Weeks 2-3: New England Week 6: Newfoundland Week 4: Quebec Week 5: Maritime Provinces APPALACHIANS – Session 4 Louisiana to New England Becoming Vagabonds.

Weeks 2-3: New EnglandWeeks 2-3: New England

Week 6: NewfoundlandWeek 6: Newfoundland

Week 4: QuebecWeek 4: Quebec

Week 5: Maritime ProvincesWeek 5: Maritime Provinces

APPALACHIANS – Session 4

Louisiana to New EnglandLouisiana to New England

Becoming VagabondsBecoming Vagabonds

Weeks 1:Weeks 1:

1

Quebec & Maritimes – Natural Sites

Quebec & Maritimes – Stats, Travel, People

Quebec & Maritimes

– Natural Sites –

APPALACHIANS – Session 4

2

QUEBEC AREA

Nova Scotia• Truro Tidal

Bore• Joggins

Fossil Cliffs

Quebec• St.

Lawrence River

• Chute de la Montmorency

New Brunswick• Bay of Fundy

• Hopewell Rocks

• Reversing Rapids

PEI• Island

stats• Island

Formation

Quebec & Maritimes

– Natural Sites –

3

Quebec

•St. Lawrence River•Chute de la Montmorency

QUEBEC AREA

5

• St. Lawrence River is 750 miles long from outlet of Lake Ontario

• St. Lawrence River is 1,900 miles (82% of MS) from it’s headwaters in Minnesota.

• Watershed drainage is 519,000 sq miles (42% MS)

• River is freshwater till Quebec where it turns tidal

• St. Lawrence River is in an ACTIVE fault zone, part of an ancient rift system ancient rift system !

750 mi

1,900 miles

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM

Quebec

6


RIFT SYSTEM?!!WHAT’S A RIFT

SYSTEM?““A large area of the earth A large area of the earth

in which in which plates of the plates of the earth's crust are moving earth's crust are moving away from each otheraway from each other, , forming an extensive forming an extensive

system of fractures and system of fractures and faults.”faults.”

7

This is a rift system or rift

zone


The plates are moving apart

REMEMBER THIS SLIDE?

8

Let’s look at a BIG picture…


9

650 MYBP650 MYBP

540 MYBP540 MYBP

CAMBRIAN & ORDOVICIAN PERIODS

Specifically, lets Specifically, lets look at the time look at the time periods of the periods of the PRECAMBRIANPRECAMBRIAN650 mybp thru 650 mybp thru

540 mybp540 mybp

10

Let’s focus just on our “neck o’the woods”

Future Rift Zone

Proto-NorthAmericanContinent

Two Continents tore Two Continents tore apart apart a RIFT zone a RIFT zone

Now, let’s see what that left behind…

580560540

RIFT FORMATION - 570 MYBP

600 Million Years Ago (Ma), continents were arranged on the

planet like this…

11

USA

CANADA


12

CANADA

St Lawrence Rift System


Areas above and below

this line are trying to

split apart

14

630 mile long ACTIVE

fault!

CANADAOttawa –Bonnechere

Graben St Lawrence Rift System

Saquenay Graben

Let’s, look at a cross section of a Graben


15


WHAT’S A GRABEN?

• As two sides of a fault zone pull apart (red arrows)

• Fractures occur in the rock (faults)

• Sections of rock drop

• Dropped sections are called Grabens

16

½ Graben

Ottawa –Bonnechere

GrabenSt Lawrence

Rift System

Saquenay Graben


17

Iapet

an Rift

ed M

argin

Iapet

an Rift

ed M

argin

“Aulacogen” – “scar or zone of weakness”

New MadridSeismic Zone

(Reelfoot Rift)Ramapo Fault

St. LawrenceRift System


18

19

QUEBEC AREA NATURAL SITES

Quebec•St. Lawrence River•Chute de la Montmorency


20

Canadian Shield

Face of Horst

Appalachian Sediments fill this ½ Graben


21


• 275 ft high (98’ higher than Niagra Falls!)• 150 ft wide

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23


PEI• Island stats• Island Formation

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (PEI)

24

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (PEI)• Island is 140 miles long by

20 miles wide in Gulf of St. Lawrence

• Located 9 miles off the mainland; across Northumberland Strait

• 104th largest island in the world and 23rd largest in Canada

• Formerly Sedimentary basin of red sandstone/mudstone & formed by glaciers

• Island rose after weight of glaciers removed; high point is 450 ft

140 mi long

20 mi wide

25

Prince Edward Island was a big surprise…

• Rolling hills of green pasture lands• Tranquil bays/inlets• Bed & Breakfasts

everywhere (“No vacancies”)• Lots and lots of “crafts”• Very relaxing setting


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27


New Brunswick•Bay of Fundy•Hopewell Rocks•Reversing Rapids

NEW BRUNSWICK

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BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW

USA

CANADA

29


USA

CANADA

30


USA

CANADA

31


USA

CANADA

32


NEW BRUNSWICK

NOVA SCOTIABay ofFundy

Chignecto

Bay

Minas Basin

33


Chignecto Bay

34


130 mi long

30 mi wide

• Bay of Fundy is 130 miles long by 30 miles wide

• Tides here are Semi-diurnal (2 times a day)

•Hence, 4 times a day, 14 BILLION tonnes of seawater rushes in or out

• Translates to 78 billion cu ft per hour

• Equivalent to the flow of 31 Mississippi Rivers EACH TIME!

1 2

Turn down that

faucet!

35

BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW• Bay of Fundy is funneled

shaped causing extra high tides at end of bay

• Highest tide is in the Minas Basin at 52 feet!

• Giant whirpools form in the bay during tidal flow

• Energy of the tidal inflow is said to be equal to 8,000 locomotives

• Only 1 tidal pilot power plant captures any of this energy at Annapolis, NS

36

ANNAPOLIS TIDAL PWR PLANT•20 MW plant (3rd

largest); startup 1984

•one of 7 tidal power plants in the world. (Korea w/254 MW, France w/240 MW, plus small ones in China, Russia, UK)

• located on a small island at mouth of the Annapolis River

• feeds the grid every 12 hours and 25 minutes.

•on 5 hours, off 7 hours, generating enough power to run about 4,000 homes

37

WHAT ARE TIDES?

• Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth.

• Spring Tides occur when the pull of the sun and moon on earth are in alignment

• Neap Tides occur when the sun pull is at right angles to that of the moon

38

TIDAL EFFECTS

39

1. Formation of rift valley about 350 million years ago.2. Flooding of valley by warm shallow sea.3. Erosion of mountains and formation of Hopewell conglomerate 330 million years ago.

4. Sandstone bearing fossils deposited in Coal Age swamps, 315 million years ago.

41

5. Warping of land by pressure, eruption of volcanoes, 210 million years ago

6. Tilting of land and changing of drainage, 15 million years ago.

7. Glacial covering of land, one million years ago.8. The Bay of Fundy today

BAY OF FUNDY BAY OF FUNDY FORMATIONFORMATION

42

NEW BRUNSWICK


NEW BRUNSWICK

43

HOPEWELL ROCKS, NB

44

HOPEWELL ROCKS, NB

45

HOPEWELL ROCKS, NB1. Water (rain or snow)

finds its way into cracks and crevices of cliff

2. Cycles of freezing temps expands water, widening the crack; rainfall erodes crack

3. Tides and wave action erode base of cliffside

4. Section of cliff is gradually separated from mainland

5. “Flowerpot” is formed

“FLOWERPOT” FORMATION

46

HOPEWELL ROCKS, NB

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48

NEW BRUNSWICK


NEW BRUNSWICK

49

REVERSING FALLS, ST. JOHN, NB

NEW BRUNSWICK

NOVA SCOTIA

50

St. John’s River

?

To Ocean

Retreating Glacier


1. This is how St. John, 1. This is how St. John, NB looks today…NB looks today…

2. BUT…20,000 yrs ago, 2. BUT…20,000 yrs ago, the river drainage the river drainage

might have taken this might have taken this pathpath

3. Advancing glaciers 3. Advancing glaciers left sustantial left sustantial amounts of till amounts of till

material, blocking this material, blocking this routeroute

4. Once glaciers 4. Once glaciers retreated, the old retreated, the old

path to the ocean was path to the ocean was filled infilled in

5. Once glaciers 5. Once glaciers retreated, ocean retreated, ocean

levels rose and river levels rose and river cut a new path to the cut a new path to the

oceanocean

6. Twice a day, tidal 6. Twice a day, tidal waters flow up the St. waters flow up the St.

John River creating John River creating “Reversing Rapids”“Reversing Rapids”51

St. John River cut this small gorge as a new path to the ocean

Falling tide, river flows to the right (east) to the

ocean

St. John, NB

On rising tide, St. John River reverses,

flowing to west


52

53

NEW BRUNSWICK

Nova Scotia•Truro Tidal Bore•Joggins Fossil Cliffs

NOVA SCOTIA

54

SALMON RIVER TIDAL BORE, TRURO, NB

55

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA39OxExc58

SALMON RIVER TIDAL BORE, TRURO, NB

http://www.youtube.com/watch?

NR=1&feature=fvwp&v=rQQUtouNMjU

56

57

NOVA SCOTIA

Nova Scotia•Truro Tidal Bore•Joggins Fossil Cliffs

NOVA SCOTIA

58

JOGGINS FOSSIL CLIFFS

Chignecto Bay

59


60


61

“COAL AGE”

This time, lets look This time, lets look at the time at the time

period of the period of the

CARBONIFEROUSCARBONIFEROUSPERIODPERIOD

350 mybp thru 350 mybp thru 300 mybp300 mybp

62


63


65


66

67

Quebec & the Maritimes – Part 1

NOVA SCOTIA

WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?


• Identified several important natural sites Identified several important natural sites in Quebec and the Maritimes’in Quebec and the Maritimes’

• St Lawrence River is in a _____System; St Lawrence River is in a _____System; formed ____myaformed ____mya

• Montmorency Waterfall falls from a______ to Montmorency Waterfall falls from a______ to a _______ a _______

• Tidal flow in/out of Bay of Fundy is equal to Tidal flow in/out of Bay of Fundy is equal to ___ Mississippi Rivers___ Mississippi Rivers

• Hopewell Rocks formed because of Hopewell Rocks formed because of __________ & ________________ & ______

• Reversing Rapids are in what town? Reversing Rapids are in what town? ______________________

• Joggins Fossil Cliffs are from the Joggins Fossil Cliffs are from the ____________ Period____________ Period

Rift

70

540

Horst

½ Graben

31

Weathering

Erosion

St. John, NB

Carboniferous

REMEMBER…REMEMBER…

GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!71


From DK China 2005

Next Week – Session 5

72

- - The The Appalachians -Appalachians -

QUEBEC & QUEBEC & MARITIMESMARITIMES

Part 2:Part 2:- Statistics, Travel, - Statistics, Travel,

People -People -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_crater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Impact_Database http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Collision_d%27une_com%C3%A8te.jpg http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Odale-Articles-Sudbury http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/images/0/09/Odale-sudbury-03a_geologic_schematic.gif http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/images/5/52/Odale-sudbury-03_mungal_geology.jpg http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/images/3/36/Odale-sudbury-01_multi_ring.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRbvvzK-ll0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL3sq4QlKAc&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9s_mLmhykQg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5TwT69i1lU&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA39OxExc58 http://www.palliserrestaurantmotelandgifts.ca/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwp&v=rQQUtouNMjU http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2000/1999RG900016.shtml http://engsales.yonhapnews.co.kr/YNA/ContentsSales/EngSales/YISW_PopupPhotoPreview.aspx?CID=PYH20110411088100341 http://www.fedpubs.com/charts/fundy.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/73998/tidal-borehttp://www.siam.org/students/siuro/vol1issue1/S01006.pdf http://www.nspower.ca/en/home/environment/renewableenergy/tidal/annapolis.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_North_America_Rift_Basins http://www.gnb.ca/0078/minerals/GSB_Surficial_Mapping-e.aspx

REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/joggings.htmlhttp://pemsea.org/eascongress/international-conference/presentation_t4-1_kim.pdfhttp://ianjuby.org/rock_solid_13.html http://museum.gov.ns.ca/fossils/sites/joggins/index.htm http://bayoffundy.com/about/geology/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tides http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2004/11/china-endorses-300-mw-ocean-energy-project-17685 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_rift_system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lawrence_River http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/M44-2001-D15E.pdfhttp://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Odale-Articles-Carlevoix http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/Earth_Images_09.html#Charlevoixhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Saint_Lawrence_River http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zonehttp://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/sub/eco/itm5/fi-lr1/pei-ipe_E.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=ECD35C36 http://bayoffundy.com/about/highest-tides/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rance_Tidal_Power_Stationhttp://www.nspower.ca/en/home/environment/renewableenergy/tidal/annapolis.aspx http://www.geoprisms.org/enam.html

73

All class materials either is or

will be on 1) the University’s website

and on

2) Don’s Website at:

www.donbeaumont.weebly.com

QUEBEC & THE MARITIMES – QUEBEC & THE MARITIMES – Part Part 11

ANY QUESTIONS??74

Weeks 2-3: New England Week 6: Newfoundland Week 4: Quebec Week 5: Maritime Provinces APPALACHIANS – Session 4 Louisiana to New England Becoming Vagabonds.

Documents

lawrence river systemwhats

lawrence river systemareas

bay of fundy overviewusacanada

ancient rift system

sq miles

miles widetides

rift zonest

extensive system of