Week 2 - Rebellion and Nationalism

8/10/2019 Week 2 - Rebellion and Nationalism

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Week 2: Rebellions, Nationalism and

End of an Empire

SKSE 2133MODERN ASIAN HISTORY


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PART AREBELLIONS


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1. Minor Rebellions in Qing China

Rebellions + Uprisings poverty, oppressive taxes, a decline in

famine relief operations, anti-Manchu sentiment & resentment

against imperial officials & troops.


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a. Nien Rebellion

Central-eastern region revolt brought together peasants, bandits

and fast-riding horsemen underZhang Lexing, a salt smuggler.

Rebels rampaged across four provinces between the Yellow and Huai

rivers. Establishing bases in walled towns and repulsing imperial

forces, took over local administration, promising less corrupt and

fairer government nurtured dynastic ambitions.


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b. Red Turban Rebellion (1854-1856)

Guangdong - Revolts by clans and secret-society members

involving triads of the Heaven and Earth Society

Staged anti-dynastic risings

Drawing membership from river pirates - ran gambling dens

and extorted money from merchants and opium traders

c. White Lotus Sect Rebellion (1796-1804)

Followers worshipped a sacred Buddhist Mother and hadstaged a ten-year uprising at the turn of the century, rose again

in HenanandShandong provinces


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Yunnan- local people rebelled after amassacre by Han officials that killedtens of thousands of Muslims -'Chinese Sultanate' in the Kingdom ofPacified Souls in the city of Dali,

Other Muslims revolted in Gansu and

Shaanxi provinces. Xinjiang- Insurgent, Yakub Beg made

himself ruler with Kashgar as capital

April 1875 - Zuo Zongtang head acampaign into Xinjiang.

1876 - 60,000-man Chinese armysurged towards Kashgar.

May 1877 - Yakub Beg committedsuicide, his sons, who tried to

continue the fight, fell out with oneanother.

d. Muslim/ Hui Rebellions (~1850-1870s)


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2. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Largest Rebellion - Poor south-erners of the Hakka minority in

the Guangdong-Guangxi

region.

Claimed 20 million lives,

devastated wide areas of

China, created a flood of

refugees, and brought a shift of

power that weakened The Qing


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Influenced by Christian missionaries

A delusional failed examination candidate -

Hong Xiuquan, Guangdong announced that

he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ,

come to lead a Christian mission to end the rule of the

Manchu devils of the Qing dynasty.

Hongs Society of God Worshippers attracted tens of

thousands of followers.

Hong established the Taiping Tianguo (the Heavenly State of

Great Peace), and his army swept through China. Preached a form of egalitarian Christianity with Chinese

characteristics. Land and treasure would be shared out, the

sexes separated and opium outlawed.


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Conquered Central China for 8 years, including Nanjing.

Eventually, Zeng Guofan, and stresses within the Taiping ,

brought the rebellion to an end - bloodiest civil war in history


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The Taipings vs The Qings


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3. Boxer Rebellion () Boxer Rebellion - Fear of Chinese Christians.

Shandong1,000 anti-foreign incidents andprotests - First appeared - 1898 during a

dispute over the building of a Catholic

church in the Shandong town of Liyuantun

Discontent of the Boxers = traditional causes

of peasant revolt - poverty and natural

disastersbut radically different

Foreigners were 'Primary Hairy Men

Christian converts 'Secondary Hairy Men'

People who used foreign goods were

'Tertiary Hairy Men'.


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China to pay an indemnity equivalent to 67 million over

39 years at 4% annual interest


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PART B

RESTORATIONS ANDMODERNISATIONS


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1. Self Strengthening Movement

Produce armaments and military technology along Western

lines. But dealt a brutal blow during the Sino-Japanese War of 18945

- fought over control of Korea.

Humiliating destruction of the new Qing navy, and the loss of

Chinese influence in Korea and cession of Taiwan to Japan


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Li Hongzhang (

)

Passed 3/ 4,000 candidates in imperial

examination, skilled calligrapher

Imperial Modernizers - Strengthen the

Dynasty, Not to change its foundations.

1870 - Appointed Governor of Zhili

Negotiated trading agreements with

foreigners - more important than FO

Used official position to advance his business interests:- coal miningcottonjoint stock companyrailwaysteamship

fr Shanghai to Tianjin & Beijingpostal service

Adopting a more realistic and subtle attitude to the foreigners.


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Zhang Zhidong (

)

Coined the saying 'Chinese learning for the

fundamental principles; Western learning forpractical application'. Idea of grafting Western

technology on to Chinese roots

Setup an academy and a printing works in

Canton while he was governor there.

Moved to run Hubei and Hunan provinces on the Middle Yangzi, he

launched military and civilian schools, established a textile mill and

a felt works, and promoted a scheme for a railway from Beijing tohis new domain, as well as forming a local army corps.

With Belgian help, founded China's first iron works in Hanyang.


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Impressive? Li & Zhangs enterprises were only a drop in the ocean

for a country as large as Chinawith so much ground to make up

Self-Strengtheners - too few to enable China to catch up

Legend? - Empress Dowager Cixi diverted Chinese Navy funds toward

building a new summer palace, including this marble boat -


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Peking University a medical school in a 280-room palace

Youths sent abroad to be trained in subjects for which there were

no teachers at home.

Each provincial capital was to be given a seat of advanced,

Western-style learning; temples were to be turned into

educational establishments, with each district town getting a

primary school.


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KangYouwei (

1858-1927), a Cantonese,- bold proposal and drew heavily on Japanese model

Chinese modernity on self-strengthening failedbecause it had not been comprehensive.

2 contrasting case studies:

Japan - reformed successfully

Poland - failed comprehensively - disappeared from the map - carved

up by powerful neighbours in 1795.

Kangs ideas were radical - Do Not Bind Feet Society & .Association

to Protect the Country - a greater participation by lower-level

Chinese elites in the demand for popular rights

However, Manchu nobles were outraged to lose their privileges. And

ending the examination system destroy the gentry-scholar class.


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3. Qings Last Attempt for ReformsModern Schools - 35,787 in 1907 and 87,272 in the next 5 years as

pupil numbers trebled to 2.9 million.

Imperial examination replaced w 10 questions on politics, adminis-

trative history, foreign affairs & foreign learningonly 3 Classics.

1905 - abolition of the Imperial Examinationsbut created a hugenumber of angry local elites.

Ban on intermarriage between Manchus and Han lifted; the decree

also encouraged an end to foot-binding - reorganize centralgovernment by setting up 11 ministries, and to allow discussion of a

constitutional regime - Steam navigation

BUT - Chinas elites no longer trusted the Qing to reform China

successfully. Reforms were not too little, but perhaps too late


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PART C

THE CHINESEREVOLUTION 1911


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Wuchang UprisingEnd of Chinese Empire

Oct 1911Spark of the Revolution came by accident, but set off a

movement waiting to happen - lead to the extinction of the empire.

The Qing = too weak and too unpopular - the dynasty seemed to have

lost the will to govern. No imperial pretender waiting in the wings. So

the empire forfeited the Mandate of Heaven - a new republic was

established.


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12 February 1912Emperor Pu Yi () abdicated.but

allowed to continue to live in the Forbidden City.

Apart from the Manchus and traditionalists, nobody mourned its

passing. Dynastic cycle of rise and fall had been played out over thecenturiesexcept this time - new claimant to the throne.

Debates on nationalism, socialism, and feminism, but Confucian

influences continued to shape everyday life.


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PART D

THE RISE OF CHINESENASIONALISM


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1. Sun Yat Sen ( )

A native of Guangdong - taken to Hawaii as a boy - trained as a

doctor - converted to Christianity

Main base = Japan, 1905 - founded Tongmeng Hui (United League)

Raised funds from overseas Chinese10 failed uprisings from 1895-

1911all quickly collapsed


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,

The revolution is not

yet successful, the

comrades still need to

strive for the future


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Three Principles of the People ( )

Nationalism()

Free from imperialist

domination & Chinas National

Consciousness

Democracy()Peoples Power or

Government by the People

Socialism/ Social Welfare()how a

government can take care of

its people


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But, the reality is .

The Empire is gonebut there was neither social nor economic

revolution. The replacement system was weak and did not

connect with most of Chinas population


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CASE STUDY

CHINAS REVOLUTION ANDSOUTHEAST ASIAN CHINESE

Cheong Fatt Tze


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Until 1860Chinese banned from leaving China. Oversea

Chinese = truant subjects- little better than criminals

However, Overseas Chinese in SEAsia took advantage ofcommercial opportunities by growing European Colonialism

became entrepreneurs and tycoons.

The Qing, the Europeans and the Revolutionaries competed for

the loyalty of the Overseas Chinese

Cheong Fatt Tze


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Sun Yat Sen in Singapore


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2. The Warlord Era (

)


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Warlord EraChinas national authority disintegratedbroke

into a jigsaw of regionscontrolled by powerful local leaders

and cliques From the last years of the Qing but mainly after the death of

Yuan Shikai to the reunification of China under the KMT in 1927

A period of uncertainty, disorder & conflict - prevented effective

national government & no benefit for ordinary Chinese.


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3. The May 4 Movement (

)

Anti-imperialist, cultural & political movement growing out of

students demonstrations in Beijing protesting Chinas weak

response to the Treaty of Versailles especially Japan to retain

Shandong

k d l


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Sparked national protests

and marked the upsurge of

Chinese Nationalism - shift

towards politicalmobilizationand away from

cultural activities

More populist than

intellectual elites. Manypolitical and social leaders of

the next decades emerged at

this time.

"May Fourth Movement" =New Culture Movement (

)

4 K i t ( )


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4. Kuomintang (

)

25 Aug 1912KMT established at

the Huguang Guild Hall in Beijing -Revolutionary Alliance and five smaller pro-

revolution parties merged to contest the first

national elections.

Sun Yat Sen as KMT Chairman with Huang

Xing as his deputy.

3rdmost important personSong Jiaoren -

mobilized mass support from gentry and

merchants for the KMT to advocate a

constitutional parliamentary democracyassassinated in 1913

Dec 1912KMT won overwhelming majority

in the 1stNational Assembly elections. .

Chi K i Sh k ( )


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Chiang Kai Shek (

)

1925After the death of Sun Yat SenGeneralissimo Chiang Kai Shek assumed

KMTs leadership

Unlike Sun, Chiang had relatively less contact

with the westthough he studied in Japan

and MoscowChiang was firmly rooted in his

Chinese identity and culturestudied the

Chinese classics and histories assiduously

Chiang made himself dictator of the ROC

one party state with one idology

N th E diti ( 1927 1928)


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Northern Expedition (1927 -1928)

1926-28 - Military campaign led by the KMT against the Beiyang Govt

ObjectiveRe- unify China and end the Warlord Era

Reunification of China in 1928new capital in Nanjing


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KMTinternationally recognisedbut never controlled more than a

few important provinces

Wide disparity between the rich, poor and the oppressed people

Bankrupt rural China -The Chinese peasant = 'a man standingpermanently up to his neck in water so that even a ripple is sufficient

to drown him'

.. And a reality check of KMTs China


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CONCLUSION

1911 - End of Imperial Qing but China still torn apart by bitter

conflicts and violent political upheavals.

Chinas new republic was weakand many groups struggled for

power, including warlords, the CCP and the KMT

In 1937, these groups united to fight Chinas greatest enemy,

Japan, but after their victory in 1945, civil war erupted again in

China.

.


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Week 2 - Rebellion and Nationalism

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