Welcome to Dr. Rathma n’s Biology 156 Class !!!
Dec 31, 2015
Welcome to Dr. Rathman’s
Biology 156 Class !!!
2
1st March: Part IIntro. Lecture
• Introductions• Course Syllabus• Rules and Procedures• Lab Safety Notes• Break
2
Introductions• Myself • The Class: Biology 156 Human Biology
for Allied Health• Name Plates
Be Creative !!!
Dr. Rathman
All About Me !!!
Robin J. Rathman, Ph.D.
Born in Reading, Pennsylvania
Education
University of Delaware
University of Arizona
Washington State University
Peace Corps Volunteer
Western Samoa
1981 to 1983
Research ScientistEntomologist
University of Hawaii
University of Arizona
2008...present
Biology Teacher at Cienega HS
Adjunct Biology Instructor
Pima Community College
East Campus
IntroductionsMyself • The Class: Biology 156• Index Card Name Plates
Be Creative !!!
Course Syllabus
Read through SyllabusOn Receipt of Syllabus Page:
Add: Your NameYour MajorList Previous Biology ClassesDo You Work Full Time ?
14
Bio156IN – Human Biology for Allied Health
Section code: CRN# 21289
Saturday, Sunday 8 am – 4.30 pm
Dr Robin Rathman
Email: [email protected]
Class website:http://ecc.pima.edu/~rrathman
15
Textbook, Lab worksheets, Lecture notes and Homework questions
Textbook: Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th ed. Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn
Lab manual:• Purchase at Bookstore• YOU MUST BRING THE RELEVANT BLANK LAB WORKSHEET TO CLASS
Lecture notes:• I will post pdf files of lecture slides to the webpage
IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO COME TO CLASS PREPARED…
16
Grading
Grading Summary: Your total percentage will be assigned a grade as follows:
• Exams (3: 25 pts each) 75 pts• Quizzes (3: 15 pts each 45 pts• Lab activities (13: 5 pts each) 65 pts • Written Assignments (13: 5 pts each) 65 pts• Participation (10 pts per week) 50 pts===============================• Total 300 pts
17
Communication
1. Class web page:http://ecc.pima.edu/~rrathman
2. Email: [email protected]
3. Office Hours – You need to approach me during class to make arrangements for us to meet before or after class. I can meet after class for up to 30 mins as needed. I can also meet before class.
Class Rules
• P1: Be prompt• P2: Be prepared• P3: Be polite
20
Safety
You should:1. Wear goggles in the lab2. Wear closed toe shoes in the lab
Lab Safety Rules
• Video on Lab Safety• Notes
Summarize
23
24
March 1st: Part 2
• Icebreaker• Science Knowledge Survey• Notes: What Science Is/Is Not• Notes: Hierarchy of Life• Lab 1: Checks Lab• Break
24
25
Icebreaker
• With a partner, communicate 5 things about yourself without speaking or writing (drawing pictures is ok). Switch roles.
• Everyone will introduce their partner verbally. Partner can make corrections and fill-in missing details
26
Science Knowledge Survey
27
What do you think scientists are like?
What is science?
28
Scientist Stereotypes
29
Scientists at U. of Arizona
30
Pseudo-science• is a body of knowledge that claims to be “scientific”
(i.e. provide insight into the physical world) but fails to comply with the scientific method
• may deliberately deceive the public for political or financial gain.
• often makes statements that cannot be tested.• often makes claims without supporting experimental
evidence.• often ignores contradicting experimental results.
What science is not.
31
Examples of pseudo-science
• Extrasensory perception • Astrology• UFO’s & Alien abductions• Creationism
What science is not.
32
What is science?
Science is…• A way of knowing about the natural world & a method for
solving problems• A process designed to reduce the chance of being misled
so as to find the most probable answer– Science does not “prove” something to be true…
Different fields ask questions about different types of natural processes.
33
What is biology?
Biology is…
34
What is biology?
Biology is…•The scientific study of life.
•Biology is defined by life level’s of organization, which extend from tiny molecules to the entire living planet.
The Study of Life
36
Biosphere:all of the environments on Earth that support life.
Ecosystem:all organisms living in a particular area (i.e. rainforest ecosystem)And…all nonliving physical components of the environment that affect the organisms (soil, water, air, etc.)
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
37
Community:all the organisms in an area
Population:An interacting group of individuals of the same species*
*Species – where’s the dictionary?
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
38
Organism:An individual living thing
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
39
Question…1. A saguaro cactus is an organism?2. Those goldfish are a population?3. We are a population?4. Together, the goldfish and we are a
population?
False True ?
40
Question…False True ?
1. A saguaro cactus is an organism? TRUE
2. Those goldfish are a population? TRUE
3. We are a population? TRUE
4. Together, the goldfish and we are a population? FALSE, a community.
41
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
42
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
43
Organ System:A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Name an organ system in the human body.
44
Organ System:A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions
Human organ systems:•Nervous•Cardiovascular•Urinary•Skeletal•Muscular•Integumentary
• Endocrine• Lymphatic and Immune• Respiratory• Digestive• Reproductive
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
45
Organ:A structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions.
Tissue:A cooperative unit of many similar cells that perform a specific function within a multicellular organism
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
46
Cell:A basic unit of living matter separated from its environment by a plasma membrane; the fundamental structural unit of life.
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
47
Molecule:A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
48
Atom:The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
Atom
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
49
50
The Checks Lab
• Directions: each team will be given an envelope with 16 checks inside. Do not look at the checks until I say so
• Remove 4 of the checks and place them on the lab table…Don’t show the checks to the other groups
• Read the information on the 4 checks and try to formulate a tentative hypothesis to explain the storyline
• This is your original hypothesis. Record on the worksheet
51
The Checks Lab• Remove 4 more checks and formulate a 2nd
hypothesis…to explain the storyline. Record this on the worksheet
• Remove 2 final checks and formulate a 3rd hypothesis… to explain the storyline. Record this on the worksheet.
• Don’t remove any more checks
52
The Checks Lab
• Meet with other groups to compare data…
• Formulate a final hypothesis based upon all available data. This hypothesis should explain all the events in the life of the person who wrote the checks
• Share final hypothesis with the class
53
Writing Assignment• Answer questions on the worksheet
and turn in with group member names
54
55
What Have we done ?How Have we done it ?
• Experienced the true nature of science
• Evidence can be confusing, conflicting, seemingly random…
• Scientific explanations are only tentative. New discoveries may cause us to change our hypotheses
56
57
March 1st: Part III Process of Science
• Scientific Method Notes• Strange Case of BeriBeri• Scientific Method Lab• Break
58
The process of science
• Involves:– critical thinking
– evaluation and assimilation of ideas and information
– observation
• Results in:– solutions to problems
– explanation of events that occur in nature
59
Discovery Science
e.g. sequencing the human genome
• Descriptive• Observation and measurement• Inductive reasoning
• the process of thinking in which a conclusion is made based on observation
60
Hypothesis-Driven Science
• The observations of discovery science stimulate inquiring minds to ask questions and seek explanations
• A formal process of inquiry based on the scientific method
• Deductive reasoning
61
The Scientific Method
62
What is a hypothesis?
• A hypothesis is:– Based on previous knowledge– Not fact– Meant to be tested and challenged– Meant to be refined– We all use them in everyday life
63
The Scientific Method
64
The Scientific Method
65
To evaluate a hypothesis you need:
1. Accurate data2. Method to analyze the data
66
What makes a good hypothesis
1. Testable2. Unbiased3. Verifiable4. Account for all available data
67
Null and Alternate Hypotheses
• Null hypothesis: assumes that there are no differences in the outcomes
• Alternate hypothesis: makes a prediction about the direction of difference in the outcomes
68
Controlled Experiments
• Variables are factors that influence the outcome of an experiment
• In a controlled experiment there should be only one experimental variable
• All other variables should be held constant
69
Theory• A theory is a logical explanation or model
based on observation, facts, hypotheses, experimentation, and reasoning that attempts to explain a range of natural phenomena. Theories are constantly subject to testing, modification, and refutation as new evidence and ideas emerge. Theories also have predictive capabilities that guide further investigation.
70
Scientific Method
• It is essential to understand what is and is not possible to learn through the process of science
• Science cannot answer questions about morality, faith or values
• Science can address questions about the natural world
• We are going to incorporate the scientific process into our labs throughout the semester
71
Scientific Method In Action:
The Strange Case of BeriBeri
How Penicillin Was Discovered
72
Scientific Method In Action:
• The Strange Case of BeriBeri– Problem – Hypothesis– How was the Hypothesis Tested ?– Support or Reject ?– New Hypothesis
73
Scientific Method In Action:
• Alexander Fleming and Penicillium– Problem – Hypothesis– How was the Hypothesis Tested ?– Support or Reject ?– New Hypothesis
74
Sir Alexander Fleming
75
Penicillin InhibitsStaphylococcus aureus
Penicillium mold secrets the antibiotic penicillin which inhibits the growth of the bacteria
76
Scientific Method Lab Objectives
• Learn the steps of the scientific method and how they relate to problem solving
• Practice applying the scientific method to a problem
• Define: observation, hypothesis, experimental design, analysis, conclusion, bias
77
Exercise 1: Using the Scientific Method
• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Results
• Analysis
• Conclusion
78
Exercise 2: Designing Your Own Experiment
• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Results
• Analysis
• Conclusion
79
Review Question
• In your own words describe the scientific method
• Which of the 3 statements cannot be tested with the scientific method ?
• What are the limitations of the scientific method ?
80
Scientific Method & Blood Flow Introduction
In this lab you will form a hypothesis, conduct experiments and collect and analyze data
Who was William Harvey ???
William Harvey
He discovered that blood flowed or circulated through the human body
Video: Blood Flow Theory Summarize in your notebook:
What was the prevailing theory about blood flow in the 17th century
Explain the new theory proposed by William Harvey ?
What implications did this have for medicine ?
What is your “pulse rate” ? A measure of how frequently your
heart is pumping blood through your body
What affects pulse rate ???
Blood Flow Lab Measure resting heart rate Form a hypothesis and test one of
the following: Heart rate standing Heart rate holding breath
Blood Flow Lab Prediction: How does standing up
or holding your breath affect heart rate?
Observations Explanation !
Materials and Procedure
Groups of 4 students (Assigned groups) All members of lab group need to complete
2 data tables and answers all lab questions (in notebooks).
Lab Group Assignments Materials- get lab sheets, timer, calculator
Research Director- Timer Clean-up- puts materials away
Questions Question 1 (your hypothesis) Conclusions (Q 1-3) Rubric-
2 completed data tables Answers to all questions (complete
sentences)
Class Data Resting Heart Rate Heart Rate Standing Heart Rate Holding Breath
91
92
The Mystery Box
• Goal: each team is to make a prediction about what you will see when you open the box.
• You will have to make hypotheses, run tests, record results, draw conclusions and report your predictions to the class before opening the box…
93
Experiments
• Design experiments that will give you clues as to the content of the box
• Is shaking the box an experiment ???
94
Test of a HypothesisExample
• Hypothesis: the object is round
• Test Performed: Tilt box, listen as object moves
• Observations: There is a smooth noise ending in “tock“ as the object hits the side of the box.
• Conclusion: The object is round
95
Writing Assignment• Write down your box number
• Work for 5-10 minutes and try to come to an agreement as to what you will see inside the box
• Describe your “experiment” using the “hypothesis”, “test”, “result”, “conclusion” terminology
96
After 5 minutes…
• Trade boxes with another team that was far away and could not hear your discussion
• Repeat the experimental process and again describe your “experiment” using the “hypothesis”, “test”, “result”, “conclusion” terminology.
97
98
What Have we done ?How Have we done it ?
• What are common causes of error ?
• Is luck involved ?
• Did all team members agree on every conclusion ?
• How is this activity a model for every properly done scientific study ?
99
1st June: Part 3
• Lecture Notes for Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
• Reading Assignment/Homework/Lab for Wednesday
• Scientific Method in Action• The Check’s Lab
99
100
Notes: Chapter 1
• The Human Body: An OrientationI. Overview of Anatomy and PhysiologyII. Levels of Structural OrganizationIII. Maintaining LifeIV. Homeostasis
101
HOMEWORK
• Purchase Textbook $$$ (Edition 8)
• Bring Lab Manual to Class
• Complete “Scientific Method in Action”
• Assigned Reading for Wednesday:
– Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation (pages 1-11)
– Lab 1: Scientific Method
102
Scientific Method In Action:
The Strange Case of BeriBeri
How Penicillin Was Discovered