weight typewriter.Evon Z. Vogt, and Angel Palerm. Social Science Section, Pan Ameri-can Union,Washington, D.C., vol. 1, 1958; vol. 2, 1960. 60pp. and73 pp. These monographs offer a

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Joanne S. Malkus, meteorologist atthe Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-tution, Woods Hole, Mass., has accept-ed a professorship in the department ofmeteorology at the University of Cali-fornia, Los Angeles. She goes to hernew post in January.

Charles A. Doan became dean emeri-tus of the College of Medicine at OhioState University on 1 January. He re-mains a professor in the college. Theformer associate dean, Richard L. Mei-ling, has assumed the deanship.

William P. Shepard, who is retiringshortly as chief medical director of theMetropolitan Life Insurance Company,has accepted the office of associate di-rector of the Institute for Advancementof Medical Communication (in NewYork), a nonprofit organization en-gaged in developing improved methodsfor communication within and betweendisciplines in the health sciences.

Wayne State University has created auniversity professorship with the aid ofa $110,000 grant from the McGregorFund. John M. Dorsey, internationallyknown psychiatrist, is the first appointee.He will leave the chairmanship of thepsychiatry department at the College ofMedicine to assume his new duties on 1February.As presently conceived, the univer-

sity professor will not be attached to aspecific department; rather, as "gen-eralist" for the whole academic com-munity, he will be responsible for a lim-ited number of regular credit courses ofwide usefulness to the student body andalso for bringing to the campus, as lec-turers and visitors for the benefit of thestudents, men who have "wholeness ofvision."

John C. Cutler, U.S. Public HealthService specialist in venereal diseasecontrol, has been appointed assistantdirector of the Pan American SanitaryBureau, regional office of the WorldHealth Organization in Washington,D.C. For the past year he has been as-signed to the Allegheny County (Pa.)Health Department as director of itsCentral Health District. He has alsobeen adjunct associate professor of pub-lic health practice at the University ofPittsburgh.

Cutler is succeeded in the AlleghenyCounty post by Warfield Garson, whohas been director of the PHS VenerealDisease Experimental Laboratory inChapel Hill, N.C., since 1955.6 JANUARY 1961

John R. Amberg, director of radi-ology at Milwaukee County Hospital,Milwaukee, Wis., has been appointedassociate professor and chairman of thenew department of diagnostic radiologyin Marquette Medical School's Radi-ology Division. The division also hasa newly established department ofradiation therapy, which will be headedtemporarily by division chairman S. B.Morton.

Clark K. Sleeth, long-time memberof the medical faculty at West VirginiaUniversity, has been appointed dean ofthe institution's School of Medicine, ef-fective 1 January. He succeeds E. J.VanLiere, who reached retirement agelast October but has remained in theposition of dean. Sleeth is a specialistin gastrointestinal physiology.

The American Society of Agronomypresented its three highest awards dur-ing its recent meeting in Chicago.

Michael Peech of Cornell Universityreceived the society's soil science award;S. T. Dexter of Michigan State Univer-sity, the crop science award; and J. K.Patterson of Washington State Univer-sity, the agronomic education award.

John C. R. Kelly, Jr., formerly man-ager of the technology department ofthe Westinghouse research laboratories,has been named to the newly createdposition of director, centralized tech-nical services, of the Westinghouse cen-tral laboratories. In this position he willconsolidate and administer the technicalservices formerly supplied by separatedepartments of the research laboratoriesand the Westinghouse materials labora-tories. These laboratories are amongthose being brought together with thenew products laboratories, the head-quarters design laboratories, and thepatent department into a new Westing-house research and development centernow under construction in ChurchillBorough, near Pittsburgh.

Nisson A. Finkelstein, research phys-icist, has been appointed vice presidentin charge of research for the Stromberg-Carlson Division of General DynamicsCorporation, Rochester, N.Y., effective1 January. He joined Stromberg-Carl-son in 1959 as assistant vice presidentand director of research.

F. Eugene Nelson, formerly profes-sor of dairy science at Iowa State Uni-versity, has joined the University ofArizona's College of Agriculture.

Recent Deaths

Mark Balderston, Easton, Pa.; 71;professor emeritus of physics at La-fayette College, where he served from1926 until his retirement in 1959; 19Dec.

Eric Temple Bell, Watsonville, Calif.;77; emeritus professor of mathematicsat California Institute of Technologyand a specialist in the theory of num-bers, who developed several importanttheorems; in addition to many technicalpapers and several well-known text-books, wrote popular works in mathe-matics, including a series of science-fiction novels under the name of JohnTaine; was working on a book aboutthe 7th-century French mathematicianFermat; was a member of the Na-tional Academy of Sciences, a formerpresident of the Mathematics Associa-tion of America, and a former vicepresident of the physical science sec-tion, AAAS, and of the AmericanMathematical Society; former editor ofvarious scientific journals; 20 Dec.

Martin R. Huberty, Los Angeles,Calif.; 66; acting dean of the Universityof California's College of Agricultureat Los Angeles, director of the WaterResources Center, and professor of ir-rigation, soil science, and engineering;12 Dec.Karl Lehmann, Basle, Switzerland;

66; archeologist and professor at theInstitute of Fine Arts of New YorkUniversity; since 1938 had directed theexpedition excavating the ancient Greekreligious sanctuary on the island ofSamothrace, in the Aegean Sea, underthe auspices of N.Y.U. and in coopera-tion with the American School of Clas-sical Studies in Athens; an authority onGreek and Roman art, archeology, re-ligion, and philology, he wrote a num-ber of books, among them a definitivework on Trajan's column in the Forumof Trajan, a three-volume study ofancient bronzes, and a book on the an-cient ports of the Mediterranean; 17Dec.

Valy Menkin, Kansas City, Mo.; 59;head of the pathology department of thedental school at the University of Kan-sas City; former head of the experi-mental pathology department at theTemple University School of Medicine;member of the Royal Society of Med-icine in London; had isolated nine sub-stances in investigations of various bio-logical manifestations of inflammationand was the first to demonstrate theanti-inflaemc.rtr rtsone;.13-Dec.

-- Lq

29

attempts to isolate the trephones foranimal tissue cultures. Instead of lead-ing to definite substances these studieshave only established the fact thatanimal cells require many materialsinvolving complex synergies. The futurewill tell if the same is true for plantcells." In my judgment this statementis untrue for either plant or animalcells. It seems to ignore all the workcarried out between 1922 and 1940 byRobbins, Bonner, and White in which,beginning with yeast extract, there wereestablished fully defined nutrients thatare used today in dozens of laboratoriesfor the cultivation of a very wide varietyof plant tissues. And it ignores the par-allel studies made between 1940 and1958 by which Fischer, White, Morgan,and Parker; Earle and his colleagues;and Waymouth arrived at equally ef-fective defined nutrients for animalcells. Carrel's "trephones" have beenrelegated to the limbo of "phlogiston,"but Gautheret seems to be unaware ofthat fact.The bibliography, in spite of its

length, is also incomplete.All of these biases makes one wonder

a bit about the depth of the work. Mas-sive it is. It will be very useful. But itis a highly personal work, and the readershould be warned that he will not alwaysfind therein completeness or objectivity.

PHILIP R. WHITERoscoe B. Jackson MemorialLaboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine

Advances in Organic Chemistry. Meth-ods and results. vol. 2. Ralph A.Raphael, Edward C. Taylor, HansWynberg, Eds. Interscience, NewYork, 1960. vii + 503 pp. Illus. $15.

This is the second volume in a seriesaimed at giving organic chemists criticalevaluations of the newest methods andideas in organic chemistry; it so admi-rably fulfills this purpose that, in mostcases, the experimenter can go directlyfrom the book to the laboratory whenapplication of one of the new tech-niques fits his problem. Internationallyknown chemists discuss and evaluatethe following topics: the uses in synthesisof alkenylmagnesium halides (H. Nor-mant); dialkoxy dihydrofurans anddiacyloxy dihydrofurans (N. Elming);ethynyl- and thioethers (J. F. Arens);ketene (R. W. Lacey); nuclear magneticresonance in structure determination(H. Conroy); hydrogenation-dehydro-6 JANUARY 1961

genation reactions, including enzymesystems (L. M. Jackman); ultravioletphotochemistry (P. de Mayo); and thechemistry of muscarine (C. H. Engster).

RICHARD H. EASTMANDepartment of Chemistry,Stanford University

Middle American Anthropology. vols.1 and 2. Special symposium of theAmerican Anthropological Associa-tion. Social Science Monographs 5and 10. Assembled by Gordon Wiley,Evon Z. Vogt, and Angel Palerm.Social Science Section, Pan Ameri-can Union, Washington, D.C., vol. 1,1958; vol. 2, 1960. 60 pp. and 73 pp.

These monographs offer a collectionof papers and comments concerning anappraisal of anthropological researchthat has been carried on in MiddleAmerica for the past 50 years. Thetopics were selected by Willey and Vogt,and in the introduction they say that"the authors of the principal essays wereasked to make a survey of the past, anevaluation of the present, and specula-tion for the future."

Contents of volume 1 are "MiddleAmerican archaeology since 1906" byA. V. Kidder, with discussions byRobert Wauchope and George W.Brainerd; "Regional sequences in Meso-america and their relationships" byGordon F. Ekholm, with discussions byEdwin M. Shook and R. S. MacNeish;"Studies on Middle American art" byTatiana Proskouriakoff, with discussionsby Robert L. Rands, George Kubler,and Herbert J. Spinden; and "Researchin Maya hieroglyphic writing" by J. E.S. Thompson, with discussions by Lin-ton Satterthwaits, Jr., and E. WyllysAndrews, IV.Volume 2 contains the following

papers: "The subsistence problem inMesoamerican history" by Homer Asch-mann, with discussion by Evon Z. Vogt;"Middle American linguistics: 1955" byNorman A. McQuown, with discussionsby Morris Swadesh and J. Alden Mason;"Middle American ethnography" byPedro Carrasco, with discussions byArden R. King and 0. G. Simmons;"Applied anthropology in Mexico" byAlfonso Caso and Gonzalo AguirreBeltran, with discussions by BenjaminD. Paul and Allan R. Holmberg; and"Theory in Middle American ethnology"by John Gillin, with discussion by 0. G.Simmons.

New Books

Mathematics, Physical Sciences,and Engineering

The Arithmetic of Computers. An intro-duction to binary and octal mathematics.Norman A. Crowder. Doubleday, GardenCity, N.Y., 1960. 480 pp. $3.95.

Annual Reports on the Progress ofChemistry, 1959. vol. 66. Chemical Soci-ety, London, 1960. 482 pp. £2.Boundary Layer Theory. Hermann

Schlichting. Translated by J. Kestin. Mc-Graw-Hill, New York, ed. 4, 1960. 667pp. Illus. $16.50.The Chemist of Yttrium and Scan-

dium. R. C. Vickery. Pergamon, NewYork, 1960. 130 pp. Illus. $6.50.

Digital Applications of Magnetic De-vices. Albert J. Meyerhoff, Ed. Wiley,New York, 1960. 623 pp. Illus. $14.

Foundations of Electrodynamics. ParryMoon and Domina Eberle Spencer. VanNostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1960. 321 pp.Illus. $9.75.From Dualism to Unity in Quantum

Physics. Alfred Lande. Cambridge Univ.Press, New York, 1960. 130 pp. Illus.$3.75.Frequency Power Formulas. Paul Pen-

field, Jr. Technology Press and Wiley,New York, 1960. 176 pp. $4.Geology of India and Burma. M. S.

Krishnan. Higginbothams, Madras 2, In-dia, 1960. 618 pp. Illus. Rs. 22.50.

Initiation a la mecanique quantique.Librairie Hachette, Paris, 1960. 336 pp.Illus.

Kernenergie-Technik. Einfuhrung indie Physik und Technik der Kernenergie-Erzeugung. Verlag Moderne Industrie,Munchen 23, Germany, 1960. 300 pp.DM. 36.

Lectures on Fluid Mechanics. SidneyGoldstein. Interscience, New York, 1960.325 pp. Illus. $6.60.

Linear Circuits. pt. 1, Time-DomainAnalysis; pt. 2, Frequency-Domain Anal-ysis. Ronald E. Scott. Addison-Wesley,Reading, Mass., 1960. 928 pp. Illus. $6.75each.Markov Learning Models for Multiper-

son Interactions. Patrick Suppes and Rich-ard C. Atkinson. Stanford Univ. Press,Stanford, Calif., 1960. 308 pp. Illus. $8.25.The Mathematics of Radiative Transfer.

I. W. Busbridge. Cambridge Univ. Press,New York, 1960. 155 pp. $5.

Physics of Precipitation. Proceedings ofthe Cloud Physics Conference, WoodsHole, Mass., 3-5 June 1959. GeophysicalMonograph No. 5. Helmut Weickmann,Ed. American Geophysical Union, Wash-ington, D.C., 1960. 447 pp. Illus. $12.50.

Precis de physique theorique moderne.Physique classique et relativiste et theorieclassique des champs. vols. 1 and 2. TheoKahan. Presses Universitaires de France,Paris, 1960. 687 pp. Illus.

Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. vol. 2.F. Albert Cotton, Ed. Interscience, NewYork, 1960. 409 pp. Illus. $10.50.

Tables for Petroleum Gas/OxygenFlames. Combustion products and thermo-dynamic properties. .L I. Berenblut andAnne B. DOwnes Oxford -lniv. Press,New York, 1960. 111 pp. $4.80.

33

__Kodak reports on:strange dances in the movies ... what Gutenberg might have done with photography...the deftness of enzymes

Favor for the high-speed congress

Dust Performs for Plant'sPollution-Control Mov-ies, Chem. Week, 84:84,86, May 2, 1959. (Procter&Gamble uses high-speedmotion-picture se-quences for the qualita-tive control of in-plantdust.)

The Ignition of Explo-sives by Radiation, J.Eggert, J. Phys. Chen,.,63:11-15, Jan., 1959.(High-speed photogra-phy proves that the det-onation of nitrogen io-dide starts before thelight flash ends, showingthat only a fraction ofthe energy is used forthe detonation.)

Time after time we have visited acustomer proud of some accomplish-ment with high-speed movies. He iswilling to show us-eager, delightedto show us. The projector is startedand we watch. We see a collection ofstrange objects. We don't know forsure what they are. Little seems to behappening. After quite a while, a newobject enters the scene from the left.Shortly another new object comes upfrom the bottom. The two dancearound each other, touch, and exitfrom the top of the frame. All is againstatic on the screen. After anotherwhile the reel comes to its end and wejump to our feet exclaiming heartycongratulations.He deserves congratulations, prob-

ably. If we had lived with the problemas he has, the objects in the picturemight have seemed no stranger thanthe face in the bathroom mirror; thedance might have been the triumphant,forceful, sudden, undisputed clincherto a vexatious problem; the all-purposeenthusiasm of the born salesman mighthave meant more.Nevertheless, we need not be

ashamed. We help scientists and engi-neers use high-speed photography bymanufacturing a group of films to thestringent mechanical requirements ofhigh-speed cameras. Kodak Plus-X Re-versal Film we make for reversal proc-essing to a fine-grain positive. KodakTri-X Reversal Film is four times asfast. Kodak Double-X PanchromaticNegative Film, which is a bit faster yetand very sharp, is picked when a quicknegative will suffice or when severalprints may be wanted later. KodakRoyal-X Pan Recording Film is pickedonly when light is very limited indeed;Kodak Linagraph Ortho Film, for ac-centuated sensitivity to green light;Kodak High Speed Infrared Film, forsensitivity to 9000A, with a maximumfrom 7700A to 8400A; Kodachrome

Film, for color, with low-cost commer-cial processing widely available; Ekta-chrome ER Film, for color at exposureindex of 160 or higher.Another thing. A bibliography on

high-speed photography. Every itemour library knows. Forty-six pages ofitems like the specimens at the imme-diate left. No pictures, though. Nocharge either. Coverage extends into1960. Got it ready to distribute to theFifth International Congress on High-Speed Photography in Washington inOctober.Eastman Kodak Company, Photorecord-

ing Methods Division, Rochester 4, N. Y.,would be glad to send the bibliography oranis;ver qutestions about the above-namedfilms.

Try these paragraphs:Routine commercial news item:Kodak Phototypesetting Film andKodak Phototypesetting Paper arenow sold by your* Kodak dealer.Deeper historical significance:

Gutenberg did a fine thing by invent-ing movable type. The fellows whoimproved on his idea with hot-lead-casting typesetting machines also didtheir bit for civilization. Now, how-ever, too many authors want to con-vey too many complicated thoughtsto too many splinter groups ofreaders. The hot-lead machines areat their best with neat paragraphsof well-carpentered prose. Well-carpentered prose has its place, butfor expressing the more severely logi-cal varieties of thought it is limiting,imprecise, unclear, windy, and cum-bersome. A more agile symbolism isneeded at popular prices. Alert print-ing houses are trying to provide thissymbolism through photographicmethods rather than through thebrutish hewing of lead. Give themtime and encouragement. We haveadded our little touch of encourage-ment by having these two para-graphs phototypeset. Whether se-verely logical or not, they look allright, don't they?

Creatine dissembledEastman 7911 N-Amidinoalanine 10 g. ..$4.80

Also known as dl-a-guanidinopro-pionic acid. Physiologists call it ala-creatine. Physiologists want to know

*Everybody, more or less, has a Kodak dealer. Oneperson can have several different Kodak dealers,even as one person at different times can havedifferent interests and needs. If you ever hear of aKodak product that interests you, never fester indoubt as to where to turn. Just write "EastmanKodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y." on the frontof a postcard and write your question, name, andaddress on the back. Don't forget to mail it.

it better. Some physiologists, anyway.Particularly those interested in vita-min E. Nobody-absolutely nobody-is more interested in vitamin E thanwe are. Matter of business.

Deplete an animal of vitamin E andcreatine shows up in urine. Creatine isNH2-C - N - CH2 - COH. Normally

11 111creatine is used by combining withadenosine triphosphate to make phos-phocreatine. After phosphocreatineyields up its energy, creatinine is left.Creatinine is anhydride of creatine.Vitamin E somehow mixed up in this.Creatine-to-creatinine ratio in urine istherefore good index of vitamin Estatus. OK.

Alacreatine is NH2-C - N - CH - COH.ii IINHH CH3 0

Note that difference from creatine isposition of methyl group. Feed alacrea-tine to rats and what happens in 6weeks? They become very weak, as innutritional muscular dystrophy fromlack of vitamin E (Nature, 187, 421).(Different etiology from human mus-cular dystrophy.)Does alacreatine take place of genu-

ine creatine in combining with ATP?Good question. Good answer couldcome from someone who buys ouralacreatine for further studies. Mightbeat us in learning new fact about be-havior of vitamin E. Would be conso-lation to know he at least used ouralacreatine.We make alacreatine by reacting

thiourea with ethyl bromide to yieldethyl isothiourea hydrobromide, thenadd this with alkali to alanine.Product splits out with ethyl mercap-tan. Ethyl mercaptan stench prettywell worn out as subject for levity.Nature makes creatine by two-step

method also. In kidney an amidinegroup from arginine transfers to gly-cine to make glycocyamine. In liver theglycocyamine takes on methyl groupfrom methionine, becomes creatine.It's all done with enzymes. Natureneater, cheaper, makes more usefulproduct.

If inconvenient to get from nature, getCreatinefrom us also as Eastman 951. Alsooffer Creatinine as Eastman 918. CreatinineHydrochloride as Eastman 7642, CreatinineZinc Chloride as Eastman 1272, and some3800 other Eastman Organic Chemicals.Complete catalogfrom Distillation ProductsIndustries, Rochester 3, N. Y.(Division of Eastman KodakCompany).

Price subject to changewithout notice.

This is otlwr advertisemet where Eastmo Kodak Compay probes at ranlom for mutuaIntrestsand occasionally a little revenue from those whose work has something to do with science6 JANUARY 1961 47

tionalizing them; that the Mexican Sci-entific Documentation Center shouldmake its services more easily availableto scientists in other countries; thatmore national scientific documentationcenters should be established; that gov-ernments should grant free postal serv-ices to scientific journals; and that fi-nancial help be given to a select num-ber of journals.The final subject on the agenda was

a review of UNESCO's science pro-grams, particularly that of the LatinAmerican Science Cooperation Office inMontevideo. Establier described pro-posals which will be debated at the gen-eral conference of the organization tobe held in Paris in November, and alsooutlined a series of long-term projectswhich might be undertaken by theMontevideo office. Among these wasone for an International Andean Year,during which teams of specialists indifferent fields would attack the prob-lems of this vast mountain chain whichso profoundly affects living conditionsin the countries through whose terri-tories it runs. Another proposal was fora full-scale operation directed towardrationalizing scientific journals. A thirdwould deal with the problems of theunproductive areas of the seas, lakes,and rivers of the continent. At the endof this discussion, Establier received thewarm congratulations of the meeting,both for the way he has directedUNESCO's science activities in LatinAmerica and for the organization ofthe Caracas meeting.The final act of the meeting was the

approval of a statement which it washoped would come to be known as the"Caracas Charter," in which the dele-gates summed up their views on scienceorganization in Latin America. Thetext is as follows.

The delegates attending the Seminar onthe Organization of Scientific Research inLatin America, held in the City of Caracasfrom 3 to 7 October 1960, on the initia-tive of UNESCO and the Central Uni-versity of Venezuela:

Considerinig:That although considerable progress has

been achieved in the field of scientificorganization in some countries of LatinAmerica, nevertheless they are not on thesame level as the most advanced countries,nor is there a sufficient number of re-search teams to cover the needs of LatinAmerica;

That the experience of highly developedcountries demonstrates that the most re-munerative investment that can be madeis in scientific and technical research;

That in order to overcome the situationof insufficient economic and cultural de-velopment, the encouragement of research,especially in the basic sciences, is indis-pensable;

That knowledge of science and its appli-cations should be introduced and devel-

oped at all levels of education, and thatit is at the secondary level that scientificvocations and talents can be detected;

That public opinion should be aware ofthe role and importance of science andof the achievements of Latin Americanresearch workers;

Declare:That a reevaluation of the organization

of scientific research is indispensable, ac-cording to it due priority among the prob-lems and prospects of Latin America:

That in order to carry out effective sci-entific activities not less than 2 percentof the national budget is required;

That special attention should be givento the achievement of high-level efficiencyin the teaching of the basic sciences;

That encouragement should be given toresearch workers by means of the full-time system, with a salary able to providea decent standard of living;

That many young students and gradu-ates with gifts for research should be ableto obtain fellowships, tenable within oroutside of their countries, and workingconditions which will allow them to de-velop their capabilities;

That the establishment of national sci-entific and technical research councilsshould be encouraged, in view of the suc-cess which these have had in the moredeveloped countries and in several LatinAmerican states;

That, similarly, assistance by the moreadvanced universities of Latin America tothose less well developed should be en-coLiraged;

That newspapers, and radio and tele-vision stations should give special atten-tion to the diffusion of scientific knowl-edge and of information about scientificwork in each country, for which purposethe training of specialized journalists, ca-pable of informing the masses as part oftheir important mission, about the dis-coveries and the benefits obtained fromhigh-level scientific and cultural activityshould be encouraged;

That governments, members of parlia-ment, business men and in general allcitizens should, in one way or another,seek the opinion of scientists and tech-nologists of good standing before theytake fundamental decisions affecting thedestinies of the countries of Latin Amer-ica.

The hospitality shown by the Gov-ernment and Central University ofVenezuela was on a princely scale. ThePresident of the Republic took a closepersonal interest in the meeting andaccorded the members an audience inMiraflores Palace. We were given anopportunity to see the different depart-ments of the university and the labora-tories of the Venezuelan Institute ofScientific Research, magnificently in-stalled at La Pipe near Caracas. Weleft Caracas firmly convinced that sci-entific research in Venezuela is at thedawn of a glorious future.

BERNARDO HOUSSAYColuncil of Scientific and TechnicalResearch of Argentina, Buenos Aires

48

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Forthcoming Events

January

25-2 7. Mathematical Assoc. of Amer-ica, annual, Washington, D.C. (H. L.Alder, Dept. of Mathematics, Univ. ofCalifornia. Davis)

26-2 7. Western Spectroscopy Conf., 8thannuLal, Pacific Grove, Calif. (R. C.Hawes. Applied Physics Corp., 2724 S.Peck Rd., Monrovia, Calif.)

27-28. Royal College of Physicians andSurgeons, annual1, Ottawa, Ontario, Can-ada. (T. J. Giles, 150 Metcalfe St., Ottawa)

28-30. Control of the Mind, symp., SanFrancisco, Calif. (Dept. of ContinuingEducation in Medicine, Univ. of Califor-

- -

nia Medical Center, San Francisco 22)28-31. Infertility, sectional meeting,

Intern. Fertility Assoc., Acapulco, Mexico.(M. L. Brodny, 4646 Marine Dr., Chicago40, Ill.)

29-3. American Inst. of Electrical En-gineers, winter meeting, New York, N.Y.(E. C. Day, AIEE, Technical OperationsDept., 33 W. 39 St., New York 18)

30-3. Clinical Cong. of Abdominal Sur-geons, Miami Beach, Fla. (B. F. Alfano,663 Main St., Melrose 76, Mass.)

30-4. American Library Assoc., mid-winter meeting. (Mrs. F. L. Spain, NewYork Public Library, 20 W. 53 St., NewYork, N.Y.)

31-4. American Assoc. of Physic Teach-ers, New York, N.Y. (F. Verbrugge, 135

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This apparatus is designedto provide rapid electro-phoretic separation by theapplication of as much as

5000 volts at 300 ma. to18'h" x 221/2" sheets offilter paper

ELECTROPHORATORIn order to dissipate the heat thus generated, the paper is immersed in a bifurcatedfiberglass tank containing Varsol, which is a light petroleum fraction. It has a highflash point (over 100 degrees C.), does not conduct electricity, and has the properdegree of volatility for this application. The Varsol is cooled by stainless steel coilsat the top of the tank. Cold tap water is adequate as a coolant.

The high voltage is connected to the inside of the tank by means of two nylonand stainless steel plugs attached directly to the edge of the tank. A highly reliableinterlock is provided by an extension of the handle for the cover. This stainless steelextension is the conductor which completes the primary circuit of the high-voltagetransformer. Thus when the cover is removed the high voltage is turned off. Thereare no capacitors in the apparatus.

Developed in the Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, NationalHeart Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service,Bethesda, Maryland. Special thanks are due to Dr. William J. Dreyer, whose co-oper-ation and suggestions are gratefully acknowledged by Gilson Medical Electronics.Ref.-Peptide Separation by Two-Dimensional Chromatography and Electrophoresis, Arnold M. Katz,William J. Dreyer, and Christian B. Anfinsen-The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 234, No. 11,November, 1959.

50

Main Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota,Minneapolis)

31-4. American Physical Soc., annual,New York, N.Y. (K. Darrow, APS, Co-lumbia Univ., 116th St. and Broadway,New York)

February

1-3. Solid Propellant Rocket Conf..American Rocket Soc., Salt Lake City.Utah. (R. D. Geckler, Aerojet-GeneralCorp., P.O. Box 1947, Sacramento, Calif.)

1-3. Winter Military Electronics Conv..2nd, Inst. of Radio Engineers, Los An-geles, Calif. (A. N. Curtiss, IRE BusinessOffice, 1435 S. La Cienega Blvd., Los An-geles 35)

1-4. American Physical Soc., annual.New York, N.Y. (K. K. Darrow, APS.538 W. 120 St., New York 27)

2-4. Congress on Administration, 4thannuLal, Chicago, Ill. (R. E. Brown, Amer-icain College of Hospital Administrators,840 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago 11 )

6-8. American Acad. of Allergy, 17thannual. Waishington. D.C. (J. 0. Kelly.756 N. MilwauLkee St., Milwaukee 2, Wis.)

6-8. Geodesy in the Space Age, symp.,Ohio State Univ., Coluimbus. (W. A.Heiskanen, Ohio State Univ., 1314 Kin-near Road. Columbus 12)

6-10. British Medical Assoc., annual,Auickland, New Zealand (E. Grey-Turner,B.M.A., Tavistock Sq., London, W.C.1)

9-15. Second Allergy Conf., Nassau.Bcahamas. (I. M. Wechsler, P.O. Box 1454,Naa.,al)

13-16. Americaln Soc. of Heating, Re-frigerating and Air-Conditioning Engi-neers. Chicago, Ill. (R. C. Cross, 234 FifthAve.. New York 1 )

14-15. Conference on Microdosimetry,2nd, Rochester, N.Y. (N. Kreidl, Bausch& Lomb Optical Co., Inc., Rochester 2)

15-17. International Solid-State Cir-cuLits Conf., Philadelphia, Pa. (J. J. Suran.Bldg. 3, Room 115, General Electric Co..Electronics Park, Syractuse. N.Y.)

16-18. Biophysical Soc., annual, St.Louis, Mo. (W. Sleator, Dept. of Physi-ology, Washington Univ., St. Louis 1()

22-25. American Educational ResearchAssoc., annual, Chicago, Ill. (G. T. Bus-well, 1201 16th St., NW, Washington 6)

23-25. American Orthopsychiatric As-soc., annual, New York, N.Y. (Miss M.F. Langer. 1790 Broadway, New York 19)

23-25. Fifteenth Annual Symp. on Fun-damental Cancer Research, Houston, Tex.(PUbliciations Dept., Univ. of Texas M.D.Anderson Hospital and Tumor Inst..Texas Medical Center. HouLston 25)

23-25. Symposium on Molecular Basisof Neoplasia, HouLston, Tex. (PublicationsDept., Texas Medical Center, Houston 25)

26-1. American Inst. of ChemicalEngineers, natl., New Orleans, La. (F. J.Van Antwerpen, AICHE, 25 W. 45 St.,New York 36)

26-2. American Inst. of Mining, Metal-lurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, annual,St. Louis, Mo. (AIME, 29 W. 39 St..New York 18)

27-3. Conference on Analytical Chem-istry and Applied Spectroscopy, 12th,Pittsburgh, Pa. (L. P. Melnich, U.S. SteelCorp., Monroeville, Pa.)(See 16 December i.sshe for comprehensive list)

SCIENCE, VOL. 133

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manufacturers and from other sources consideredto be reliable. Neither Science nor the writer as-sumes responsibility for the accuracy of the in-formation. All inquiries concerning items listedshould be addressed to the manufacturer. In-clude the department number in your inquiry.

* AUTOMATIC SAMPLE CHANGER holds asmany as 49 test tubes containinggamma-emitting samples. During opera-tion the test tubes are automaticallylowered in proper sequence into the wellcrystal of a shielded scintillation detec-tor. A printing timer records sampleidentity and time for preset count.(Nuclear-Chicago Corp., Dept. Sci728,359 Howard Ave., Des Plaines, Ill.)

* AIR SAMPLER automatically collectsdust samples on paper tape that isadvanced periodically to provide arecord of air pollution. Provisions areincorporated for accessory internalevaluating attachments including a pa-per densitometer, an optical evaluator,and a scintillation or Geiger counter.Sensitized tapes can be prepared fordetection of toxic gases. Sampling in-tervals may be chosen from 1 per min.to 1 every 2 hrs. Air is drawn through½/2-in. sample spots at approximately14 lit./min. (Gelman Instrument Co.,Dept. Sci977, P.O. Box 66, Chelsea,Mich.)

* CIRCUIT BOARD DRILLING MACHINE,controlled by magnetic tape, is capableof drilling 40 holes per minute witheach drill head. Hole positioning ac-curacy is said to be ±0.001 in. Pro-graming is accomplished by insertingeither an etched master board or thenegative to be used for contact printingand performing the drilling sequencemanually, using an optical comparatorwith magnification of 20 to position thedrill. Playback is accomplished at 4times the programing rate. (Micro-Path, Inc., Subsidiary of United Indus-trial Corp., Dept. Sci978, Los Angeles,Calif.)

* PLASTIC TUBES of polyvinyl are de-signed to be readily connected to othertubing or apparatus by means of anintegral tapered connector end or in-tegral funnel end. Tubing is said to beodor-free, taste-free, and nontoxic. Allexcept oxygen tubes are clear white.Oxygen tubes are transparent mediumgreen. (A. S. Aloe, Dept. Sci972, 1831Olive St., St. Louis 3, Mo.)

* RESISTANCE THERMOMETER ELEMENTSare mounted on a stainless-steel shimovermolded with silicone rubber; theyare designed to be strapped on oraround surfaces. A wide range of shapesand sizes is offered. (Arthur C. RugeAssociates, Dept. Sci986, Hudson,N.H.)

SCIENCE, VOL. 133

* LABORATORY POWER PANEL for use inteaching is available for rack or cabinetmounting. It provides continuously vari-able high- and low-voltage a-c and d-c;d-c transistor and bias supply; a-c fila-ment and rectifier source; continuitytesting source; line-voltage outlets; andnmetering. Each unit provides completeservice for two students. Input is 11 5volts a-c. (Buck Engineering Co., Dept.Sci983, 37-41 Marcy St., Freehold.N.J.)

* PORTABLE OSCILLOSCOPES, fully tran-sistorized, will operate on internal re-chargeable batteries, a-c line power, orlow-voltage d-c. Models are availablewith 1-, 2-, or 3-in. display. Size of the1-in. model is 2¾3/4 by 3¼/4 by 51/2 in.Frequency range is d-c to 1.5 Mcy/sec.Sweep range extends in five calibratedsteps to I /Asec per division and sen-sitivity in seven steps to 0.1 volt perdivision. Input impedance is 1 megohm.Triggering is provided from a plus orminus slope with variable amplitudecontrol. (Electro Instruments Inc.,Dept. Sci979, 1165 Morena Blvd., SanDiego 10, Calif.)

* LIGHT MODULATOR is an electro-opti-cal device said to be capable of provid-ing large-aperture exposures at speedsas great as 100 ttsec and with an indef-inite exposure limit. The device utilizesa glass plate mounted between a pair ofrigid beams. Placed at either end of thebeams are stacks of piezoelectricdrivers. Excitation of the drivers trans-mits strain to the glass plate whichbecomes double refracting and changesthe state of polarization of transmittedlight. Excitation voltage requirementis about 3000. (Electro-Optical Systems,Inc., Dept. Sci980, 125 N. Vinedo Ave.,Pasadena, Calif.)

* TRAINING MICROSCOPE that permits in-structor and student to examine a speci-men simultaneously includes two Stereo-Zoom microscopes and two accessories;a 0.5 times lens attachment to increaseworking distance, and a vertical illu-minator that acts as a beam splitter andpermits both viewers to see the samefield with equal clarity. Each microscopecan also be used independently. (Bauschand Lomb Optical Co., Dept. Sci984.Rochester 2, N.Y.)

* INTEGRATOR operates directly from amillivolt signal and is capable of inte-grating without use of a recorder. Theoutput consists of pulses at rates up to10,000 per minute. Models for rates of1000 per minute or less have an indicat-ing counter and contact-closure output.Current-input models permitting opera-tion in series with direct-writing record-ers with 1 ma span are available. (Roy-son Engineering Co., Dept. Sci987,Hatboro, Pa.)

6 JANUARY 1961

how to capture a bat- underwater-with a Pl tape recorder

To satisfy a yen for sea food, a particularly interesting memberof the bat family catches fresh fish by reaching beneath the sur-

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In other studies, Professor Griffin has captured bat sounds in ereo. Usinga pair of microphones located at different points, he has recorded andmeasured the arrival time of sound pulses to determine the bat's changingposition with respect to the two microphones.

For capturing bat sounds and other dynamic phenomena for conversion toelectrical form, PI recorders offer a number of distinct advantages overconventional instrumentation magnetic tape recorders. A brief note fromyou will capture the details.

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* SOUND-LEVEL METER manufacturedby Dawe Instruments Ltd., London, isfully transistorized and battery oper-ated. The meter uses a piezoelectric-crystal, diaphragm-type microphonethat feeds into a impedance-matchingcircuit followed by a high-gain ampli-fier, an 11 -position attenuator calibratedin 10-db steps, and standard weightingnetworks. Weight is 4 lb and size is8'/4 by 53/ by 33/4 in. Three dry cellsfurnish power for 60 hours' operation.(Korfund Co., Dept. Sci98 1, 48-35032nd Place., Long Island City, N.Y.)

* FOUR-CHANNEL ANALYZER, model 716,is designed for counting pulses ofrandom spacing and amplitude. Pulsesterminating between the settings of theupper- and lower-liniit discriminators ofeach channel are passed to the outputof that channel. Channel widths can beadjusted between 0 and 10 or 0 and 20volts from the front panel; they are saidto hold constant within ±1- percentthrough the range 0 to 100 volts. (In-terstate Electronics Corp., Dept. Sci971,Anaheim, Calif.)

* SELF-BALANCING POTENTIOMETER uses

a servoamplifier to drive the wiper to a

null position. The wiper position is readon a four-digit counter as percentage offull scale. Accuracy is said to be +0.1percent of full scale, resolution +0.05percent of full scale. Response time forfull traverse is 8 sec. The unit operateson 115 volt a-c. (Physical SciencesCorp., Dept. Sci988, 389 N. Fair OaksAve., Pasadena, Calif.)

* FREQUENCY SIGNAL GENERATOR fur-nishes 5 Mcy, Mcy, and 100 kcy/secsignals with stability said to be ±5 partsin 1 0'" per day after a 4-mo agingperiod. Frequency adjustment of 500parts in l0" is provided. Operating am-

bient temperature range is 00 to 50°C.Output impedance is 50 ohms for thetwo lower frequencies and 1000 ohmsfor the highest frequency. The instru-nment is transistorized and includes an

emergency battery source with an auto-matic switchover mechanism. (MansonLaboratories, Inc., Dept. Sci989. 375Fairfield Ave.. Stamford, Conn.)

* TWO-CHANNEL RECORDER of servo-

balancing type provides two separateand completely independent channels.Adjustable span permits full 5-in. chartwidth to be used for any range from0-10 iiiv to 0-500 v in one model. Full-scale balancing time is said to be 1 sec,

limit of error + 1 percent of span. Avariety of chart speeds is available froml/2 in./hr to 16 in./min and can bechanged by interchange of drive-motorassembly. Over-all dimensions are

11 3/8 by 8 5/16 by 12 3/4 in. (Var-ian Associates, Dept. Sci991, 611 Han-sen Way, Palo Alto, Calif.)

* EVENT RECORDER is a two-channelinstrument that niarks on and off timesby deflection of scribers. A built-in timetotalizer furnishes a counter-readout oftotal "on" time in hours and tenths.Standard roll-chart speeds are 1, 4, 12and 60 in./hr. (Standard InstrumentCorp., Dept. Sci985, 657 Broadway,New York 12)

* RECORDING THERMOBALANCE automlat-ically perfornis thermogravimetric stud-ies in a vacuum or in a controlledatmosphere at temperatures to l 000 °C.Teniperature may be programed for a

selected linear heating rate or may bemaintained constant. Reaction productsare removed as formed and may becollected for analysis. (American In-strument Co., Dept. Sci990, 8030Georgia Ave., Silver Spring, Md.)

* STUDENTS' POTENTIOMETER, model7645. features a central reading win-dow where the measured electromotiveforce appears as a row of digits and a

scale interpolation; three operatingranges, 0 to 1.6, 0 to 1. 1 6, and 0 to0.016 volt. Limits of error are said to be+0.0005 volt on the high range.

+0.0001 volt on the niedium range, and+0.00001 volt on the low range. (Leedsand Northrup Co., Dept. Sci995, 4934Stenton Ave., Philadelphia 44, Pa.)

* LOW-TORQUE BEARING consists of a

bearing within a bearing, the outer ringof the inner bearing being oscillated bya built-in electromagnetic drive. Thisaction is said to cancel out frictiontorque. Starting torque is the same as

running torque. Under preload, torqueis said to increase only slightly. Accord-ing to the manufacturer, a typical bear-ing under 2-lb radial load and pre-

loaded to 2-lb thrust has a startingtorque of 20 dy cm as compared with1000 dy cm for a conventional bearingunder the same conditions. (BardenCorp., Dept. Sci999, Danbury, Conn.)

* TESTING MACHINE is capable of cy-

cling up to 20 cy/sec and of followinga programed heating rate of 200°F/sec.A high-speed ram delivers up to an 8-in.stroke at in./min at rated load. Full-scale ranges from 200 to 50.000 lb/in.are provided, variable without mechani-cal adjustment. Steady-state accuracy issaid to be +0.5 percent, dynamic ac-

curacy + 1 percent of selected range.Temperature range is up to 3000°F.Manual and programing controls are

provided for each of the loading sys-tems. The temperature- and force-load-ing programs may be started simul-taneously from a master switch. (Com-pudyne Corp., Dept. ScilOOO, 695 S.Warminster Rd., Hatboro, Pa.)

JOSHUA STERNNationcal Butreau of Standards,Waslhington, D.C.

SCIENCE, VOL. 133

Second Printing July 1960

AAAS Symposium Volume No. 52

EVOLUTION OF NERVOUSCONTROL FROM PRIMITIVEORGANISMS TO MAN

Editor: Allan D. Bass

1959, 240 pp. $5.75, AAAS members'prepaid orders $5.00

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56

LettersOlfactory Cues in Migrating Salmon

1) Arthur D. Hasler's recent article,"Guideposts of migrating fishes" [Sci-ence 132, 785 (1960)] raises some

fascinating questions. I agree with him,however, when he says he "may haveoverstressed the olfactory sense and itsimportance in migration," in discussingthe cues utilized by migrating adultPacific salmon on their trip upstreamto spawning beds.

2) Reference is made in Hasler'sarticle to a study by Wisby and Haslerin which these workers plugged thenasal sacs of migrating salmon and re-

turned them to below a fork in theIssaquah River in Washington. WhenI first read the article I was struck bythe fact that animals with plugged ol-factory openings still "preferred" one

branch over the other. The changebrought about by the operation was notradical-did not reduce the choice to,say, the level of chance. It did not ruleout the possibility of other controllingfactors.

3) This result, I believe, is not thedramatic demonstration it should be ifolfactory cues, in fact, are of primaryimportance in "guiding" salmon backto the "parent stream." The quotationmarks in the foregoing sentence are

there because the parent-stream theoryis by no means as well demonstratedas Hasler leads one to believe. In ad-dition, if one starts from this theoryand accepts the implications, then oneis forced to look for "cues" and stimuliwhich this animal can utilize in "identi-fying" its "own" stream and in differ-entiating it from other spawningstreams in the Pacific Northwest. Inshort, the problem may be stated in-correctly.

4) H. B. Wood [Publ. Amii. Assoc.

Advance. Sci. No. 8 (1939)] reportsobservations, for example, which ledhim to suspect that the temperatureof the water at a fork in upstreammigration governed the choice in Pa-cific salmon, and he points out that as

the temperature differential reverseditself, salmon reversed their choice ofstream. The fact that many fish are

found in the parent stream could bethe result of temporal relations of theirlife cycles which would bring themback to the area when the temperatureof the parent stream favored a choicein that direction.

5) Further doubt is shed on the im-portance of olfactory cues in salmonmigration by the lack of confirmation ofconditionability of spawning adult sal-mon. Although the case for imprintingis not clear, the question of condition-

ing is difficult to support in view ofthe fact that Pacific salmon are gen-erally believed to migrate (certainlyby the time they have entered thefresh-water system) on empty stomachs.Furthermore, it is believed that theydo not eat during migration and thatthe stomach itself is contracted. In theabsence of evidence to the contrary it ishard to understand why salmon in thiscondition would respond to olfactorycues.

6) Intriguing as it is, the odor theoryshould be tested by direct observa-tions on sexually mature and spawningsalmon. The fact that salmon finger-lings can utilize olfactory cues does notmean that the migrating adult does, infact, react to themz.

DOUGLAS A. RAMSAY308 West 109 Street,Newt, York, Newv Yor-k

Concerning the points raised inRamlsay's letter I have the followingcomnments (numbered to correspondwith the numbering of paragraphs inhis letter).

1) Odors have a distinctivenesswhich permits multifold differences.Because of the infinite combinations ofplant communities and soil types in ariver system, no two tributaries will haveidentical organic content; hence theseepage will have odors of never-to-be-duplicated distinctiveness. Recently J.P. Heath [Ecology 41, 381 (1960)]presented evidence that substancesseeping through two stream bars in-duce salmon to congregate at the rivermouth even though the sand bar blockstheir entry.

2) The statistical analysis with thechi-square test does not support thecriticism. Even though the IssaquahRiver carried 8 to 10 times as muchwater as the East Fork, the displacedand recaptured nose-plugged salmonreturned at random (p, < 0.001).

3, 4) Salmon in the Columbia Riverby-pass a stream in the coastal rangeto swim hundreds of miles upstreamto enter and spawn in their homestream, which is identical in tempera-ture to the one nearer the mouth [seeB. T. Scheer, Quart. Rev. Biol. 14, 408( 1939)]. The temperature hypothesishas the same weakness as the carbondioxide hypothesis cited in my article.The cues are not unique. While somehoming salmon are known to stray, theissue here is to explain the precisionof homing in the great majority.

5, 6) White salmon inherit the abilityto return home, early conditioning orimprinting can alter their choice ofplace of return. Fingerlings transferredto a stream other than the home streamreturn there and not to the ancestralhome stream. Some species of salmon

SCIENCE, VOL. 133

spend I to 3 years in fresh water beforeswimming to sea. It is the conditioningof the young and retention of thismnemory" to adulthood that is impor-

tant. That the adults do not feed inthe later stages of stream migrationis beside the point. Fish become con-ditioned to many scents other thanfood odors, notably to odors whichinduce alarm, schooling, and recogni-tion of sex and to the body odor oftheir school mnates [see A. D. H1asler,.I. Fisheries Researchli Board, Cani. 11,107 (1954)].

ARTHUR D. HASLERDepartmetit of Zoology,Uniilversity of Wi,scotsini, Madoi.on

Real Professionalism

There is grave danger to an alreadyhadly mnangled acadenmic freedonm inone of the recommendations you CiteaLs emanating from a report of anatgency of the influentiall National Edu-cation Association [Scienice 132, 439(1 960)]. 1 refer to the suggestion thatcollege faICulty memiibers be required tohold state licenses.

Implenmentation would be greetedwith louLd cheers from state legislitorsfrom the rock-ribbed coast of NewYork's Feinberg Law to the sun-kissedshores of California's Levering Act. Themlost approving chorus woulld be therebel yells of southern politicians.An instruCtive exaniple in point is

found in SouLth Cairolina [A.A.U.P. Bll-letiNa 46, 87 (1960)]. There the gover-nor succeeded in forcing two privatecolleges to dismiiiss professors he didn'tlike. This xwas achieved by having theState Board of EdLucation refuse toaillow any stuients of those colleges toqLality tor licenses as public schoolteachers.

It is well known that teachers in thepublic schools and publicly supportedcolleges ot the Anmerican South areaft'raid to take stands in favor of localcompliance with Supremle Court deseg-regation decisions. Any state licensingot college teachers would intensify thisfear at the college level and spread itsystenmatically into the private colleges.It is not hard to anticipate the creationof the analog for college teachers of theliter.acy tests for southern voters whichvwell-educated men aLnd women fail con-sistently if they are colored.

Thus, the state licensing of collegeteachers would be, in the present at-maosphere, an additional and effectivewxeapon in the hands of the violators ofaicademic freedom.

LEE LORCHUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton

6 JANUARY 1961

C&> SCHWARZ BIORESEARCH, INC.Dept. AB * Mount Vernon, N. Y.BIOCHEMICALS * RADIOCHEMICALS * PHARMACEUTICALSfor research, for medicine, for industry

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