Welcome to AP Chemistry. It is several things It is several things Equivalent of 1 year college inorganic Chemistry class Equivalent of 1 year college.

Welcome to AP Chemistry

It is several things It is several things Equivalent of 1 year college Equivalent of 1 year college

inorganic Chemistry class inorganic Chemistry class A class that will prepare you for a test A class that will prepare you for a test

in Mayin May Hard work Hard work A wonderful way to start the day A wonderful way to start the day Now on to the detailsNow on to the details

What is AP Chemistry?What is AP Chemistry?

Rules and Procedures Rules and Procedures

You know the basic rules but here are You know the basic rules but here are a few that are specific for this class a few that are specific for this class

No food drink or gum No food drink or gum LATE WORK LATE WORK If you forget to bring in your If you forget to bring in your

homework, I will accept it ONE day homework, I will accept it ONE day late with a parent's signature, for full late with a parent's signature, for full credit. credit.

I will not accepted it any laterI will not accepted it any later

Rules and Procedures Rules and Procedures

MAKE-UP WORK MAKE-UP WORK It is your responsibility to make up all It is your responsibility to make up all

the work you missed. You have the the work you missed. You have the same number of days same number of days that you were that you were absent to turn in the missing work. absent to turn in the missing work.

Pick up any missing work, and notes Pick up any missing work, and notes before or after class. before or after class.

If you miss a test or quiz, it must be If you miss a test or quiz, it must be made up outside class.made up outside class.

Rules and ProceduresRules and Procedures

TARDIES TARDIES You will be allowed one ”free" tardy You will be allowed one ”free" tardy

per semester. per semester. The second and every subsequent The second and every subsequent

tardy will result in a detention. tardy will result in a detention. Repeated tardies will result in parent Repeated tardies will result in parent

contacts, and referrals, AND MAY contacts, and referrals, AND MAY RESULT IN BEING DROPPED RESULT IN BEING DROPPED

FROM THE CLASS.FROM THE CLASS.

Rules and ProceduresRules and Procedures

PASSES PASSES Since every minute of class time is Since every minute of class time is

valuable, hall passes will be given valuable, hall passes will be given only on an emergency basis, with a only on an emergency basis, with a limit of one per semester, except limit of one per semester, except under special circumstances.under special circumstances.

Rules and ProceduresRules and Procedures

LAB- Because of the importance of LAB- Because of the importance of safety in the lab, violation of safety in the lab, violation of laboratory safety rules and laboratory safety rules and procedures may result in loss of lab procedures may result in loss of lab privileges. privileges.

GradingGrading

Percentage scale Percentage scale 94-100% A94-100% A 70-75% 70-75% CC 90-94%90-94% A-A- 65-70% 65-70% C-C- 87-90%87-90% B+B+ 62-65% 62-65% D+D+ 84-87%84-87% BB 58-62% 58-62% DD 80-84%80-84% B-B- 55-58% 55-58% D-D- 75-80%75-80% C+C+ 0-54% 0-54% FF

GradingGrading

Quarter Grade Quarter Grade TestsTests 50% 50% Homework/Classwork 20% Homework/Classwork 20% Quizzes 15% Quizzes 15%

Lab Reports 15% Lab Reports 15% Semester Grade Semester Grade 40% from each quarter 40% from each quarter 20% on final20% on final

Extra CreditExtra Credit Assignments will be provided Assignments will be provided

approximately mid- quarter. approximately mid- quarter. They may be turned in any time until the They may be turned in any time until the

due date, (during the last week of the due date, (during the last week of the quarter) quarter)

Extra credit may be used to raise the Extra credit may be used to raise the quarter grade by up to one letter grade. quarter grade by up to one letter grade.

Extra credit is meant to be extra, so it Extra credit is meant to be extra, so it will not be accepted if more than 10% of will not be accepted if more than 10% of the other assignments are not turned in.the other assignments are not turned in.

What You Need for ClassWhat You Need for Class

Paper Paper Pencil or pen, Pencil or pen, Calculator- scientific Calculator- scientific

Book Book Lab NotebookLab Notebook

Why First Period? Why First Period?

College chemistry labs take more College chemistry labs take more than 56 minutes, than 56 minutes,

To do those labs we will have to To do those labs we will have to come early come early

I will give you notice of whenI will give you notice of when

Significant figures Significant figures

Meaningful digits in a MEASUREMENT Meaningful digits in a MEASUREMENT Exact numbers are counted, have Exact numbers are counted, have

unlimited significant figures unlimited significant figures If it is measured or estimated, it has sig If it is measured or estimated, it has sig

figs. figs. If not it is exact. If not it is exact. All numbers except zero are significant. All numbers except zero are significant. Some zeros are, some aren’tSome zeros are, some aren’t

Which zeroes count? Which zeroes count?

In between other sig figs does In between other sig figs does Before the first number doesn’t Before the first number doesn’t After the last number counts iff After the last number counts iff it is after the decimal point it is after the decimal point the decimal point is written in the decimal point is written in 3200 3200 2 sig figs 2 sig figs 3200. 3200. 4 sig figs4 sig figs

Doing the math Doing the math

Multiplication and division, same Multiplication and division, same number of significant figures in number of significant figures in answer as the least in the problem answer as the least in the problem

Addition and subtraction, same Addition and subtraction, same number of decimal places in answer number of decimal places in answer as least in problem. as least in problem.

More PreliminariesMore Preliminaries

Scientific Method Scientific Method Metric System Metric System UncertaintyUncertainty

Scientific method.Scientific method.

A way of solving problems A way of solving problems Observation- what is seen or measured Observation- what is seen or measured Hypothesis- educated guess of why Hypothesis- educated guess of why

things behave the way they do. things behave the way they do. (possible explanation) (possible explanation)

Experiment- designed to test Experiment- designed to test hypothesis hypothesis

leads to new observations, leads to new observations, and the cycle goes onand the cycle goes on

Scientific method.Scientific method.

After many cycles, a broad, After many cycles, a broad, generalizable explanation is developed generalizable explanation is developed for why things behave the way they do for why things behave the way they do

Theory Theory Also regular patterns of how things Also regular patterns of how things

behave the same in different systems behave the same in different systems emerges emerges

Law Law Laws are summaries of observationsLaws are summaries of observations

Scientific method.Scientific method.

Theories have predictive value. Theories have predictive value. The true test of a theory is if it can The true test of a theory is if it can

predict new behaviors. predict new behaviors. If the prediction is wrong, the theory If the prediction is wrong, the theory

must be changed. must be changed. Theory- why Theory- why Law - howLaw - how

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Law

Theory (Model)

Prediction

Experiment

Modify

Metric SystemMetric System

Every measurement has two parts Every measurement has two parts Number Number Scale (unit) Scale (unit) SI system (le Systeme International) SI system (le Systeme International)

based on the metric system based on the metric system Prefix + base unit Prefix + base unit Prefix tells you the power of 10 to Prefix tells you the power of 10 to

multiply by - decimal system -easy multiply by - decimal system -easy conversions conversions

Metric SystemMetric System

Base Units Base Units Mass - kilogram (kg) Mass - kilogram (kg) Length- meter (m) Length- meter (m) Time - second (s) Time - second (s) Temperature- Kelvin (K) Temperature- Kelvin (K) Electric current- ampere (amp, A) Electric current- ampere (amp, A) Amount of substance- mole (mol)Amount of substance- mole (mol)

PrefixesPrefixes

giga- giga- G G 1,000,000,0001,000,000,000 101099 mega - mega - M M 1,000,0001,000,000 101066 kilo - kilo - k k 1,0001,000 10 1033 deci-deci- dd 0.10.1 1010-1-1 centi-centi- cc 0.010.01 1010-2-2 milli-milli- mm 0.0010.001 1010-3-3 micro-micro- mm 0.0000010.000001 1010--

66 nano-nano- nn 0.0000000010.0000000011010-9-9

Deriving the LiterDeriving the Liter

Liter is defined as the volume of 1 Liter is defined as the volume of 1 dm3 dm3

gram is the mass of 1 cm3 gram is the mass of 1 cm3

Mass and WeightMass and Weight

Mass is measure of resistance to Mass is measure of resistance to change in motion change in motion

Weight is force of gravity. Weight is force of gravity. Sometimes used interchangeably Sometimes used interchangeably Mass can’t change, weight canMass can’t change, weight can

UncertaintyUncertainty

Basis for significant figures Basis for significant figures All measurements are uncertain to All measurements are uncertain to

some degree some degree Precision- how repeatable Precision- how repeatable Accuracy- how correct - closeness to Accuracy- how correct - closeness to

true value. true value. Random error - equal chance of being Random error - equal chance of being

high or low- addressed by averaging high or low- addressed by averaging measurements - expectedmeasurements - expected

UncertaintyUncertainty

Systematic error- same direction each Systematic error- same direction each time time

Want to avoid this Want to avoid this Better precision implies better Better precision implies better

accuracy accuracy you can have precision without you can have precision without

accuracy accuracy You can’t have accuracy without You can’t have accuracy without

precisionprecision

Dimensional AnalysisDimensional Analysis

Using the units to solve problemsUsing the units to solve problems

Dimensional AnalysisDimensional Analysis

Use conversion factors to change the units Use conversion factors to change the units Conversion factors = 1 Conversion factors = 1 1 foot = 12 inches (equivalence statement) 1 foot = 12 inches (equivalence statement) 12 in = 1 = 1 ft. 12 in = 1 = 1 ft.

1 ft. 1 ft. 12 in 12 in

2 conversion factors 2 conversion factors multiply by the one that will give you the multiply by the one that will give you the

correct units in your answer.correct units in your answer.

ExamplesExamples

11 yards = 2 rod 11 yards = 2 rod 40 rods = 1 furlong 40 rods = 1 furlong 8 furlongs = 1 mile 8 furlongs = 1 mile The Kentucky Derby race is 1.25 The Kentucky Derby race is 1.25

miles. How long is the race in rods, miles. How long is the race in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers? furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

A marathon race is 26 miles, 385 A marathon race is 26 miles, 385 yards. What is this distance in rods, yards. What is this distance in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers?furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

ExamplesExamples

Science fiction often uses nautical Science fiction often uses nautical analogies to describe space travel. If analogies to describe space travel. If the starship U.S.S. Enterprise is the starship U.S.S. Enterprise is traveling at warp factor 1.71, what is traveling at warp factor 1.71, what is its speed in knots? its speed in knots?

Warp 1.71 = 5.00 times the speed of Warp 1.71 = 5.00 times the speed of light light

speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s 1 knot = 2000 yd/h exactly1 knot = 2000 yd/h exactly

ExamplesExamples Apothecaries (druggists) use the Apothecaries (druggists) use the

following set of measures in the English following set of measures in the English system: system:

20 grains ap = 1 scruple (exact) 20 grains ap = 1 scruple (exact) 3 scruples = 1 dram ap (exact) 3 scruples = 1 dram ap (exact) 8 dram ap = 1 oz. ap (exact) 8 dram ap = 1 oz. ap (exact) 1 dram ap = 3.888 g 1 dram ap = 3.888 g 1 oz. ap = ? oz. troy 1 oz. ap = ? oz. troy What is the mass of 1 scruple in grams?What is the mass of 1 scruple in grams?

ExamplesExamples

The speed of light is 3.00 x 108 m/s. The speed of light is 3.00 x 108 m/s. How far will a beam of light travel in How far will a beam of light travel in 1.00 ns? 1.00 ns?

Temperature and Density Temperature and Density

Temperature Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic A measure of the average kinetic energy energy

Different temperature scales, all are Different temperature scales, all are talking about the same height of talking about the same height of mercury. mercury.

Derive a equation for converting ºF Derive a equation for converting ºF toºCtoºC

0ºC 32ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC 212ºF

100ºC = 212ºF

0ºC 32ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC 212ºF0ºC 32ºF

100ºC = 212ºF0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC = 180ºF

100ºC 212ºF0ºC 32ºF

100ºC = 212ºF0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC = 180ºF1ºC =

(180/100)ºF1ºC = 9/5ºF

ºC

ºF

ºC

ºF

(0,32)= (C1,F1)

ºC

ºF

(0,32) = (C1,F1)

(120,212) = (C2,F2)

DensityDensity

Ratio of mass to volume Ratio of mass to volume D = m/V D = m/V Useful for identifying a compound Useful for identifying a compound Useful for predicting weight Useful for predicting weight An intrinsic property- does not An intrinsic property- does not

depend on what the material isdepend on what the material is

Density ProblemDensity Problem

An empty container weighs 121.3 g. An empty container weighs 121.3 g. Filled with carbon tetrachloride Filled with carbon tetrachloride (density 1.53 g/cm3 ) the container (density 1.53 g/cm3 ) the container weighs 283.2 g. What is the volume weighs 283.2 g. What is the volume of the container?of the container?

Density ProblemDensity Problem

A 55.0 gal drum weighs 75.0 lbs. A 55.0 gal drum weighs 75.0 lbs. when empty. What will the total when empty. What will the total mass be when filled with ethanol? mass be when filled with ethanol?

density 0.789 g/cm3 density 0.789 g/cm3 1 gal = 3.78 L1 gal = 3.78 L 1 lb = 454 g1 lb = 454 g