Week 3 kimdiep(698471)

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[W3]: STUDIO REPORT

Main structural elements:#Concrete beams and columns which by the size of the structure would have had to be built on site. Pre-fabricated columns would have been too difficult to bring in when building Lot 6.#

The use of columns and beams help transfer the load of the building to the ground. However, Lot 6 contains a basement so the load of the structure does not transfer to the ground at ground level. The load transfers to the retaining wall to the footing and then to the foundation and soil/ground.#

http://www.designcityliving.com/2012/05/lot-6-cafe-and-bar-melbourne-university.html#

[Lot 6] [Stairs on west end of Union House]

The stairs are a steel structure that is attached by steel cables to the steel cantilevers of Union House.##It was questioned whether the steel cables were used to support the structure. From observation it can be seen that the cables were primarily used to prevent the stairs from moving.#The stairs’ symmetric form enabled it to be free standing.

Not only did the load of the stairs transfer through to the base of the steps but it was also to keep the structure from moving when users walked on it and uplift.##

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The whole structure of this car park is made out of concrete. #Advantages of using this material are:#• Exposure to moisture will have little impact on

concrete. For example, if the structure was made out of steel, over exposure to moisture will cause the steel to rust and likewise with timber, it will begin to rot.#

• Concrete is very hard so if there was an accident involving a car crashing into a column there would be minimal damage to the structure.#

Mechanical systems:#• Sprinklers#• Lighting/ Electricity#• Gas line#• Drainage#• Water pipes

The trees in south lawn line up with the columns underground. This allows the trees to grow. Overtime the column will catch rain water and create soil and water pressure. To ensure that it doesn’t cause damage to the column and the trees, drainage is used to remove excess water from the column.

Short column

To accommodate for the trees at ground level.

On the roof of the car park there was evidence of efflorescence. This means that as water evaporated from the structure it left behind white salt deposits (Masonry Institute of America, n.d.). It only occurred in one small area. Therefore it can be concluded that this is a cosmetic issue and has not compromised the structure.

Each column in the car park is independent to each other meaning that each column is on a pad footing. This is to ensure that if a car happens to crash into a column the whole structure won’t fall down.

[Underground Car Park]

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The purpose of the steel rings:#• To bring all the cables together in

one location#• Reduce the excessive wind load

that is trying to push the canopy upwards by allowing it to travel through the steel ring.#

• It adds additional weight by holding down the canopy

Big drain to catch all the rainwater coming through the ring

Cables are pulling on the canopy in different diagonal directions causing tension.

[North court of Union house]

A problem with this design is that during windy conditions the cables are unable to prevent the canopy from moving with the wind load.

Wiring through the canopy material help form the shape of it by pulling it from the ground to the neighbouring structures. This is an example of a membrane structure.

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[Oval Pavilion]

Waterproofing membrane behind the foundation wall is used to prevent water and moisture from entering the interior,

The oval pavilion’s structure is made up of timber and steel. It has a big cantilevered roof. With a large span the roof would need to be made out of steel to get that distance.#The cantilever must be attached using fixed joints to minimise uplift by restricting movement up and down, side to side and rotation.

[Frank Tate Pavilion]

The structure is mainly made of steel and timber and to guarantee quality work, the parts of the structure must have been pre-fabricated and put together on site.###Due to this roof’s lightweight material it has to deal with uplift during windy conditions.##

Centre of gravity is off the object causing the structure to want to tip over. In order to prevent that a large footing weighing approximately 3 tonnes was built to counterbalance the force that could cause an unbalanced structure.#

Force of heavy footing to keep structure balanced

• Extension joints are used to allow expansion of bricks during hot weather conditions.#

• The soldier and stretcher course joints are raked.

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[W3]: Learning Loop

INTRODUCTION TO MASS:!• Strong in compression#• Good thermal mass#• Durable

BRICK:!• Dimensions1:

230x76x110mm

Stretcher FaceBed Joints

Perpend Stretcher Course

http://www.bricksmith.co.uk/facing-bricks.cfm#

Raked1 Flushed1 Weather Struck1

Ironed1

Concrete Block

Ashlar Stone

http://www.centuryconcrete.ca/pages/why_concrete_blocks/http://

paragonstone.com/ashlar-stone/#Properties/ Material Brick Concrete Block Stone

Hardness med - high med - high high

Fragility med med dependent on large geometry

Ductility very low low low

Flexibility/ Plasticity very low low low

Permeability low - med med dependent on type of rock

Density med med dependent on type of rock

Conductivity poor poor poor

Durability very very strong very strong

Reusability/ recycling high med med

Sustainability and carbon footprint

Locally produced but the firing process contributes to carbon footprint

It is recyclable therefore helps reduce carbon footprint

Transportation and sourcing of stone can cause high environmental costs

Costs Can be easily sourced (cost effective). Labour costs would need to be considered

Labour costs would need to be considered

Labour costs would need to be considered

[1] Adapted from Newton, C. (2014). Bricks [YouTube video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be#[2] Adapted from Newton, C. (2014). Concrete Blocks [YouTube video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be#[3] Adapted from Newton, C. (2014). Stone [YouTube video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be#

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FOUNDATIONS AND FOOTINGS:!• Foundation is the substructure

of a building that helps transfer the load of a building to the ground (Ching, 2014).

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:#• Elements that help transfer

the load of a building (e.g. Columns, walls, slab, panels, beams, etc.)(Newton, 2014).

TYPES OF SHALLOW FOOTING:!• Pad (isolated)#• Strip

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS:!• Shallow #• Deep #• Raft

GEOMETRY AND EQUILIBRIUM:!• When an object or system is at

equilibrium it is at rest (Ching, 2104). This means: #- ∑Horizontal Forces = 0#- ∑Vertical Forces = 0, #- ∑Moment = 0#

MOMENT:!• A force causing an

object to rotate (Ching, 2014)#

• M = Force x Distance

+ve

At equilibrium: ∑H = 0, ∑V = 0, ∑M = 0##Horizontal Force:#∑H = HA#HA = 0 kNm!#Vertical Forces:#∑V = VA + VB - 5 kNm = 0##Moment:#∑M = VA x 0 + VB x 2 - (4 x 5) = 0#

2VB = 20# VB = 10 kNm##

Sub in VB = 10 kNm:#VA + 10kNm - 5 kNm = 0#

VA = -5 kNm

2m 2m

5kN

HA

VA VB

A B

Centre of gravity is off the object/ building which would cause it to tip to one side. In order for the object/ building to stand up something needs to pull it in the opposite direction

A leaning building can occur if the load force and reaction force are not equal.

Deciding on the type of foundation to use for a building is dependent on the soil that it is built on. If the soil at ground level does not have

great bearing capacity deep foundation would be used to

extend underground to where rock/ soil bearing capacity is better.

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Stretcher Face (230mm)

Header Face (76mm)

Bed (110mm)

http://tomellard.com/wp/2013/06/throw-a-brick-at-my-head/#

Stretcher FaceBed Joints

Perpend Stretcher Course

http://www.bricksmith.co.uk/facing-bricks.cfm#

Header Course#Soldier Course# Brick on Edge#

Differential Settlement:!Movement of various parts of a structure due to uneven consolidation of foundation soil. This may cause cracking in a building (Ching, 2014).

Friction Piles:!It uses resistance of surrounding earth to support the structure (Ching, 2014).

Foundation: !The substructure of a building that bears the load of the building and transfer it to the ground (Ching, 2014).#

Deep Foundations:!End bearing piles that extend down into the ground to a rock/soil that can support the building. It is used when soil at ground level does not have a good bearing capacity to build on (Ching, 2014).

Centre of Gravity/Mass: !The point at which an object is balanced (Ching, 2014)

[Glossary]

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Equilibrium:!When an object or system is at rest (Ching, 2014).

Modular:!Materials such as brick, concrete block and ashlar stone (Newton, 2014).

Non-Modular:!Materials such as concrete, rammed earth and monolithic stone (Newton, 2014).

Moment:!Force causing an object or point to rotate (Ching, 2014)

Free Body Diagram:

2m 2m

5kN

A B

Pad Footing: !This type takes on a point load and can be used when the soil bearing capacity is not very good (Ching, 2014).

http://www.steelmate.co.za/quotes.html#

Parallel Flange Channel:

Efflorescence: !White powdered salts left behind on masonry walls as water evaporates. This can be a cosmetic problem or become a structural weakness issue (Masonry Institute of America, n.d.). #

http://www.masonryworktools.com/brickefflorescence.html

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Retaining Wall:!A structure/ wall that holds back earth elements (e.g. soil) from sliding (About Civil, 2014).#

Shallow Foundations:!Used when the soil bearing capacity is adequate near ground level (Ching, 2014).

Strut:!A type of structural element that uses compression to transfer load of a building (e.g. Column) (Newton, 2014).

Tie:!A type of structural element that uses tension to transfer load (e.g. Steel cables) (Newton, 2014).

Raft Foundation:!Increasing stability by joining strips together as a single mat (Ching, 2014).

Strip Footing:!Continuous footing for foundation walls (Ching, 2014).

�10

[Reference]

About Civil (n.d.). Retaining walls. Retrieved from: http://www.aboutcivil.org/retaining-wall-definition-types-uses-retaining-walls.html##Ashlar Stone [image]. Retrieved from: http://paragonstone.com/ashlar-stone/##Brick [image]. Retrieved from: http://tomellard.com/wp/2013/06/throw-a-brick-at-my-head/##Brick Wall [image]. Retrieved from: http://www.bricksmith.co.uk/facing-bricks.cfm##Ching, F. (2014) Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons##Concrete Block [image]. Retrieved from: http://www.centuryconcrete.ca/pages/why_concrete_blocks/economical##Efflorescence [image]. Retrieved from: http://www.masonryworktools.com/brickefflorescence.html##Lot 6 cafe [image]. Retrieved from: http://www.designcityliving.com/2012/05/lot-6-cafe-and-bar-melbourne-university.html!#Masonry Institue of America (2014). What is efflorescence?. Retrieved from: http://www.masonryinstitute.org/pdf/612.pdf##Newton, C. (2014). Bricks [YouTube video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be##Newton, C. (2014). Concrete Blocks [YouTube video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be##Newton, C. (2014). Stone [YouTube video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be##Parallel Flange Channel [image]. Retrieved from: http://www.steelmate.co.za/quotes.html