WELCOME TO SESSION Three. Research Research is a systematic and a replicable process which identifies and defines problems, within specified boundaries.

WELCOME TO SESSION Three

Research

Research is a systematic and a replicable process which identifies and defines problems, within specified boundaries. It employs well designed method to collect the data and analyses the results. It disseminates the findings to contribute to generalizeable knowledge.

Scientific Paper

A scientific paper is a written and published report describing original research results.

Categories of papers

•Research paper. This category covers papers which report on any type of research undertaken by the author(s). The research may involve the construction or testing of a model or framework, action research, testing of data, market research or surveys, empirical, scientific or clinical research.

•Viewpoint. Any paper, where content is dependent on the author's opinion and interpretation, should be included in this category; this also includes journalistic pieces.

•Technical paper. Describes and evaluates technical products, processes or services.

Categories of papers•Conceptual paper. These papers will not be based on research but will develop hypotheses. The papers are likely to be discursive and will cover philosophical discussions and comparative studies of others' work and thinking.

•Case study. Case studies describe actual interventions or experiences within organizations. They may well be subjective and will not generally report on research. A description of a legal case or a hypothetical case study used as a teaching exercise would also fit into this category.

Categories of papers•Literature review. It is expected that all types of paper cite any relevant literature so this category should only be used if the main purpose of the paper is to annotate and/or critique the literature in a particular subject area. It may be a selective bibliography providing advice on information sources or it may be comprehensive in that the paper's aim is to cover the main contributors to the development of a topic and explore their different views.

•General review. This category covers those papers which provide an overview or historical examination of some concept, technique or phenomenon. The papers are likely to be more descriptive or instructional ("how to" papers) than discursive.

How to Access Articles (databases)

• John Wiley• Emerald• Elsevier Science• Business Source Premier • Sage• ProQuest• Springer • Google Scholar

ISI Journal Citation Reports

ISI Web of Knowledge

1955 در سال Institute of scientific information (ISIموسسه اطالعات علمی آمریکا ) نسخه 1997را پایه گذاری کرد، در سال Science Citation Index نمایه نامه استنادی

8000 در دسترس قرار گرفت. بیش از ISI Web of Scienceتحت وب آن با عنوان عنوان نشریه در این پایگاه فهرست می شوند. با استفاده از این پایگاه می توان از

اعتبار علمی یک مجله مطلع شد و فهمید که یک مقاله خاص در کدام منابع مورد استناد قرار گرفته است. و با توجه به این قضیه ارزش جهانی مقاالت یک پژوهشگر از نطر

کیفی بررسی می شود.

فهرست می کند را، ارزیابی Web of Scienceدر ISI در پایان هر سال، مجله های که شاخص (، Impact factor)می کند. معیارهای ارزیابی و سنجش عبارتند از عامل تأثیر

می باشند. نتایج این ارزیابی ( cited Half – Life)و نیمه عمر استناد( Immediately )فوریمنتشر می شود. ISI Journal Citation Reportsهر سال در

How to Evaluate Articles• The journal impact factor:

Impact factor (IF) is it is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period (refer to http://admin-router.isiknowledge.com/?DestApp=JCR)

• Number of citations: No matter where you have encountered a reference—whether in a recent article, book, or conversation—the Science Citation Index® (SCI®), the Social Sciences Citation Index® (SSCI®), or the Arts and Humanities Citation Index® (A&HCI®) can tell you where that paper has been cited and then some (refer to http://isiknowledge.com)

Try to search for articles in well-known and credited journals, which are also related to your topic

Example of good journals for general topics in management:

• Academy of Management Journal• Journal of Management • Journal of Management Studies• Journal of Organizational Behavior• Human Resource Management

• If you want to see whether a journal is an ISI journal check it in:http://scientific.thomson.com/mjl/

• If you want to check the citations to a specific author, article or topic, check it in :

http://isiknowledge.com• If you want to view a report of citations of journals

and their impact factors you could find it in: • http://admin-router.isiknowledge.com/?DestApp=JCR

Components of an Article

• Title• Abstract• Introduction• Literature review• Method• Results• Discussion• References

Title

Title accurately reflects the upcoming body of the paper and conveys expectations to the reviewers of both content and approach, and authors are always better served by being accurate and circumspect rather than by creating false expectations.

Abstract

An abstract is a succinct summary of a longer piece of work, usually academic in nature, which is published in isolation from the main text and therefore stands on its own and is understandable without reference to the longer piece. It reports the latter's essential facts, and does not exaggerate or contain material that is not there. Its purpose is to act as a reference tool (for example in a library abstracting service), enabling the reader to decide

whether or not to read the full text .

Abstract includes:

• principal objective and scope

• methodology • summary of results • principal conclusions

Introduction

The main function of the introduction is to provide readers with a funneling framework: the general nature of the management problem being investigated, previous research on the management issue, and how the paper fills some niche or gap in that literature.

Literature Review

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic.

Literature ReviewA literature review uses as its database reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports.

Method

a. Purpose: gives enough information so that the research could be reproduced by a competent colleague.

b. Materials: gives specific sourcesc. Methods: explains research stepsd. Facilitates finding of specific information;

often these may also be used in the Results section.

e. Sometimes it is combined with Results

Results

a. Clarifies the object of each research, referring to tables and figures.

b. Points out salient features e.g. A is greater than B (without giving values); something is linear over a certain range of concentrations, etc.

c. Sometimes it is combined with Discussion section.

Discussion • In most Cases the section has three or four parts

depending on the nature of the study:

1. A brief summary of the results2. A discussion of the limitations of the research 3. Directions for future research4. implications for management

Discussiona. Presents principles, relationships, and

generalizations shown by results. b. Points out exceptions or lack of

correlation; defines unsettled points. c. Shows how results agree or contrast

with published work. d. Discusses theoretical implications and

practical applicationse. States conclusion(s), giving evidence

for each

References

• The American Psychological Association (APA) style is widely accepted in the social sciences and other fields, such as education, business, and nursing. The APA citation format requires parenthetical citations within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. Citations in the text provide brief information, usually the name of the author and the date of publication, to lead the reader to the source of information in the reference list at the end of the paper.

• http://www.apastyle.org/

Reference Examples

• Journal Articles General FormAuthor, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, xx(XX), xxx-xxx.

• Books General FormAuthor, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

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