WELCOME

Workshop Penelitian

Asosiasi Pendidikan Tinggi Arsitektur Indonesia (APTARI)

9 November 2011

WELCOME

Mohammed Ali Berawi, M.Eng.Sc, PhDFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of Indonesia

Editor-in-ChiefValue World

Journal of the Society of American Value Engineers (SAVE) Internationalhttp://value-eng.org/education_publications_value_world.php

Editor-in-Chief International Journal of Technology

Faculty of Engineering - University of Indonesiawww.ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id

Editorial Board / Invited Reviewer:International Journal of Construction Project Management (Nova Publishers,

Canada)International Journal of Project Planning and Finance (CIDI, Ghana) Journal of Construction Engineering and Management (ASCE, USA)

Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology (Emerald, UK)International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management (Emerald, UK)

International Journal of Physical Sciences (Academic Journals)

'Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all others because you were born in it' (Bernard Shaw)

Presentation Structure

1. Research Philosophy

2. Research Protocols

3. Discussion

Introduction

“A research is suggested to form critically investigating and evaluating a phenomena,

with the investigation resulting in an independent contribution to knowledge”

What exactly is research?

• “Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena.” – Kerlinger, 1986

• Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions

• Research questions ”dominate” the design.• Data and methods are to be selected so

that the purpose/objectives/research questions can be addressed.

The greatest challenge to any thinker is stating the problem in a way that will allow a solution (Bertrand Russell)

Research Problems

Methods Data

Philosophical BackgroundPhilosophy is the discipline concerned with the questions

of:

1. What sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics – ontology)

Objectivism meanings/existence is independent of social actors

Subjectivism meanings/existence is being accomplished by social actors

2. What counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology) Positivism the application of methods of natural sciences to

the study of social reality Realism a reality is independent, refer to real objects in

natural/social worlds Interpretivism the subjective meaning of social action

3. What are the correct principles of reasoning (logic)

4. How one should live (ethics)

We all bring (often implicit?!) assumptions and path dependencies to our research!

• What knowledge is – ontology• How we know it – epistemology• What values go into it – axiology• How we write about it – rhetoric• The process of studying it – methodology

(Sexton 2002)

Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis – Human sacrifice causes spring to return

Consequences – If a sacrifice is made spring will return

Test – Carry out sacrifice

Result – Spring returns

Conclusion (fallacious) – The hypothesis is correct

A hypothesis is a provisional statement put forward for the sake of argument, or for

the purpose of being tested

Hypothesis – Human sacrifice causes spring to return

Consequences – If a sacrifice is not made spring will not return

Test – Do not perform sacrifice this year

Result – Spring returns

Conclusion (valid) – The hypothesis is not correctAffirming the

consequentDenying the consequent

Causation and the logic of Research Design

Age

Sector (public or private)

Achievement orientation

(low or high)

A spurious relationship : when 2 variables or events are correlated but not causally related the relationship between 2 variables (coincidental)

SectorAchievement orientation

Degree of job security

A direct causal relationship is the cause affects the outcome directly, whilst if via other variables called as an indirect causal relationship.

A B C D E F G

Long causal chain

A

B C

F

D E

Multiple indirect path

Designing Research Protocols

• State Research Questions

• Review literature and select appropriate framework.

• Design research study (to answer your research questions) using a quantitative, qualitative or mixed methodology.

• Select sample (note: your sampling method determines who you can generalize your findings to).

Designing a Research Study (cont’d)

• Collect data (data can be qualitative, quantitative or both).

• Analyze data (using appropriate techniques).

• Interpret results

• Disseminate findings (write and present findings in understandable language).

Research Process and Milestones

Identification of the PROBLEM

Identification of the PROBLEM

Definition of the AIM

Definition of the AIM

EstablishObjectives

and Hypothesis

EstablishObjectives

and Hypothesis

LITERATURE REVIEW

(Information from Existing knowledge)“THE GAP” and “THE RATIONALE OF RESEARCH”

What is your contribution to knowledge?

LITERATURE REVIEW

(Information from Existing knowledge)“THE GAP” and “THE RATIONALE OF RESEARCH”

What is your contribution to knowledge?

Develop Research Plan

Develop Research Plan

Write up Conclusion Write up

Conclusion

Identification of the research population

Identification of the research population

Identification of data to be collected

Identification of data to be collected

Contribution to existing knowledge

Contribution to existing knowledge

Contribution to existing knowledge

Contribution to existing knowledge

Identification of means of data collection

Identification of means of data collection

Identification of means of data analyses

Identification of means of data analyses

Development of model/

frame work / and Evaluation

Development of model/

frame work / and Evaluation

StartStart

QuantitativeQuantitative

qualitativequalitative

Questionnaires, interviews, survey

Questionnaires, interviews, survey

Source: Professor Ghassan Aouad, Pro Vice Chancellor for Research, Innovation and Internationalisation, University of Salford,

Focusing on a topic

Asking questions while planning the research

- Is the topic researchable?

- Is the topic of enough interest?

- Will the results be of interest to others?

- Is the topic likely to be publishable?- Does the study (a) fill a gap, (b) replicate, - (c) extend, or (d) develop new ideas in the scholarly

literature?

To Do List

• In order to do an appropriate research design one must carefully formulate a research question.

• To answer your research question, you will need to choose an appropriate research method or combination of methods, and then do appropriate analyses ( analyses are not necessarily statistical).

• Robust Methodology• Clear aim, objectives, hypothesis, research

Questions • Good data collection and analysis methods• Comprehensive literature review, Critical Analysis• Strong Validation, Good reflections• Confidence, Other researchers will use as a

reference• Original findings• Appropriate structure of chapters (flow)• Writing style (exciting)• Evidence based, Well scoped (focus)• Intellectuality and creativity are evident• Strong theoretical underpinnings• Researching a phenomena• Contribution to knowledge clearly described

Good Research

• Weak methodology• Ambiguity in defining the aim, objectives, • Weak data collection and analysis methods• Superficial literature review• Superficial analysis• Badly presented (spelling)• Findings are not clearly reported• No reflections• Expected findings• No structure (flow)• Opinion based (unsupported statements)• No scope, all over the place• No intellectuality or creativity• Weak theoretical underpinnings

Weak Research

Writing Barriers

• Lack of momentum to write• Limited writing support available• Lack of time for writing• Lack of confidence• Fear of criticism and rejection• Limited knowledge of research process• Poor writing skills

Effective writers

strategies of professional writers

1. Schedule daily writing

2. Set daily word or page goals

3. Put off judging text during creation

4. Keep records of production

5. Reward goal achievement

6. Control writing setting and conditions

7. Obtain advice and feedback

Zimmerman, B. J. (1998). Academic studying and the development of personal skill: A self-regulatory perspective. Educational Psychologist, 33, 73-86.

five habits of effective academic writers

1. Write regularly2. Set realistic goals3. Start writing before they

are ready4. Seek help on early drafts5. Spend time on revision

Boice, R. (1990). Professors as writers: A self-help guide to productive writing. Stillwater, Oklahoma: New Forums Press.

Critical Literature Networking

Encouragement

Ownership

Dealing with problems

Think out of the box

Directions

Rigour

Get organised

Never give up

Focus

Good Methodology

Get Publish

Conclusion: Preparing The Research Proposal

INTRODUCTIONProblem statementAimResearch Approach

1

BACKGROUNDCritical LiteratureCurrent theoryCurrent practice

2Research MethodDesign of works3

CONTRIBUTIONResearch duration, budget, contribution. 4

The harder we work, the luckier we seem to be