WELCOME BACK. CJ 411 Unit 2 seminar Effects of Depressants and Stimulants What role do endorphins play in drug abuse and addiction? What are the various.

WELCOME BACK WELCOME BACK

CJ 411 Unit 2 seminarCJ 411 Unit 2 seminarEffects of Depressants and Effects of Depressants and

Stimulants Stimulants

What role do endorphins play in drug abuse What role do endorphins play in drug abuse and addiction? What are the various types of and addiction? What are the various types of depressants and what are their effects on the depressants and what are their effects on the human body? Should caffeine and alcohol, human body? Should caffeine and alcohol, currently legal stimulants, be deemed illegal? currently legal stimulants, be deemed illegal? Why, or why not? What are other types of Why, or why not? What are other types of stimulants and what are their effects on the stimulants and what are their effects on the human body? Be prepared to discuss these human body? Be prepared to discuss these issues based on what you have learned from issues based on what you have learned from the course material and any personal the course material and any personal experiences or observations.experiences or observations.

ENDORPHINSENDORPHINS

• EndorphinEndorphinAny of a group of peptide substances Any of a group of peptide substances secreted by the anterior portion of secreted by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland that inhibit the the pituitary gland that inhibit the perception of painful stimuli. perception of painful stimuli. Endorphins act as neurotransmitters Endorphins act as neurotransmitters in the pain pathways of the brain and in the pain pathways of the brain and spinal cord. Narcotic drugs may spinal cord. Narcotic drugs may stimulate the secretion of stimulate the secretion of endorphins. endorphins. American Psychological Association (APA):endorphins. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/endorphins

ENDORPHINSENDORPHINS• Endorphins enable the organism (including many Endorphins enable the organism (including many

animals) to deal with psychological stress by animals) to deal with psychological stress by curbing an autonomic overreaction and curbing an autonomic overreaction and producing calm:producing calm:

• They slow breathing, reduce blood pressure, and They slow breathing, reduce blood pressure, and lower the level of motor activitylower the level of motor activity

• A “deficiency in an endorphin system that A “deficiency in an endorphin system that ordinarily would support feelings of pleasure and ordinarily would support feelings of pleasure and reinforcement might lead to feelings of reinforcement might lead to feelings of inadequacy and sadness” (Levinthal 1988: 149), inadequacy and sadness” (Levinthal 1988: 149), a phenomenon that would make the use of a phenomenon that would make the use of depressants essentially a form of self-medication.depressants essentially a form of self-medication.

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DepressantsDepressants

Depressants are a category Depressants are a category of drugs that includes of drugs that includes alcohol, barbiturates, alcohol, barbiturates, sedatives/tranquilizerssedatives/tranquilizers, , and the and the narcoticsnarcotics. .

Depressants are typically Depressants are typically addicting, and studies have addicting, and studies have indicated a relationship indicated a relationship between certain chemical between certain chemical deficiencies and the deficiencies and the propensity for addiction to propensity for addiction to depressants.depressants.

DepressantsDepressants

• Depressants such as heroin Depressants such as heroin inhibit stress hormones (such as inhibit stress hormones (such as cortisol and adrenalin) and cortisol and adrenalin) and stress-related stress-related neurotransmitters. A person neurotransmitters. A person who is having difficulties dealing who is having difficulties dealing with stress and is exposed to with stress and is exposed to opiates is likely to find them opiates is likely to find them rewarding and thus become rewarding and thus become addicted.addicted.

DepressantsDepressants

• Depressants such as heroin inhibit stress Depressants such as heroin inhibit stress hormones (such as cortisol and adrenalin) and hormones (such as cortisol and adrenalin) and stress-related neurotransmitters. stress-related neurotransmitters.

• A person who is having difficulties dealing A person who is having difficulties dealing with stress and is exposed to opiates is likely with stress and is exposed to opiates is likely to find them rewarding and thus become to find them rewarding and thus become addicted.addicted.

Tolerance to drugsTolerance to drugs

• What is this referring too?????What is this referring too?????

ToleranceTolerance

• Requires an increase over the previous Requires an increase over the previous amount just to get to the same state or high. amount just to get to the same state or high.

HEROIN: USES AND EFFECTSHEROIN: USES AND EFFECTS

• Classification: NarcoticClassification: Narcotic

• CSA Schedule: Schedule ICSA Schedule: Schedule I

• Trade or Other Names: Diacetylmorphine, Trade or Other Names: Diacetylmorphine, horse, smackhorse, smack

• Medical Uses: None in United States, Medical Uses: None in United States, analgesic, antitussiveanalgesic, antitussive

• Physical Dependence: HighPhysical Dependence: High

• Psychological Dependence: HighPsychological Dependence: High

• Tolerance: YesTolerance: Yes

HEROIN: USES AND EFFECTSHEROIN: USES AND EFFECTS

• Duration (hours): 3–6Duration (hours): 3–6

• Usual Method: Injected, sniffed, smokedUsual Method: Injected, sniffed, smoked

• Possible Effects: Euphoria, drowsiness, Possible Effects: Euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, nauseanausea

• Effects of Overdose: Slow and shallow breathing, Effects of Overdose: Slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, possible deathclammy skin, convulsions, coma, possible death

• Withdrawal Syndrome: Watery eyes, runny nose, Withdrawal Syndrome: Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, irritability, tremors, yawning, loss of appetite, irritability, tremors, panic, cramps, nausea, chills, and sweatingpanic, cramps, nausea, chills, and sweating

MORPHINE: USES AND MORPHINE: USES AND EFFECTSEFFECTS

• Classification: NarcoticClassification: Narcotic

• CSA Schedule: Schedule IICSA Schedule: Schedule II

• Trade or Other Names: Duramorph, MS-Trade or Other Names: Duramorph, MS-Contin, Roxanol, Oramorph SRContin, Roxanol, Oramorph SR

• Medical Uses: AnalgesicMedical Uses: Analgesic

• Physical Dependence: High for nonmedical Physical Dependence: High for nonmedical use, low for medical patients in painuse, low for medical patients in pain

• Psychological Dependence: HighPsychological Dependence: High

• Tolerance: YesTolerance: Yes

MORPHINE: USES AND MORPHINE: USES AND EFFECTSEFFECTS

• Duration (hours): 3–6Duration (hours): 3–6

• Usual Method: Oral, smoked, injectedUsual Method: Oral, smoked, injected

• Possible Effects: Euphoria, drowsiness, Possible Effects: Euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, nauseanausea

• Effects of Overdose: Slow and shallow breathing, Effects of Overdose: Slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, possible deathclammy skin, convulsions, coma, possible death

• Withdrawal Syndrome: Watery eyes, runny nose, Withdrawal Syndrome: Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, irritability, tremors, yawning, loss of appetite, irritability, tremors, panic, cramps, nausea, chills, and sweatingpanic, cramps, nausea, chills, and sweating

WithdrawlWithdrawl

• 1. Several hours after last use: anxiety, 1. Several hours after last use: anxiety, restlessness, irritability, drug cravingrestlessness, irritability, drug craving

• 2. Eight to fifteen hours since last use: 2. Eight to fifteen hours since last use: yawning, perspirationyawning, perspiration

• 3. Sixteen to twenty-four hours since last use: 3. Sixteen to twenty-four hours since last use: sneezing, sniffles, anorexia (severe appetite sneezing, sniffles, anorexia (severe appetite loss), vomiting, abdominal cramps, bone loss), vomiting, abdominal cramps, bone pains, tremors, weakness, insomnia, goose pains, tremors, weakness, insomnia, goose flesh, convulsions (very rarely), flesh, convulsions (very rarely), cardiovascular collapsecardiovascular collapse

!!!!Stimulants!!!!!!!!Stimulants!!!!

• Substances in this Substances in this category stimulate category stimulate the central nervous the central nervous system (CNS).system (CNS).

CocaineCocaine

• COCAINE: USES AND EFFECTSCOCAINE: USES AND EFFECTS

• Classification: StimulantClassification: Stimulant

• CSA Schedule: Schedule IICSA Schedule: Schedule II

• Trade or Other Names: Coke, flake, snow, Trade or Other Names: Coke, flake, snow, crackcrack

• Medical Uses: Local anestheticMedical Uses: Local anesthetic

• Physical Dependence: PossiblePhysical Dependence: Possible

• Psychological Dependence: HighPsychological Dependence: High

• Tolerance: YesTolerance: Yes

CocaineCocaine

• Duration (hours): 1–2Duration (hours): 1–2

• Usual Method: Sniffed, smoked, injectedUsual Method: Sniffed, smoked, injected

• Possible Effects: Increased alertness, Possible Effects: Increased alertness, excitation, euphoria, increased pulse rate and excitation, euphoria, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, insomnia, loss of appetiteblood pressure, insomnia, loss of appetite

• Effects of Overdose: Agitation, increased body Effects of Overdose: Agitation, increased body temperature, hallucinations, convulsions, temperature, hallucinations, convulsions, possible deathpossible death

• Withdrawal Syndrome: Apathy, long periods of Withdrawal Syndrome: Apathy, long periods of sleep, irritability, depression, disorientationsleep, irritability, depression, disorientation

Neurological EffectsNeurological Effects

• ““Smoked, snorted, or injected, cocaine Smoked, snorted, or injected, cocaine rapidly enters the bloodstream and rapidly enters the bloodstream and penetrates the brain. The drug achieves penetrates the brain. The drug achieves its main immediate psychological effectits main immediate psychological effect—the high—by causing a buildup of the —the high—by causing a buildup of the neuro-chemical dopamine”neuro-chemical dopamine”

Crack UseCrack Use

Crack CocaineCrack Cocaine

• Because crack is inhaled directly into the Because crack is inhaled directly into the lungs, bypassing much of the circulatory lungs, bypassing much of the circulatory system en route to the brain, it takes about system en route to the brain, it takes about five seconds to take effect—even faster than five seconds to take effect—even faster than intravenous ingestion.intravenous ingestion.

LegalityLegality

• Should Caffeine, Nicotine and Alcohol, which are currently legal, be deemed illegal? Why or why not?