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The Origin of Species (Ch. 24): Part 2 Biological species concept‐ Dr. Dorken Specia?on with isola?on‐ Dr. Dorken Isola?ng mechanisms‐ Dr. Dorken Sympatric specia?on‐in part, Dr. Dorken Hybrid zones Specia?on speed and number of genes Hybridiza?on and conserva?on
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Page 1: Week 9 part 2

The Origin of Species (Ch. 24): Part 2 

•  Biological species concept‐ Dr. Dorken •  Specia?on with isola?on‐ Dr. Dorken •  Isola?ng mechanisms‐ Dr. Dorken •  Sympatric specia?on‐in part, Dr. Dorken •  Hybrid zones •  Specia?on speed and number of genes •  Hybridiza?on and conserva?on 

Page 2: Week 9 part 2

The Biological Species Concept 

A species is a “group of popula0ons whose members have the poten0al to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fer0le offspring, but do not produce viable, fer0le offspring with members of other such groups.” (Mayr 

1942) 

Note: Not the ONLY defini?on of a species and troublesome for  some kinds of organisms who only breed asexually. 

The maintenance of species depends on isola?ng mechanisms! 

Ernst Mayr (1904‐2005) 

Page 3: Week 9 part 2

Morphological species concept used in every day life! 

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Biological Species Concept relies on no?on of Reproduc?ve isola?on 

•  Barriers that block gene flow between two species and limit the forma?on of hybrids 

 

1. prezygo0c 

2. postzygo0c 

Page 5: Week 9 part 2

SPECIATION PROCESSES 

Allopatric (“other country”)  versus Sympatric (“same country”) Specia?on 

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Evidence for the basis of allopatric speciation: further populations are more genetically distinct: also called ‘isolation by distance’.

Ramachandran S et al. PNAS 2005;102:15942-15947

©2005 by National Academy of Sciences

But then there has to be reproduc?ve isola?on too! 

Page 7: Week 9 part 2

Figure 24.9

Deg

ree

of re

prod

uctiv

e is

olat

ion

Geographic distance (km) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

Page 8: Week 9 part 2

Sympatric (“same country”) specia?on Note: Used to be considered controversial and rare!  

Can occur through:  (1) polyploidy (2) habitat differen?a?on and/or  (3) sexual selec?on   (Note: these are also factors that can promote allopatric specia?on) 

Page 9: Week 9 part 2

Figure 24.11-1

Species A 2n = 6

Species B 2n = 4

Normal gamete n = 3

Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to n

Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes

Page 10: Week 9 part 2

Figure 24.11-2

Species A 2n = 6

Species B 2n = 4

Normal gamete n = 3

Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to n

Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes

Hybrid with 7 chromosomes

Page 11: Week 9 part 2

Figure 24.11-3

Species A 2n = 6

Species B 2n = 4

Normal gamete n = 3

Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to n

Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes

Hybrid with 7 chromosomes

Unreduced gamete with 7 chromosomes

Normal gamete n = 3

Page 12: Week 9 part 2

Figure 24.11-4

Species A 2n = 6

Species B 2n = 4

Normal gamete n = 3

Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to n

Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes

Hybrid with 7 chromosomes

Unreduced gamete with 7 chromosomes

Normal gamete n = 3

New species: viable fertile hybrid (allopolyploid) 2n = 10

Page 13: Week 9 part 2

Sympatric specia?on through habitat differen?a?on: example of African cichlids 

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Radia?on of cichlids (based on ages of lakes) 

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From Kocher, 2004, Nature Reviews 

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Figure 24.12 How mate choice can cause reproductive isolation in cichlids

Normal light Monochromatic

orange light

P. pundamilia

P. nyererei

EXPERIMENT

Seehausen and van Alphen 1998. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 

Females strongly preferred own females under normal light, but did not discriminate under orange light 

Page 18: Week 9 part 2

Lots of changing light condi?ons 

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Conclusion about cichlid divergence: 

Rapid divergence in this and other African, South America and southern Indian lakes due to ini?al habitat differen?a?on, then, specia?on, which probably occurred rapidly especially if either a single gene (e.g., for habitat characteris0cs) or many are linked with genes for mate preferences.  

Page 20: Week 9 part 2

‘Runaway selec?on’ 

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Concept 24.3: Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproduc?ve isola?on 

•  A hybrid zone is a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids 

•  Hybrids are the result of ma?ng between species with incomplete reproduc?ve barriers (or isola?ng mechanisms) 

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 22: Week 9 part 2

The study of hybrid zones 

Cri?cal in understanding causes of reproduc?ve isola?on 

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Figure 24.13

EUROPE

Yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata

Fire-bellied toad range

Hybrid zone

Yellow-bellied toad range

Fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina

Freq

uenc

y of

B

. var

iega

ta-s

peci

fic a

llele

Yellow-bellied toad range

Hybrid zone

Fire-bellied toad range

Distance from hybrid zone center (km) 40

0.99

0.9

0.5

0.1

0.01 30 20 10 0 10 20

Poor  hybrid survival means the hybrids do not spread into the other species range/habitat 

Page 24: Week 9 part 2

Plant hybrid zones are typically more irregularly shaped: Why? 

Bearberry 

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One of three op?ons in 

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These op?ons will depend on cost of hybridiza?on 

Assorta0ve ma0ng for your own species will be strong and reinforced if 

hybrids have lower fitness!  

Page 27: Week 9 part 2

Figure 24.15

Females choosing between these males:

Females choosing between these males:

Sympatric pied male

Sympatric collared male

Allopatric pied male

Allopatric collared male

(none)

Female mate choice Female mate choice

Own species

Own species

Other species

Other species

Num

ber o

f fem

ales

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

Assorta?ve ma?ng in sympatry prevents hybridiza?on..no selec?on against it in allopatry 

Page 28: Week 9 part 2

Figure 24.16

Pundamilia nyererei Pundamilia pundamilia

Pundamilia “turbid water,” hybrid offspring from a location with turbid water

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Other well‐studied stable (but narrow) Great Plains hybrid zones 

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Gene?c basis for specia?on 

Can be from hybridiza?on, simple gene?c systems or more complex 

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Figure 24.18

A dune wild sunflower (Helianthus anomalus) originated by hybridiza?on (poten?ally very common in plants) 

Page 32: Week 9 part 2

Figure 24.17

(a) Punctuated pattern

Time

(b) Gradual pattern

Tempo of specia?on  

Page 33: Week 9 part 2

Typical Mimulus lewisii

(a)

Typical Mimulus cardinalis

(c)

M. lewisii with an M. cardinalis flower-color allele

(b)

M. cardinalis with an M. lewisii flower-color allele

(d)

Figure 24.20

Page 34: Week 9 part 2
Page 35: Week 9 part 2

Pollinators (needed for successful reproduc?on) act as pre‐zygo?c isola?ng 

mechanisms In hybrid zone, nearly 98% of pollinator visits were to one species or the other (i.e., pollinators preferred either pink or 

red flowers) 

Schemski and Bradshaw 1999. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 October 12; 96(21): 11910–11915. 

Page 36: Week 9 part 2

Two genes determine pollinator visitaton through colour produc?on 

So two muta?ons can lead to specia?on! (Usually more, e.g., Sunflower at least 26 chromosome segments). ‘Yup’ locus is yellow upper locus 

Red Yellow and inter. 

Page 37: Week 9 part 2

Conserva?on implica?ons of hybridiza?on (with special reference to 

Ontario) Red Mulberry (Morus rubra)    

FACTS: Fewer than 300 in province Only 10 sites have > 5 individuals Gene?c assimila?on with more aggressive White Mulberry (Morus alba) Hybrids have higher reproduc?ve success than pure individuals 

Solu?on: May need to at least preserve hybrids in the short term to prevent complete loss of Red Mulberry genes; but also destroy White Mulberry trees (shiny leaves on top!) 

Page 38: Week 9 part 2

Golden‐winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) 

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Threats to Golden‐winged Warbler Main threat is hybridiza?on with Blue‐winged Warbler 

Facts: Breed in shrubby areas recently disturbed 

Page 40: Week 9 part 2

But if they are hybridizing naturally what does it mamer if GWWA’s 

disappear? Hybrids do not sing intermediate songs so pure GWWA females can easily breed with hybrid (males) 

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Proportions of ancestry of each geographic region defined with the model-based method STRUCTURE (Pritchard et al. 2000; Falush et al. 2003).

Wilson P J et al. J Hered 2009;100:S80-S89

© The American Genetic Association. 2009. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected].

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