial
microstructures.
03-249347Study of formability of tailor-welded blanks in
plane-strainstretch forming.PANDA S K; RAVI KUMAR DInternational
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.7. 2009.
pp.675-685. 14 fig., 4 tab., 25 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in
English] [See also Weldasearch 243488]The formability of
tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) subjected toplane-strain stretching was
investigated. The parent materials were lowcarbon drawing quality
(DQ) steel (0.072%C, 0.430%Mn, 0.023%Al)sheets of thickness 1.0 mm
and ultralow carbon interstitial free (IF)steel (0.008%C, 0.088%Mn,
0.068%Al, 0.056%Ti, 0.026%Nb) sheetsof thickness 1.0 mm or 1.5 mm,
and sheets of both materials were usedin galvanised and
ungalvanised conditions. A CO2 laser was used tolaser weld
(continuous wave mode; key hole welding; shielding gasargon) three
different types of TWBs (IF1.5/IF1.0; IF1.0/DQ1.0;
IF1.5galvanised/IF1.5 ungalvanised) using the welding parameters of
3.1 kWbeam power and 1500 mm/min bed travel speed for blanks that
differedin thickness and 4.2 kW beam power and 1500 mm/min bed
travelspeed for blanks that differed in coating condition. Sections
from thelaser welded specimens were microscopically examined and
rectangularblanks (180 x 125 mm) were subjected to limited dome
height (LDH)testing in plane-strain condition. Finite element
analysis was used tostudy the effects of thickness, properties,
surface condition and weldorientation. The results are discussed
with regard to the LDH, thestrain distribution and the influence of
weld line movement onformability.
03-249350Analysis of weld pool dynamic during stationary
laser-MIGhybrid welding.GAO Z G; WU Y X; HUANG JInternational
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.9. 2009.
pp.870-879. 7 fig., 1 tab., 24 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in
English]A mathematical model simulation of weld-pool development
and
dynamic process during stationary spot laser-MIG hybrid welding
isdescribed. The transient numerical model is designed to shed
light onthe nature of heat transfer and fluid flow during the
welding processand takes into consideration typical phenomena of
both MIG weldingand laser welding. The topics addressed include the
governingequations of the model; application of the volume-of-fluid
method;solidification modelling; enthalpy modelling; driving
sources for liquidmetal movement and convection; laser absorption
coefficients; and heatsource considerations. The iterative scheme
used to solve the governingdifferential equations and all related
supplemental considerations areoutlined. The application of the
mathematical model to spot laser-MIGhybrid welding of an
aluminium-magnesium alloy is described.
03-249355Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar
anddissimilar stainless steel electron beam and friction
welds.MADHUSUDAN REDDY G; SRINIVASA RAO KInternational Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.45,no.9. 2009. pp.875-888.
20 fig., 5 tab., 13 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in
English]Similar and dissimilar stainless steel welds produced by
means offriction welding and by means of electron beam (EB) welding
werestudied in terms of their microstructural and mechanical
properties.The parent metals were AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel
(0.06%C,0.4%Mn, 17.0%Cr), AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel
(0.06%C,1.38%Mn, 18.4%Cr, 8.17%Ni) and AISI 2205 duplex stainless
steel(0.03%C, 2.00%Mn, 22.5%Cr, 5.5%Ni, 3.0%Mo). In the
frictionwelding experiments, rods (diameter 18 mm) of the parent
metals werejoined using the following parameters: friction force 3
kN; forge force 6kN; burn off 5 mm; soft force 2 kN; upset time 1
s; spindle speed 1485rev/min. In the EB welding experiments, plates
(thickness 20 mm) ofthe parent metals were welded in a square butt
joint configuration usingthe following parameters: beam focused on
work surface; gun to workdistance 275 mm; accelerating voltage 60
kV; beam current 132 mA;speed 13.3 mm/s; vacuum level 40 Pa. Weld
microstructure,distribution of Cr and Ni in the interfacial zone,
residual stressdistribution, hardness, elongation, transverse and
notch tensilestrength, and impact toughness were determined. The
results arediscussed with regard to the insights they provide into
themicrostructure-property relationships in fusion and solid-state
weldingof dissimilar stainless steel combinations.
03-249361Effects of copper addition on microstructure and
strength of thehybrid laser-TIG welded joints between magnesium
alloy andmild steel.LIU L M; QI X DJournal of Materials Science,
vol.44, no.21. 2009. pp.5725-5731. 11fig., 20 ref. ISSN:
0022-2461[in English]The effects of using a copper interlayer in
the hybrid laser-TIGwelding of magnesium alloy to mild steel were
investigated. AZ31BMg alloy (Mg, 3%Al, 1%Zn, 0.2%Mn) and Q235 steel
(0.2%C,0.7%Mn) were welded using an Nd:YAG laser and a TIG torch in
a lapjoint configuration in which the 80 x 60 x 1.7 mm AZ31B sheet
wasplaced atop the 80 x 60 x 1.2 mm Q235 sheet with a 8 x 65 x 0.1
mmCu (99.9% purity) sheet serving as an interlayer. The hybrid
laser-TIGwelding parameters used were as follows: tilting angle 40
degrees; TIGcurrent 100 A; laser power 400 W; welding speed 850
mm/min;shielding gas flow 15 l/min. Weld macromorphology,
microstructureand element distribution were determined. Specimens
also underwent
Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December 2011 13 ENERGY BEAM
PROCESSES
Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd
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tensile shear testing and analysis of fractured weld beads. The
resultsare discussed with regard to the factors affecting joint
strength, theformation of phases in the joint microstructure and
the joiningmechanism.
03-249372Quantitative characterisation of the microstructure of
anelectron-beam welded medium strength Al-Zn-Mg alloy.DESCHAMPS A;
RINGEVAL S; TEXIER G; DELFAUT-DURUT LMaterials Science and
Engineering A, vol.A517, no.1-2. 20 Aug.2009.pp.361-368. 12 fig.,
13 ref. ISSN: 0921-5093[in English]The effects of precipitation
hardening and autogenous EB welding onthe microstructure, solute
element distribution, grain structure andfine-scale precipitation
of a medium strength AlZnMg alloy (Al,4.56%Zn, 1.18%Mg, 7 mm
thickness) were investigated. Welded jointswere fabricated and then
subjected to full solution treatment followedby air cooling and
ageing. The grain morphology and texture wereevaluated by electron
back-scatter diffraction and transmission electronmicroscopy. The
homogeneously distributed small grain structure ofthe weld nugget
is described and the effects of zinc content on
nuggetmicrostructure are discussed. The differences in volume
fraction afterpost-welding heat treatment was examined in terms of
the magnitude ofsolute depletion. The relative precipitate sizes
and volume fractions inthe weld nugget are considered in terms of
microhardness.
*03-249399Laser hybrid welding with high power fibre laser - new
chancesfor use of laser technology.JASNAU U; SUMPF
AZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.3. Mar.2009. pp.63-67. 15 fig., 2
ref.ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]The use of fibre lasers for hybrid
laser - MIG/MAG welding isdiscussed, illustrated by commercially
available equipment andindustrial applications, particularly
shipbuilding. The availability offibre lasers up to 10 kW power is
noted; their advantages over otherlaser types is explained.
Equipment described and illustrated includes amobile control unit,
laser-GMA hybrid tractor systems, and weldinggantries. Performance
of hybrid laser-MAG welding systems wasassessed in one-sided butt
welding of 8 mm thickness steel and primedsteel and two-sided
welding of 16 mm thickness plate; full-penetrationwelding of 10 mm
thickness T-joint; and assembly of sandwich panels.
*03-249443The effect of unprecise parts positioning on joints
strengthduring laser brazing galvanised sheets by car-body
production.MATYSOVA M; SEJC PZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.59, no.7-8.
July-Aug.2010. pp.157-160. 5 fig.,1 tab., 3 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in
Slovak]The effect of inaccurate alignment of automobile body
components onjoint strength during laser brazing was investigated.
A Nd:YAG laserand CuSi3 hot filler wire were used to join
galvanised steel sheets of0.8 mm thickness in car body production
in Volkswagen Slovakia. Thebrazing procedure is outlined. Possible
reasons for joint defects arereported including incorrectly set
process parameters and inaccuratealignment or dimension of the
components. Test joints were made toexamine the causes of the
change in the gap width between the sheets.The joint tensile
strength was measured and evaluated according toVolkswagen's own
standards.
*03-249467Effects of laser parameters on porosity formation:
investigatingmillimetre scale continuous wave Nd:YAG laser
welds.NORRIS J T; ROBINO C V; HIRSCHFELD D A; PERRICONE M JWelding
Journal, vol.90, no.10. Oct.2011. Supplement: WeldingResearch.
pp.198s-203s. 11 fig., 19 ref. ISSN: 0043-2296[in English]Porosity
formation was investigated in milliscale continuous seamNd:YAG
laser keyhole mode welds in 304L austenitic stainless steel(0.03%C,
0.36%Si, 1.73%Mn, 18.09%Cr, 8.57%Ni, 0.16%Mo,0.2%Cu, 0.06%N,
0.024%P, 0.001%S). The 304L samples (100 mm x25.4 mm x 1.27 mm)
with weld length 89