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Ecology, Cultivation and Use of Native PlantsHAPPY SPRING!
Tonight, we will get started at 6:10 to allow for local housekeeping on this first night of class.
BARBARA LARSON
Horticulture EducatorKenosha County UW‐Extension
PLANT COMMUNITIESIN WISCONSIN
Ecology, Cultivation and Use of Native PlantsSpring 2012
Influences onWisconsin Vegetation
• Climate• Geology• Disturbance
Wisconsin Climate
yellow ‐moist continental mid‐latitudedark green – moist subtropical mid‐latitude
Source: National Weather Service
Great Lakes Effects
Photo: NOAA
Image: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey
Glaciers
Photos (L to R): Virginia M. Kline Collection; Stacy Hopke, Burnett County Sheriff’s Dept
Disturbance
John T. Curtis• Evaluation of plant species and distribution
– Percentage of trees– Geographic range of species– Soil moisture
• The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities; 1959
Photo: Waller Lab, Univ. of Wisc. Madison
Tension Zone
Source: Vegetation of Wisconsin
Source: Vegetation of Wisconsin
Major Plant Communities, ca. 1840
Wisconsin Ecological Landscapes
Source: Wisconsin DNR
WISCONSIN PLANT COMMUNITIESBased on Curtis’s categories
Forests
Photos: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Forest Layers
Photo: Eric J. Epstein, Wisc. DNR; Univ of Wisc‐ Stevens Point
Southern Mesic Forest
• Moist, fertile soil• Dense canopy• Deep shade mid‐summer
• Missing shrub layer
Photo: Emmet J. Judziewicz, Univ of Wisc Stevens Point & Madison
Sugar Maple – S. Mesic Forest
Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Virginia M. Kline Collection
Beech – S. Mesic Forest
Photo: Kenneth J. Sytsma, UW‐Madison; Wisconsin State Herbarium; Virginia M. Kline Collections
Basswood – S. Mesic Forest
Photos (L to R): Robert Bierman, UW – Stevens Point; Virginia M. Kline Collection
Ironwood, Slippery Elm
Photo: Dennis W. Woodland, Andrews Universiity, Wisc State Herbarium
Spring Ephemerals – S. Mesic Forest
Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Spring Ephemerals – S. Mesic Forest
Photos: Paul Drobot, Franklin High School; Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point
White Trout‐lily
Spring Beauty
Dutchman’s Breeches
False Rue Anemone
Understory – S. Mesic Forest
Jewelweed
Photo: Paul Drobot, Franklin High School; UW‐Stevens Point
Southern Dry Forests• Sandy or thin infertile soils
• Thinner canopy• Dense shrub/vine layer
Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Bur and Black Oaks – S. Dry Forest
White oakBlack oak
Photos: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
White and Red Oaks – S. Dry Forest
Photos: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Black Cherry & Shagbark Hickory
Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Matthew l. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point
Mid‐layer Shrubs – S. Dry Forest
Hazelnut
Grey Dogwood
Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point
Mid‐layer Vines – S. Dry Forest
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Understory Forbs – S. Dry Forest
Solomon’s Seal
Wild Geranium
Arrow‐leaved Aster
Photos (L to R): Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Paul Drobot, Franklin High School, UW‐Stevens Point; Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Rough‐leaved Sunflower
Understory Ferns – S. Dry Forest
Maidenhair Fern
Interrupted FernPhotos: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Grasses/Sedges ‐ S. Dry Forest
Pennsylvania Sedge
Photo: Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point
Southern Lowland Forests
• Floodplain• Various soil types, fertile• Open canopy with dense understory
Photo: Emmet J. Judziewicz, UW‐Stevens Point & Madison
Cottonwood and Black Willow
Photos (L to R): John Kohout, donated to Wisc DNR, UW‐Stevens Point; Steve Garske, Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Commission;UW‐Stevens Point
River Birch & Silver Maple
Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point
Swamp White Oak & Elm
Photos: Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point
Green Ash, Black Walnut
Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Dennis W. Woodland, Andrews University, Wisc State Herbarium
Buttonbush‐ S. Wet Forest
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Vines ‐ S. Wet Forest
Photo: Christopher Noll, Madison; UW‐Stevens Point
Common Carrionflower
Forbs & Sedges – S. Wet Forest
Nettles
Photos (L to R): Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Univ of Georgia; Christopher Noll, Madison, UW‐Stevens Point
Green Dragon
Cattail Sedge
Northern Mesic Forest
• Dominant forest in northern Wisc• Less fertile soils than south• Minimal mid‐ and understory
Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Sugar Maple & Hemlock
Photo: Emmet J. Judziewicz, UW‐Stevens Point & Madison
Yellow Birch & White Pine
Photos (L to R): Kenneth J. Sytsma, UW‐Madison; Wisc State Herbarium; Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Mountain Maple, LeatherwoodN. Mesic Forest
Photos (L to R): Virginia M. Kline Collection Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point
Mountain Maple Leatherwood
Ferns – Northern Mesic Forest
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Club‐mosses – N. Mesic Forest
Flat‐branched ground‐pineRunning club‐moss
Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Club‐mosses – N. Mesic Forest
Flat‐branched ground‐pine
Photo: Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point
Photo: Emmet J. Judziewicz, UW‐Stevens Point & Madison
Running club‐moss
Forbs – N. Mesic Forest
Photos (L to R): Christopher Noll, Madison, UW‐Stevens Point Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point
Large‐leaved aster
Canada mayflower
Yellow trout‐lily
Northern Dry Forest
• Sandy, rocky soil• Nutrient poor• Open canopy• Fire every 50 – 200 years
Photos: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Pines – Northern Dry Forest
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
After Logging – N. Dry Forest
Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Sweet Fern, Hazelnut, BlueberryN. Dry Forest
Photos (L to R): Derek Anderson, UW‐Superior; Dennis W. Woodland, Andrews University; UW‐Stevens Point
Sweet‐fern
Canada blueberry
Evergreen forbs – N. Dry Forest
Pipsissewa
Photos: Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Virginia M. Kline Collection
Bearberry
Trailing Arbutus
“Conifer Swamps”Northern Lowland Forests
• Poorly drained • Varies with soil type & nutrients• Evergreens all levels (canopy, mid‐story, understory)
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
White Cedar Swamp
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Mid and Understory – Cedar Swamp
Photos (L to R): Derek Anderson, UW‐Superior; Kitty Kahout, donated to Wisc. DNR; Joshua J. Nemec, UW‐Stevens Point; UW‐Stevens Point
American Fly Honeysuckle
Oak Fern
Calypso Orchid
Tamarack/Black Spruce Swamp
Photo: Virginia M. Klein Collection
Tamarack/Black Spruce Swamp
Labrador‐tea
Photos (L to R): Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Joshua A. Horky, Botanist ‐ Lake Superior Research Institute; University of Wisconsin‐Superior;Keir Morse, Keir’s Botanical Photo Archive; Derek Anderson, UW‐Superior: UW‐Stevens Point
Leather‐leaf
Twin‐flowerDwarf red raspberry
Bog
• North of tension zone• Open wetland• Peat soil• Water – precipitation only
Photos (L to R): Emmet J. Judziewicz, UW‐Stevens Point & Madison; Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Carnivorous Plants ‐ Bog
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Boreal Forest
• Taiga• Cold, short growing season
• Along Great Lakes
nurse log Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Virginia M. Kline Collection
Boreal Forest
Yellow Clintonia
Mountainash & white spruce
Photos (L to R): Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Virginia M. Kline Collection
Savannas and Barrens
• Less than 50% canopy; minimum 1 tree per acre• Loamy to sandy soils• Fire dependant Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Oak Savanna
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Understory Oak Savanna
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Pine Barrens
Photo: Emmet J. Judziewicz, UW‐Stevens Point & Madison, and Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI, UW‐Stevens Point
Prairie or Grassland
Illustration: Prairie Plants of the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Arboretum
Prairie
• Less than 1 tree per acre• Grasses > 50% of plants• South of tension zone
Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Mesic Prairie
Photo by Eric Epstein, Wisc DNR
Mesic Prairie Restoration
Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension
Grasses ‐mesic
Photos (L to R): Dorothy J. Lott, UW‐Stevens Point; Merel R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Paul Drobot, Franklin, WI, UW‐Stevens Point
Big blue‐stem
Indian‐grass
Prairie Dropseed
Forbs ‐mesic
Photos (L to R): Theodore S. Cochran, UW‐Madison; Kurt Stuber, Kurt Stuber’s Online Library; Merel R. Black; Margery Melgaard, Door Co., all from UW‐Stevens Point Freckmann Herbarium
smooth aster
rattlesnake master
flowering spurge
yellow coneflower & beebalm
Shrubs ‐mesic
Photos (L to R): Christopher Noll, Madison, WI, Craig Rekoske, UW‐Stevens Point
New Jersey tea
prairie rose
Dry (xeric) Prairie
Photo: Christina Isenring, Wisc DNR
Grasses – dry
Little blue‐stem
Photos (L to R): ; Christopher Noll, Madison, UW‐Stevens Point; Stephen L. Solheim, UW‐Madison, Stevens Point
side‐oats grama
Forbs/shrubs ‐ dry
Photos (L to R): Eric J. Epstein, Wisc DNR; Scott A. Milburn, Midwest Natural Resources, Inc.; UW‐Stevens Point; aster & violet Merel R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point
Lead‐plant
Silky aster
Pasqueflower, prairie‐smoke Bird’s‐foot violet
Wet Prairie
Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection
Grasses & Sedges ‐ wet
Photos (L to R): Robert W. Freckmann, Merel R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point
Blue‐joint grass
Prairie cord grass
Tussock sedge
Forbs/shrubs ‐ wet
Photos (L to R): Paul Drobot, Franklin, WI; Mark Mittelstadt, Mineral Point, WI; Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; all UW‐Stevens Point Freckmann Herbarium