Week ending June 8, 2019 Epidemiological Week 23 WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGY BULLETIN NATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY UNIT, MINISTRY OF HEALTH & WELLNESS, JAMAICA Leptospirosis EPI WEEK 23 Leptospirosis is an infection in rodents and other wild and domesticated species. Rodents are implicated most often in human cases. The infection in man is contracted through skin abrasions and the mucosa of the nose, mouth and eyes. Exposure through water contaminated by urine from infected animals is the most common route of infection. Human-to-human transmission is rare. Outdoor and agricultural workers (rice-paddy and sugarcane workers for example) are particularly at risk but it is also a recreational hazard to those who swim or wade in contaminated waters. In endemic areas the number of leptospirosis cases may peak during the rainy season and even may reach epidemic proportions in case of flooding because the floods cause rodents to move into the city. Prevention strategies of human leptospirosis include wearing protective clothing for people at occupational risk and avoidance of swimming in water that may be contaminated. Leptospirosis control in animals is dependent on the serovar and animal species but may be either vaccination, a testing a culling programme, rodent control or a combination of these strategies. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. Humans become infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or with a urine-contaminated environment. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions on the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes. Person-to- person transmission is rare. In the early stages of the disease, symptoms include high fever, severe headache, muscle pain, chills, redness of the eyes, abdominal pain, jaundice, haemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhoea, and rash. Downloaded from: https://www.who.int/topics/leptospirosis/en/ SYNDROMES PAGE 2 CLASS 1 DISEASES PAGE 4 INFLUENZA PAGE 5 DENGUE FEVER PAGE 6 GASTROENTERITIS PAGE 7 RESEARCH PAPER PAGE 8
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Week ending June 8, 2019 Epidemiological Week 23
WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGY BULLETIN NATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY UNIT, MINISTRY OF HEALTH & WELLNESS, JAMAICA
Leptospirosis EPI WEEK 23
Leptospirosis is an infection in rodents and other wild and domesticated species. Rodents are implicated most often in human cases. The infection in man is contracted through skin abrasions and the mucosa of the nose, mouth and eyes.
Exposure through water contaminated by urine from infected animals is the most common route of infection. Human-to-human transmission is rare. Outdoor and agricultural workers
(rice-paddy and sugarcane workers for example) are particularly at risk but it is also a recreational hazard to those who swim or wade in contaminated waters. In endemic areas the number of leptospirosis cases may peak during the rainy season and even may reach epidemic proportions in case of flooding because the floods cause rodents to move into the city. Prevention strategies of human leptospirosis include wearing protective clothing for people at occupational risk and avoidance of swimming in water that may be contaminated. Leptospirosis control in animals is dependent on the serovar and animal species but may be either vaccination, a testing a culling programme, rodent control or a combination of these strategies. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. Humans become infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or with a urine-contaminated environment. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions on the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the
mouth, nose and eyes. Person-to-person transmission is rare. In the early stages of the disease, symptoms include high fever, severe headache, muscle pain, chills, redness
of the eyes, abdominal pain, jaundice, haemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhoea, and rash.
REPORTS FOR SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE FEVER Temperature of >380C /100.40F (or recent history of fever) with or without an obvious diagnosis or focus of infection.
KEY VARIATIONS OF RED and PINK CURRENT
WEEK
FEVER AND NEUROLOGICAL Temperature of >380C /100.40F (or recent history of fever) in a previously healthy person with or without headache and vomiting. The person must also have meningeal irritation, convulsions, altered consciousness, altered sensory manifestations or paralysis (except AFP).
FEVER AND HAEMORRHAGIC Temperature of >380C /100.40F (or recent history of fever) in a previously healthy person presenting with at least one haemorrhagic (bleeding) manifestation with or without jaundice.
Weekly visits to Sentinel Sites for Fever and Haemorrhagic Symptoms 2019 vs Weekly Thresholds; Jamaica
2019 Epidemic Threshold
Released June 24, 2019 ISSN 0799-3927
NOTIFICATIONS-
All clinical
sites
INVESTIGATION
REPORTS- Detailed Follow
up for all Class One Events
HOSPITAL ACTIVE
SURVEILLANCE-30 sites. Actively pursued
SENTINEL
REPORT- 78 sites.
Automatic reporting
3
FEVER AND JAUNDICE Temperature of >380C /100.40F (or recent history of fever) in a previously healthy person presenting with jaundice. The epidemic threshold is used to confirm the emergence of an epidemic in order to implement control measures. It is calculated using the mean reported cases per week plus 2 standard deviations.
ACCIDENTS Any injury for which the cause is unintentional, e.g. motor vehicle, falls, burns, etc.
KEY VARIATIONS OF RED and PINK CURRENT
WEEK
VIOLENCE Any injury for which the cause is intentional, e.g. gunshot wounds, stab wounds, etc.