Week 8 Notes Week 8 Notes • Tonight Tonight – Weather Review Weather Review – Term Paper Outline Guidelines Term Paper Outline Guidelines – AMS Climate Change Policy (HW#6) AMS Climate Change Policy (HW#6) – Airmasses and Fronts (Chp 8) Airmasses and Fronts (Chp 8) – El Niño Classwork (HW#7) El Niño Classwork (HW#7) – El Niño and La Niña El Niño and La Niña • March 24 – No Class (Spring March 24 – No Class (Spring Break) Break) • March 31 – No Class (Cesar March 31 – No Class (Cesar Chavez Day) Chavez Day)
Week 8 Notes. Tonight Weather Review Term Paper Outline Guidelines AMS Climate Change Policy (HW#6) Airmasses and Fronts ( Chp 8) El Niño Classwork (HW#7) El Niño and La Niña March 24 – No Class (Spring Break) March 31 – No Class (Cesar Chavez Day). Week 8 Notes (cont’d). April 7 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Week 8 NotesWeek 8 Notes• TonightTonight
– Weather ReviewWeather Review– Term Paper Outline GuidelinesTerm Paper Outline Guidelines– AMS Climate Change Policy (HW#6)AMS Climate Change Policy (HW#6)– Airmasses and Fronts (Chp 8)Airmasses and Fronts (Chp 8)– El Niño Classwork (HW#7)El Niño Classwork (HW#7)– El Niño and La NiñaEl Niño and La Niña
• March 24 – No Class (Spring Break)March 24 – No Class (Spring Break)• March 31 – No Class (Cesar Chavez Day)March 31 – No Class (Cesar Chavez Day)
Week 8 Notes (cont’d)Week 8 Notes (cont’d)• April 7 April 7
– Remote SensingRemote Sensing– Weather ForecastingWeather Forecasting– Review for Midterm #2Review for Midterm #2
• April 14April 14– Midterm #2Midterm #2– Term paper Outlines DueTerm paper Outlines Due
• April 21April 21– Thunderstorms and TornadoesThunderstorms and Tornadoes
Term Paper OutlineTerm Paper OutlineDue Apr 14Due Apr 14• TypedTyped• Double SpacedDouble Spaced• Formatted per next pageFormatted per next page• ReferencesReferences• At Least 3 referencesAt Least 3 references• You can add more references laterYou can add more references later• Only 1/3 Internet only sourcesOnly 1/3 Internet only sources• Proper formatting for electronic sourcesProper formatting for electronic sources
• APA Format only (link in Syllabus)APA Format only (link in Syllabus)
Term Paper OutlineI. IntroductionI. IntroductionII. Three Major PointsII. Three Major Points
A. Point 1.A. Point 1.1. Subpoint 11. Subpoint 12. Subpoint 22. Subpoint 2
B. Point 2.B. Point 2. 1. Subpoint 11. Subpoint 1 2. Subpoint2. Subpoint
C. Point 3.C. Point 3.1. Subpoint 11. Subpoint 12. Subpoint 22. Subpoint 2
III. SummaryIII. SummaryReferences:References:
At Least 3 referencesAt Least 3 referencesAPA Format only (link in Syllabus)APA Format only (link in Syllabus)Only 1/3 Internet Sources (and properly formatted)Only 1/3 Internet Sources (and properly formatted)
Sample Term Paper OutlineI. Introduction
A. Performed by Committee of Citizens named by Board of Educ.B. Findings:
II. Funding Sources:A. Bond referendum passed by votes of four sending towns on 12/9/03.B. Breakdown:
1. $8.8 million provided by communities via increased taxes.2. $6.3 million provided by State of NJ via school funding pool.
C. Timetable for Expenditures:III. Benefits to School and District:
A. Reduction of Special Education costs by keeping students at school.B. Maintenance of Property values for sending district real estate.C. Enhancement of education program at the school.
IV. Drawbacks to School and District:A. Increased property taxes to residents for 15-20 years to pay off bond.B. Disruption of academic programs at Gateway during the period of construction.C. Re-location of sporting events and some programs during renovations.
V. Conclusion: Although there will be some costs involved and some disruption, believe the benefits of renovating Gateway H.S., with substantial funding from the State of N.J., are in the best interests of all students and residents.
CLIMATE CHANGE POLICYCLIMATE CHANGE POLICY
• IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change• Set up by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Set up by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) • IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 2007IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 2007• 1000+ Scientists1000+ Scientists• Synthesis of Exisitng ResearchSynthesis of Exisitng Research• No Actual research or Data CollectionNo Actual research or Data Collection
• AMS – American Meteorological SocietyAMS – American Meteorological Society
AMS CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY - HW#6 AMS CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY - HW#6 Divide into SIX GROUPS• Read individually your section• Discuss as a group• Come up with at least one “bullet point” per paragraph• Choose a group spokesperson who will present to the class• Each group will turn in a sheet of paper with members names CLEARLY WRITTEN
Group:• #1 – Background• #2 – How is Climate Changing?• #3 – Why is Climate Changing?• #4 – How Can Climate Change be Projected in the Future?• #5 – How will Climate Change in the Future? (First 4 paras)• #6 – How will Climate Change in the Future? (Last 4 paras)
Air Masses and FrontsAir Masses and Fronts
Semi-permanent circulation patterns provide Semi-permanent circulation patterns provide consistent wind patterns and breeding grounds for consistent wind patterns and breeding grounds for air masses.air masses.
Air Mass DevelopmentAir Mass Development
Air Mass PropertiesAir Mass Properties• Take on the properties of the underlying surface Take on the properties of the underlying surface • Characterized by Temperature and HumidityCharacterized by Temperature and Humidity• Classified by location of “origin”Classified by location of “origin”• GeographicallyGeographically
• Characteristics more prevalent if air mass remains Characteristics more prevalent if air mass remains over source region for a long periodover source region for a long period
Air Mass ClassificationsAir Mass Classifications• cP - continental PolarcP - continental Polar
– Cold, dry, stableCold, dry, stable– Extremely cold cP air mass may be designated cA Extremely cold cP air mass may be designated cA
– Warm, moist, usually unstableWarm, moist, usually unstable• cT - continental TropicalcT - continental Tropical
– Hot, dryHot, dry– Stable air aloft, unstable surface airStable air aloft, unstable surface air
• cA – continental ArcticcA – continental Arctic
Air Mass Source RegionsAir Mass Source Regions
– Cold, DryCold, Dry– Develops over the interior of Develops over the interior of
• North America -- Central Canada -- SiberiaNorth America -- Central Canada -- Siberia
Continental Polar (cP)Continental Polar (cP)
Arctic Air (cA)Arctic Air (cA)– Bitterly Cold and Very DryBitterly Cold and Very Dry– Develops over the snow or ice usually north of 60° N Develops over the snow or ice usually north of 60° N
– Cold, MoistCold, Moist– Source: Cold ocean waters of the North Pacific and North AtlanticSource: Cold ocean waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic– Often conversion of cP Siberian air to mP which is moistened and Often conversion of cP Siberian air to mP which is moistened and
warmed from the Japanese “Gulf Stream Current”warmed from the Japanese “Gulf Stream Current”– Major type for storms to affect N. California and the Pacific NWMajor type for storms to affect N. California and the Pacific NW– Responsible for fueling “Nor-easters”Responsible for fueling “Nor-easters”
Marine Polar (mP)Marine Polar (mP)
• Continental Tropical (cT)Continental Tropical (cT)– Hot, DryHot, Dry– Source: Deserts of Mexico and the SW United StatesSource: Deserts of Mexico and the SW United States– Very unstable because of heat and convection, but Very unstable because of heat and convection, but
cloudless because of lack of moisture.cloudless because of lack of moisture.• Marine Tropical (mT)Marine Tropical (mT)
– Warm, HumidWarm, Humid– Source: Tropical and subtropical oceans and the Gulf Source: Tropical and subtropical oceans and the Gulf
of Mexicoof Mexico
Tropical (T)Tropical (T)
United States Air MassesUnited States Air Masses
mT
cP
Example Air MassesExample Air Masses
Air Mass InvasionAir Mass Invasion
• Air masses eventually moveAir masses eventually move• If it moves over a region different from where it If it moves over a region different from where it
originated, the air mass will be modified, by the originated, the air mass will be modified, by the land that the air is travelling over.land that the air is travelling over.
• Changes: warming, cooling, adding or reducing Changes: warming, cooling, adding or reducing moisture contentmoisture content
Air Mass ModificationAir Mass Modification
cP
WarmerLand
The cP air mass willbe warmed by thewarmer land that itpasses over.
Air Mass ModificationAir Mass Modification
Air Mass ModificationAir Mass Modification• Originates as cP air from Asia and is carried across the Pacific becoming mP
mP cP
Lake Effect SnowLake Effect Snow
• Fronts– Narrow transition zone between air masses
of differing densities.– The density differences usually arise from
temperature differences.– Density differences may be a result of
humidity differences (summer).• A front is the boundary or transition zone
between different air masses.
FrontsFronts
Frontal SymbolsFrontal Symbols
• Cold Front– Boundary with a colder (more dense)
airmass advances and displaces the warmer (less dense) air.
– The largest temperature differences are normally associated with cold fronts.
– Average speed ≈ 30 mph– Temperatures drop rapidly
Cold FrontCold Front
Cold FrontCold Front
Cold FrontCold Front•Precipitation: Located on either side of the front.
•Convective, showery in nature
• Warm Front– Colder (more dense) air retreats and is
replaced by the warmer (less dense) air.– Warm fronts tend to have weaker
temperature gradients.– Average speed ≈ 16 mph– Temperatures slowly rise
Warm FrontWarm Front
Warm FrontWarm Front
Warm FrontWarm Front• Lifted warm air produces widespread clouds and
precipitation well in advance of boundary
• Cold fronts typically move faster than warm fronts.
• Cold fronts can catch up and “overtake” a warm front.
• Two types of occlusions:– Cold type occlusion– Warm type occlusion (very, very rare)
Occluded FrontOccluded Front
Occluded FrontOccluded Front
Occluded FrontOccluded Front
What kind of front is it?What kind of front is it?• From the vantage point of the ground…
•If warm air replaces colder air, the front is a warm front• If cold air replaces warmer air, the front is a cold front• If the front does not move, it is a stationary front• Occluded fronts do not intersect the ground; the interface between the air masses is aloft
Convergence and DivergenceConvergence and Divergence
When upper-level divergence is stronger than lower-level convergence, more air is taken out at the top than is brought in at the bottom. Surface pressure drops, and the low intensifies, or “deepens.”
Generation of Divergence AloftGeneration of Divergence AloftUPPER LEVEL DIVERGENCE
INITIATES AND MAINTAINS A
SURFACE LOW.
Formation of CyclonesFormation of Cyclones• Cyclogenesis – Development of a region of low
pressure -- a cyclone.• Conditions:
– Cyclonic flow must be established at the surface.– Cyclonic flow is CCW in the Northern Hemisphere.– Convergence at the surface must be supported by
divergence aloft.
Shortwave PropagationShortwave Propagation
Cyclone StagesCyclone Stages
“Comma” shape ischaracteristic of a welldeveloped wave cyclone.
The cyclone maturescP
mT
Wave Cyclone DevelopmentWave Cyclone Development
L
Cloud“Shield”
Cold front overtakes warm front.
The cold air surrounds the cyclone. Gradients weaken and the low slowly dies.
The cyclone occludes
cPmT
Wave Cyclone DevelopmentWave Cyclone Development
L
Mid-Latitude CycloneMid-Latitude Cyclone
El Niño, La NiñaEl Niño, La Niña and Other Climate and Other Climate
VariablesVariables
Classwork: Classwork: El Niño Pre-Test (HW#7)El Niño Pre-Test (HW#7)Divide into 6 groups. Discuss and choose a spokesperson to Divide into 6 groups. Discuss and choose a spokesperson to
present a few comments from then group. THIS IS A present a few comments from then group. THIS IS A CLOSED BOOK/COMPUTER EXERCISE. Turn in a sheet for CLOSED BOOK/COMPUTER EXERCISE. Turn in a sheet for each group with last names.each group with last names.
1.1. What is El Niño?What is El Niño?
2.2. Where does El Nino occur?Where does El Nino occur?
3.3. What impact does El Niño have on California?What impact does El Niño have on California?
4.4. Does it impact other parts of the world?Does it impact other parts of the world?
5.5. What is La Niña?What is La Niña?
6. Is there currently an El Niño, La Niña or neither? El Niño, La Niña or neither?
Ripped from the Headlines…Ripped from the Headlines…
El Niño MythsEl Niño Myths• El Niño will be coming to California againEl Niño will be coming to California again
• All El Niños are the sameAll El Niños are the same
• El Niño spawns stormsEl Niño spawns storms
• El Niño means lots of rain for CaliforniaEl Niño means lots of rain for California
• El Niño means flooding and big waves for El Niño means flooding and big waves for CaliforniaCalifornia
Ripped from the Headlines…Ripped from the Headlines…
Is there currently an El Niño, La Niña or El Niño, La Niña or neither? neither?