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FUNDAMENTAL OF
ELECTRONICS
Dr. Andi Adriansyah
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Contents
1. The Electronics
Revolution
2. Keys to Electronics
Revolution3. Electronics Design
4. Technology
Semiconductor
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The Electronics Revolution
Electronics is cornerstone of:
Computing Revolution
Communication RevolutionConsumer Electronics Revolution
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Consumer Electronics Revolution
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Electronics Benefits Now!
Exponential improvements in:
System performance
Cost per function
Power consumptionSystem reliability
Good scaling
High speed
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Keys to Electronics Revolution
The Great Materials
High performance of micro fabrication
technology
Improvement in circuit engineering
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The Great Materials
SILICON
Cheap and abundant
Amazing mechanical,
chemical andelectronic properties
Probably, the material
best known to
humankind
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Fabrication Technology
Tight integration ofdissimilar device withgood isolation
Fabrication ofextremely smallstructures, preciselyand reproducibly
High-volumemanufacturing ofcomplex systems withhigh yield
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Circuit Engineering
Circuit design techniques that:
Are tolerant to logic level fluctuation, noise
and crosstalk
Are insensitive to manufacturing variations
Require little power consumption
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Electronic Design
How to design electronic circuit: By hand, manually lay-out
Geometric software for mechanically-drawncomponent, and print with plotter
Automated design and draw, with Electronics DesignAutomation (EDA) or Computer AidedElectronics/Design (CAE/CAD)
How to developed electronic system: By hand, developed manually then test (fix and
flexible PCB)
By software, test and the developed
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Electronic Design
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Structure of Atom
There are type of models for structure of atom,such as Rutherford, Thomson, and Bohrs, DeBroglie, etc.
Atom is viewed as miniature of solar systemIn atom, there are: Electrons, that orbiting in some energy level and have
negative charge, -e,
Protons, as a nucleus of atom and have positivecharge, +e, and
Neutron, forms a nucleus with protons, and have nocharge.
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Structure of Atom
Structure of atom in 3D Structure of atom in 2D
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Energy Band
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Energy Band
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Structure of Silicon
Atom Silikon (Si) has 14
electron, where 2
electrons in 1st track, 8
electrons in 2nd track and
4 electrons in 3rd track orthe outer.
Then, where the number
of electron valency is
four, Silicon is saidtetravalentatomic.
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Silicon Crystal
Since Silicon electron valancehas fewer than the requirednumber of eight electronsneeded in the outer shell, itsatoms will unite with otheratoms until eight electrons are
shared.This gives each atom a total ofeight electrons in its valenceshell; four of its own and fourthat it borrowed from thesurrounding atoms.
The sharing of valenceelectrons between two or moreatoms produces a COVALENTBOND between the atoms. It isthis bond that holds the atomstogether in an orderly structurecalled a CRYSTAL.
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Silicon Crystal Properties
At T = 0, valence band is filled with electrons and
conduction band is empty, leading to zero conductivity.
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Silicon Crystal Properties
At T > 0, electrons thermally excited from valence to
conduction band, leading to partially empty valence and
partially filled conduction bands.
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Electron-Hole Pair Current
In semiconductor, there are two type of current:
Electron current in conduction band negative
Hole current in valency band positive
Both is known as electron-hole pairIn a time, an electron in conduction band could
be fall to hole in valency band, said as
recombination.
Lifetime is avarage time required for electron-
hole pair is still available.
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Doping in Semiconductor
Increase the conductivity of a semiconductor byadding a small amount of another material calleda dopant (instead of heating it!)
For group IV Si, add a group V element todonate an electron and make n-type Si (morenegative electrons!)
Extra electrons donated from donor.
Resultant electrons in conduction band increaseconductivity by increasing free carrier density n.
Called as SemiconductorN Type
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Donor Dopant in Semiconductor
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Doping in Semiconductor
For Si, add a group III element to accept an
electron and make p-type Si (more positive
holes!)
Missing electrons trapped in acceptorResultant holes in valence band increase
conductivity.
Called as SemiconductorP Type
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Acceptor Dopant in Semiconductor