Week15_Airport Operation Management

8/20/2019 Week15_Airport Operation Management

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Airport Operation Management


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Topics

• Pavement Management

• Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting

• Snow and Ice Control

• Safet! Inspection Programs

• "ird and #ildlife $a%ard Management


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Pavement Management

• The definition of minimum &ualit! standard forairfield pavement '! ()S) regulation* + Pavement edges shall not e,ceed - inches difference in

elevation 'etween a'utting pavement sections and 'etweenfull.strength pavement and a'utting shoulders)

+ Pavement surfaces shall have no hole e,ceeding - inches indepth or an! hole the slope of which from an! point in thehole to the nearest point at the lip of the hole is /0 degrees orgreater as measured from the pavement surface plane1 unless1

in either case1 the entire area of the hole can 'e covered '! a0.inch diameter circle)

+ Pavement shall 'e free of crac2s and surface variationswhich could impair directional control of air carrier aircraft)


4/43

Pavement Management

• The definition of minimum &ualit! standard for

airfield pavement '! ()S) regulation 3continue4* + Mud1 dirt1 sand1 loose aggregate1 de'ris1 foreign o'5ects1

ru''er deposits1 and other contaminants shall 'e removed promptl! and as completel! as practica'le1 with e,ceptions for

snow and ice removal operations)

+ An! chemical solvent that is used to clean an! pavement area

shall 'e removed as soon as possi'le1 with e,ceptions for snow

and ice removal operations) + The pavement shall 'e sufficientl! drained and free of

depressions to prevent ponding that o'scures mar2ings or

impairs safe aircraft operations)


5/43

Pavement Management

• Runwa!s are t!picall! paved using one of two sets of materials)

• Runwa!s ma! 'e constructed of flexible (asphalt) or rigid(concrete) materials)

• Concrete1 a rigid pavement that can remain useful for 67 to /7 !ears1 ist!picall! found at large commercial service airports and former

militar! 'ase airfields) Runwa!s made of rigid pavements are t!picall!constructed '! aligning a series of concrete sla's connected '! 5ointsthat allow for pavement contraction and e,pansion as a result of theloading of aircraft on the pavement surface1 and as a result of changesin air temperature)

• Runwa!s constructed from fle,i'le pavement mi,tures are t!picall!

found at most smaller airports) Fle,i'le pavement runwa!s aret!picall! much less e,pensive to construct than rigid pavementrunwa!s) The life of asphalt runwa!s t!picall! lasts 'etween 80 and 67!ears1 given proper design1 construction1 and maintenance)


6/43

Pavement Management

• Periodic on.the.ground inspections can easil! spot 5oint

openings1 surface crac2s1 and other pro'lems 'efore the

runwa! 'ecomes a ha%ard to aviation operations) Specific

runwa! conditions that are considered ha%ards includealligatoring of asphalt surfaces1 pavement crac2ing1 rutting1

raveling1 and the creation of potholes)

• 中正機場每日有兩次聯合巡場時間，上午及下午各一次，每次分別檢查南、北跑道及滑道!"#聯合巡場$%&'(檢查道)，及*&(檢查跑滑道*&+,!


7/43

Pavement Management

• The following s!mptoms provide evidence of potential

pavement failures*

+ Ponding of water on or near pavement)

+ "uilding up of soil or heav! turf at pavement edges1

preventing water runoff)

+ Clogged or overgrown ditches

+ 9rosion of soil at pavement edges

+ Open or silted.in 5oints

+ Surface crac2ing or crum'ling

+ (ndulating or 'ump! surfaces


8/43

Pavement Management

• The FAA defines pavement maintenance as :an! regular or recurringwor2 necessar!1 on a continuing 'asis1 to preserve e,isting pavementfacilities in good condition1 an! wor2 involved in the care or cleaning ofe,isting pavement facilities1 and incidental or minor repair wor2 one,isting pavement facilities); Pavement maintenance involves1 for

e,ample1 sealing of small surface crac2s)• The FAA defines pavement rehabilitation as the :developmentre&uired to preserve1 repair1 or restore the financial integrit!: of the

pavement) Adding an additional la!er of asphalt on the surface of arunwa! with the goal of restrengthening the pavement would 'econsidered a reha'ilitation)

• Though approaches to repairing pavements ma! differ1 some e,pertsnote that appropriatel! timed maintenance and reha'ilitation forestallsthe need to replace the pavement entirel!1 termed pavementreconstruction1 which is a far more e,pensive process) An appropriatemaintenance program can minimi%e pavement deterioration) Similarl!1reha'ilitation can e,tend the time needed until the pavement must 'ereplaced)


9/43

Pavement Management

• A proper pavement management program evaluates the present conditionof a pavement and predicts its future condition through the use of a pavement condition inde,) "! pro5ecting the rate of deterioration1 a lifec!cle cost anal!sis can 'e performed for various alternatives1 and theoptimal time of application of the 'est alternative is determined)

•


10/43

Pavement Management

• Runwa! Surface Frictions + Runwa! pavement surface friction is threatened '! normal wear1

moisture1 contaminants1 and pavement a'normalities) Repeatedtraffic movements wear down the runwa! surface)

+ #et weather can create dynamic or viscous h!droplaning)

Dynamic hydroplaning is a condition where landing gear tiresride up on a cushioning film of water on the runwa! surfaces)

+ ?iscous h!droplaning occurs when a thin film of oil1 dirt1 orru''er particles mi,es with water and prevents tires from ma2ingsure contact with pavement)

+ Contaminants1 ru''er deposits1 and dust particles accumulate overa period of time and smother the surface)

+ The pavement itself might have depressed surface areas that aresu'5ect to ponding during periods of rainfall)


11/43

Pavement Management

• Runwa! Surface Frictions + The most effective and economical method of reducing

h!droplaning is runwa! grooving) One.&uarter.inch grooves spacedappro,imatel! 8 8@/ inches apart are made 3generall! with diamond

'lades4 in the runwa! surface) + These safet! grooves help provide 'etter drainage on the runwa!surface1 furnish escape routes for water under the tire footprint to

prevent d!namic h!droplaning1 and offer a means of escape forsuperheated steam in reverted ru''er s2ids)

+ rooving also assists in draining surface areas that tend to pond1reducing the ris2s of spra! ingesting1 fluid drag on ta2eoff1 andimpacting spra! damage)

+ (nfortunatel!1 the grooves 'ecome filled with foreign matter andmust 'e cleaned periodicall!)

+ The removal of ru''er deposits and other contaminants includes useof high-pressure water1 chemical solvents1 and high-velocityimpact techniques)


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-.機場/跑道01234檢5


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2004/10/18 AB機場 TNA536( CD )

2004/08/24 AB機場 FEA182( EF )

2004/07/02 GH機場 UIA826( IJ )

2003/08/24 KLMN機場 FEA055 ( E

F )

2000/04/24 ON機場 FEA1201 ( E

F )


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跑道0123:&P'QR

•ST&UVW 94 X 03 Y 07 Z[\]機場跑道0123、^_檢5及`abc

d機e!


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19/43

跑道0123:&P'QR

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· AIP ¸¹º


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跑道0123:&P'QR

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跑道0123:&P'QR

• 各機場ÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏ次Ð0123檢5，Ñ次檢5ÒÇÈÉÊÓÔ

中³°，Õ½中ÖS.道×Â[“>檢5Ø²¨及時Ù合檢5時，各&UfÚÛÑÂ[ÍÎ³°!


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ST機場跑道0123檢5QR•中正、ÜÝ

–Þ³

–每兩ß>一次

•tà各ST機場

–á$

–AB每Y一次

–âã、|F、Éäå、ON、|南、æç、KL每èéY一次

–êF、ëì、南í、北í、îï、ðñ、òó、ôõ每X一次


30/43

Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting

• Although the incidents of fires and emergencies occurring at an airportare rare1 when the! do occur1 especiall! on an aircraft1 the fire fightingand rescue capa'ilities at the airport ma! mean the difference 'etweenlife and death for pilots1 passengers1 and other airport personnel)

"ecause of this1 aircraft rescue and fire fighting 3ARFF4 services arestrongl! recommended at all airports and are re&uired to 'e present atall airports)

• For most of the airports1 an agreement with local municipal rescue andfirefighting agencies is also necessar!)

• The characteristics of aircraft fires are different from those of other

structures and e&uipment 'ecause of the speed at which the! developand the intense heat the! generate) "ecause of this1 ARFF usescom'inations of water1 dry chemicals1 and aqueous film-formingfoam 3AFFF4 to fight aircraft.'ased and other airfield fires)


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• The ()S) regulation indicates a minimum response time of the firstvehicle to an incident1 defined '! the a'ilit! to reach the midpoint ofthe runwa! farthest from the vehicle=s assigned post1 of - minutes fromwhen an alarm is sounded1 with all other vehicles re&uired to the scene

within a minimum of / minutes)• (ntil the 8BD7s1 airport fire fighting e&uipment consisted of little morethan modified versions of the gear used '! municipal fire services)Toda!1 nearl! ever! ma5or airport is e&uipped with rapid interventionvehicles 3RI?s4 a'le to reach runwa!s within 6 minutes of an alarm)$eav!.dut! vehicles are designed to cross rough ground to reach adistant runwa! or go into rough terrain1 where man! accidents tend tooccur)


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• raining is a 2e! ingredient to the overall effectiveness ofARFF)

• The followings are the recommended 'asic training items* + Airport familiari%ation + Aircraft familiari%ation + Rescue and fire fighting personnel safet! + 9mergenc! communications s!stems at the airport1 including fire alarms + (se of the fire hoses1 no%%les1 turrets1 and other appliances re&uired for

compliance + Application of the t!pes of e,tinguishing agents re&uired for compliance + 9mergenc! aircraft evacuation assistance + Fire fighting operations + Adapting and using structural rescue and fire fighting e&uipment for aircraft

rescue and fire fighting + Aircraft cargo ha%ards + Familiari%ation with firefighters= duties under the airport emergenc! plan


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• Furthermore1 at least one ARFF person on dut!must 'e trained in emergenc! medical care1covering the following areas* + "leeding + Cardiopulmonar! resuscitation + Shoc2 + Primar! patient surve! + In5uries to the s2ull1 spine1 chest1 and e,tremities

+ Internal in5uries + Movement of patients + "urns + Triage


36/43

Snow and Ice Control

• Aircraft deicing + he presence of ice or significant snow accumulation on

an aircraft=s wings or fuselage has potential significant

adverse effects on the performance of aircraft in flight)"ecause of this1 the removal of such accumulations isre&uired prior to flight) This removal process is 2nownas aircraft deicing)

+ Aircraft deicing is accomplished '! spra!ing one of two

t!pes of heated a&ueous solutions onto the aircraft) Theheat of the solution and the force of the spra! melt andremove the accumulation) The chemical properties of thesolution act as an antifree%e to prevent significantaccumulation prior to ta2eoff)


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Safet! Inspection Programs

• A t!pical

Safet! Inspection

Model

P


39/43

"ird and #ildlife $a%ard Management

• "irds and other wildlife stri2ing aircraft in operation in the vicinit! ofan airport has the potential to cause serious damage to aircraft and lossof human life)

• In 67781 over 01D77 aircraft reported a wildlife stri2e1 nearl! five times

the amount reported in 8BB7) "etween 8BB7 and 67781 an estimated/77 million per !ear in aircraft damage and over 0771777 hours per!ear of aircraft downtime was associated with these events) "ecausemost stri2es occur on or near airports1 emphasis on 'ird and wildlifemanagement is mandated)

• A floc2 of 'irds ingested into a 5et engine at ta2eoff can cause a

dangerous stall1 and a single large 'ird hitting an engine with the forceof a 'ullet might smash a fan 'lade that can cost thousands of dollarsto replace)

• Airport managers1 as well as all other mem'ers of the aviationcommunit!1 are aware of the ha%ards that can 'e caused '! 'irds)


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"ird and #ildlife $a%ard Management

• There are a variet! of control techni&ues availa'le that can 'e used individuall! or in com'ination1 including*

+ 9limination of food sources through 'etter planning and implementationof a regimen for vegetation management on the airport propert!)

+ 9limination of ha'itat such as trees1 ponds1 'uilding ledges1 and other

roosting areas) + Ph!sical anno!ance1 such as noisema2ers1 high.pressure water from firehoses1 and deco!s1 such as papiermache owls to frighten 'irds)

+ Chemical treatment to cause dispersal and movement of floc2s or death*9ffective insect control would also 'e a part of chemical treatment)

+ Continual upgrading of scientific methods used in assessing theeffectiveness of different 'ird control techni&ues)

+ "etter training and management of a team dedicated to 'ird ha%ardmanagement)

+ (se of firearms or other mechanical means of 2illing) + The use of trained 'irds of pre!1 such as falcons and haw2s1 complements

a num'er of other measures enacted in recent !ears in the fight against 'ird stri2es) Moreover1 several airports have turned to 'order collies as an

effective wa! to chase 'irds)


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Week15_Airport Operation Management

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