Welcome to Unit 2 Any Questions?

Welcome to Unit 2Any Questions?

Getting Ready For Project 1: Unit 3

Read assignment carefully

Review Rubric and use as checklist

Proof read carefully. Don’t depend on Spell Check alone!

Use APA writing style. See sample paper in Doc Sharing.

Use KU Library, rather than the Internet to find your articles. If you aren’t familiar with the library, click on the link and take the orientation tour.

Questions?

Applied Behavior Analysis is grounded in Principles of Learning

Learningany process through which

experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time

A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experience

The study of LEARNING formed the basis for the approach in Psychology known as Behaviorism

BEHAVIORISM IS:The attempt to understand

observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses

IMPORTANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL THEORYPAVLOVWATSONTHORNDIKESKINNER

Types of LearningRespondent or Classical

Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

Behavior that is reflexive elicited by a stimulus)

When I smell food, I salivate

When I smell bad food, I gag

When A puff of air is blown in my face, I blink

Operant Learning

BF Skinner

Behavior that is shaped by consequences

I study hard for this test and get a high grade, so I study hard next test too.

I come to work all week and get paid, so I keep coming to work

The more projects I complete, the more I get paid, so I work as fast as I can

Important TermsIvan Pavlov: Founder of the practice of Classical ConditioningRespondent Conditioning: Synonymous term for Classical Conditioning.Unconditioned Stimulus: A stimulus that naturally produces a responseUnconditioned Response: A response that is naturally produced by the subject.Neutral Stimulus: A stimulus which normally does not elicit the response.Conditioned Stimulus: The formerly neutral stimulus which after pairing produces the responseConditioned Response: The response when produced by the Conditioned Stimulus (formerly neutral stimulus). Involuntary behavior: Behavior that can be modified through the use of Classical Conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)

Russian Physiologist

Won a Nobel Prize for studying digestion in dogs

Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

Conditioning:

The process of learning associations between environmental events (stimuli) and responses

PAVLOV’S DOGS (re-enactment, of course)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho

Pavlov’s Dogs

Digestive reflexes and salivation

Psychic secretion

Neutral Stimulus—Bell

Does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itselfa bell ringinga colora furry object

Unconditioned Stimulus—Food

Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned responsefoodblast of airnoise

Unconditioned Response —Salivation

A response to an unconditioned stimulus—naturally occurringSalivation at smell of foodEye blinks at blast of airStartle reaction in babies

Conditioned Stimulus—Bell

The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Will eventually elicit the unconditioned response by itself

Conditioned Response

The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been elicited by the neutral stimulus

JOHN B. WATSON (1878-1958)

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select–doctor, lawyer, artist–regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors" (p. 104)

WATSON, JOHN B. 1930. Behaviorism, revised edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE

BEFORE CONDITIONINGRat (NS) No Fear response

Loud Noise Fear Response

DURING CONDITIONING

Rat + Loud Noise Fear Response

AFTER CONDITIONING

Rat Fear Response

Ethical IssuesNot likely this study would be done today!!

Rescorla, Robert A. (1988). Pavlovian Conditioning: It’s not what you think it is. American Psychologist, Vol 43(3),151-

160.

Consideration of Rescorla Article The circumstances that produce Pavlovian conditioning

are not as simple and automatic as an introductory discussion might lead you to believe

Conditioning involves more than contiguous pairing that produces associations between stimuli

Rather Conditioning involves learning relations between events

Multiple associations may be made during conditioning Ultimately associations represent useful information

that is coded in the organism Not all stimuli are equally associable and some types

conditioning happens more quickly

Any Questions?