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Week 2 Class NotesWeek 2 Class NotesTonight Tonight
• Weather ReviewWeather Review
• Atmosphere (Chapter 1)Atmosphere (Chapter 1)
• Weather ObservationsWeather Observations
• Geography 101 (in class aggignment)Geography 101 (in class aggignment)
• Weather MapsWeather Maps
Next WeekNext Week
• Heat & Energy (chapter 2)Heat & Energy (chapter 2)
• More Weather MapsMore Weather Maps
Weather ReviewWeather Review
Weather ReviewWeather Review
Weather ReviewWeather Review
Weather ReviewWeather Review
Tue 10 PMTue 10 PM
Wed 10 AMWed 10 AM
Wed 10 PMWed 10 PM
Thu 10 AMThu 10 AM
Thu 10 PMThu 10 PM
Fri 10 AMFri 10 AM
Fri 10 PMFri 10 PM
Sat 10 AMSat 10 AM
Weather SongsWeather Songs• I Can't Stand The RainI Can't Stand The Rain• Its raining manIts raining man• HurricaneHurricane• Sun is Shining Sun is Shining • Singing in the RainSinging in the Rain• Come Clean Come Clean • Purple RainPurple Rain• I'm Only Happy When It RainsI'm Only Happy When It Rains• If You Steal My SunshineIf You Steal My Sunshine• Hello SunshineHello Sunshine• Hotel California Hotel California • Raindrops Keep Fallin on My HeadRaindrops Keep Fallin on My Head• It's Raining On Prom NightIt's Raining On Prom Night• Blame It On The Rain Blame It On The Rain • Make it RainMake it Rain• Ain't no SunshineAin't no Sunshine• Rock You Like A HurricaneRock You Like A Hurricane• The rain songThe rain song• I Wish It Would RainI Wish It Would Rain• Stormy WeatherStormy Weather• SnowballSnowball• Pennies from HeavenPennies from Heaven• Five Feet High and RisingFive Feet High and Rising• Lightning StrikesLightning Strikes• SummerSummer• Holidays in the SunHolidays in the Sun• WestwindWestwind• She’s like the WindShe’s like the Wind• Running Against the WindRunning Against the Wind
• The Lighthouse's Tale • Winter Wonderland • Rainy Day Woman• Strangers in the WindStrangers in the Wind• Walking On CloudsWalking On Clouds• Catch the WindCatch the Wind• Riders on the StormRiders on the Storm• Steal My SunshineSteal My Sunshine• And It Rained All NightAnd It Rained All Night• Flowers Never Bend with the Flowers Never Bend with the
RainfallRainfall• Gravity's RainbowGravity's Rainbow• Hey Mr. RainHey Mr. Rain• No RainNo Rain• One Rainy WishOne Rainy Wish• Acid Rain Drops • Dust in the Wind
Weather SongsWeather Songs• How I Wish it Would RainHow I Wish it Would Rain• Let it SnowLet it Snow• You Are My Sun Shine You Are My Sun Shine • Its Raining MenIts Raining Men• Tears and RainTears and Rain• Rain Stained MelodiesRain Stained Melodies• Ain't No SunshineAin't No Sunshine• No Rain No Rain • Rain Down On MeRain Down On Me• Wheel in the SkyWheel in the Sky• Frosty the Snow ManFrosty the Snow Man• And it Rained All NightAnd it Rained All Night• RainRain• A Hard Rains a Gonna FallA Hard Rains a Gonna Fall• Blueberry RainBlueberry Rain• Pennies From HeavenPennies From Heaven• I Can’t Stand the RainI Can’t Stand the Rain• Crooked TeethCrooked Teeth• Make it RainMake it Rain• Riders on the stormRiders on the storm• Let the rain fall downLet the rain fall down• Rainy DaysRainy Days• It's Raining MenIt's Raining Men• Fire and RainFire and Rain• Texas FloodTexas Flood• Let it RainLet it Rain• The Wind Cries MaryThe Wind Cries Mary• Sunday MorningSunday Morning• Riders On the StormRiders On the Storm• Rainy Days and MondaysRainy Days and Mondays
• Here Comes the SunHere Comes the Sun• Singing In The RainSinging In The Rain• Follow the SunFollow the Sun• Fire and RainFire and Rain• Love a Rainy NightLove a Rainy Night• Walking On SunshineWalking On Sunshine• Ain't No SunshineAin't No Sunshine• My GirlMy Girl• Drops of JupiterDrops of Jupiter• Summer BreezeSummer Breeze• Cold Day In JulyCold Day In July• Stormy WeatherStormy Weather• Have You Ever Seen the Rain?Have You Ever Seen the Rain?• It Never Rains in Southern CaliforniaIt Never Rains in Southern California• Raindrops Keep Falling on My HeadRaindrops Keep Falling on My Head• You Are the Sunshine of My LifeYou Are the Sunshine of My Life• Over the RainbowOver the Rainbow• Rhythm of RainRhythm of Rain• Rainy DaysRainy Days• UmbrellaUmbrella• Blame It on the WeathermanBlame It on the Weatherman• It's Raining MenIt's Raining Men• Cold WindCold Wind• Lucy in the Sky with DiamondsLucy in the Sky with Diamonds• The Rain SongThe Rain Song• Rock You Like a HurricaneRock You Like a Hurricane• I'm Praying for RainI'm Praying for Rain• HurricaneHurricane• Pressure ZonePressure Zone• Raining on SundayRaining on Sunday
• There's No Sunshine AnymoreThere's No Sunshine Anymore• Kisses in the RainKisses in the Rain• Rihanna UmbrellaRihanna Umbrella• Flowers Never Bend With The Flowers Never Bend With The
RainfallRainfall• Make it RainMake it Rain• I Can't Stand the Rain I Can't Stand the Rain • Obscured By CloudsObscured By Clouds• Blame It on the RainBlame It on the Rain• Sunny RainSunny Rain• Lightning StrikesLightning Strikes• And It Rained All NightAnd It Rained All Night• Thunder RollsThunder Rolls• StormStorm• SnowSnow• Fire, FireFire, Fire• This WeatherThis Weather• Itsy Bitsy SpiderItsy Bitsy Spider• Electrical StormElectrical Storm• She’s Like the WindShe’s Like the Wind• PressurePressure
The The AtmosphereAtmosphere
If the earth were the size If the earth were the size of an apple, the skin of an apple, the skin would be about the would be about the same as the same as the atmosphere.atmosphere.
ThinThin
Precious CommodityPrecious Commodity• Important medium for lifeImportant medium for life
– Plants get most of their mass from carbon in the airPlants get most of their mass from carbon in the air– Animals rely on oxygenAnimals rely on oxygen
• Chemical composition determinesChemical composition determines– ““Breathability”Breathability”– Radiation balanceRadiation balance
• How much sunlight is reflectedHow much sunlight is reflected• How much sunlight is absorbedHow much sunlight is absorbed• How much outbound (thermal) radiation is absorbedHow much outbound (thermal) radiation is absorbed
• Permanent and Variable GasesPermanent and Variable Gases
CompositionComposition
O3
1 cm1 cm33 of air can contain as many as 200,000 non- of air can contain as many as 200,000 non-gaseous particles.gaseous particles.– dustdust– dirt (soil)dirt (soil)– ocean sprayocean spray– volcanic ashvolcanic ash– waterwater– pollenpollen– pollutantspollutants
Particulates (Aerosols)Particulates (Aerosols)
Role of ParticulatesRole of Particulates• Scattering of sunlight.Scattering of sunlight.• Condensation nuclei for water vapor.Condensation nuclei for water vapor.• Surface or catalyst for atmospheric chemistry.Surface or catalyst for atmospheric chemistry.
PM 10 and PM 2.5PM 10 and PM 2.5• Fine Particles 10Fine Particles 10μμm and 2.5m and 2.5μμmm
• μμm = m = μ μ = micron = micrometer = micron = micrometer • ““Spare the Air” NightsSpare the Air” Nights
• Third Atmosphere (present day)Third Atmosphere (present day)– Removal of Carbon Dioxide (Removal of Carbon Dioxide (back on the increase?back on the increase?))
• Water (Ocean stores 5 times atmosphere)Water (Ocean stores 5 times atmosphere)• PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis• Photoplankton absorption Photoplankton absorption
– Nitrogen increase Nitrogen increase (breakup of nitrogen (breakup of nitrogen compounds by UV)compounds by UV)
– Greek word “tropein” = changeGreek word “tropein” = change– Extending to about 36,000’ (10 km.)Extending to about 36,000’ (10 km.)– Contains most of atmosphere and most “weather.”Contains most of atmosphere and most “weather.”– 80% of the atmosphere80% of the atmosphere
• Tropopause – isothermal layer (36,000 - 65,000’)Tropopause – isothermal layer (36,000 - 65,000’)• 99.99997% of atmosphere by mass is below 60,000’ 99.99997% of atmosphere by mass is below 60,000’ • Stratosphere:Stratosphere:
– 65,000 -165,000’ 65,000 -165,000’ – Temperature increase because of ozone absorption of UVTemperature increase because of ozone absorption of UV– Region is very stable against vertical air motions and its Region is very stable against vertical air motions and its
structure is “stratified.”structure is “stratified.”
– ““Middle sphere”Middle sphere”– 165,000’ – 295,000’ 165,000’ – 295,000’ – Only 0.01% of the total atmosphere but same percentage of Only 0.01% of the total atmosphere but same percentage of
gases.gases.• Thermosphere:Thermosphere:
– > 295,000’ > 295,000’ – ““Hot Layer”Hot Layer”– Very low density and exposed to the greatest amount of Very low density and exposed to the greatest amount of
solar insolation.solar insolation.– Changes in solar output greatly affect the temperature in the Changes in solar output greatly affect the temperature in the
thermosphere. These changes cause the region to shrink and thermosphere. These changes cause the region to shrink and puff out, providing atmospheric drag on low orbit satellites puff out, providing atmospheric drag on low orbit satellites in space.in space.
Higher LayersHigher Layers• Exosphere: The outer limits of earth’s atmosphere.Exosphere: The outer limits of earth’s atmosphere.
– The interface between earth and space. The interface between earth and space. • IonosphereIonosphere
– Not a True Layer - Electrified regionNot a True Layer - Electrified region– Top of stratosphere through most of mesosphereTop of stratosphere through most of mesosphere– ““Reflects” Reflects”
radio wavesradio waves
AM Radio and the IonosphereAM Radio and the IonosphereAM radio absorption/reflection depends upon the AM radio absorption/reflection depends upon the
ionization states of molecules in the ionosphere.ionization states of molecules in the ionosphere.
Define values for atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and other properties over a wide range of altitudes.
Primary LevelsPrimary Levels
1000 mb = Surface1000 mb = Surface
850 mb = 5,000’850 mb = 5,000’
700 mb = 10,000’700 mb = 10,000’
500 mb = 18,000’ (middle of atmosphere)500 mb = 18,000’ (middle of atmosphere)
300 mb = 30,000’300 mb = 30,000’
Lapse RateLapse Rate• The change of temperature with altitudeThe change of temperature with altitude
– UsuallyUsually cools with altitude cools with altitude– Inversions – warming with heightInversions – warming with height– Isothermal – no change with heightIsothermal – no change with height
• Approximate average lapse rate: Approximate average lapse rate: – ~ 3.6 ~ 3.6 ooF (2F (2o o C) per 1000 feetC) per 1000 feet
• This rate changes from day to day This rate changes from day to day – Due to different airmassesDue to different airmasses– Changes in humidity.Changes in humidity.
In meteorology altitude is represented on charts as In meteorology altitude is represented on charts as increasing upward.increasing upward.
Altitude
Temperature
Time ConventionsTime ConventionsGreenwich Mean TimeGreenwich Mean Time• GMTGMT• UTC (Coordinate Universal Time)UTC (Coordinate Universal Time)• Zulu (Z)Zulu (Z)
• PST = UTC – 8 hoursPST = UTC – 8 hours• PDT = UTC – 7 hoursPDT = UTC – 7 hours
– 0000 UTC = 1700 PDT = 5 PM PDT0000 UTC = 1700 PDT = 5 PM PDT– 1200 UTC = 0500 PDT = 5 AM PST1200 UTC = 0500 PDT = 5 AM PST
WEATHER OBSERVATIONSWEATHER OBSERVATIONS° What We MeasureWhat We Measure
VisibilityVisibility° Horizontal DistanceHorizontal Distance° More than 1/2 of the horizonMore than 1/2 of the horizon° Restrictions if < 7 milesRestrictions if < 7 miles
Sea level pressureSea level pressure**If first number is 5 or greater, then place 9 in front**If first number is 5 or greater, then place 9 in front --Otherwise, place 10 in front--Otherwise, place 10 in front**Place decimal point between last two numbers**Place decimal point between last two numbers
Station model breakdownStation model breakdown
8080
6363
021021-23-23
Change in surface pressure during last 3 hoursChange in surface pressure during last 3 hours** In tenths of mb** In tenths of mb** Line describes how pressure changes over time** Line describes how pressure changes over timefrom left to rightfrom left to right
Example 1Example 1• Temperature: 76 Temperature: 76 ºFºF• Dew point: 65 ºFDew point: 65 ºF• Sky cover: Completely overcastSky cover: Completely overcast• Current weather: Light rainCurrent weather: Light rain• Wind direction and speed: Wind direction and speed:
Southwest at 15 knotsSouthwest at 15 knots• Sea level pressure: 995.3 mbSea level pressure: 995.3 mb• Pressure tendency: Increase of 1.6 Pressure tendency: Increase of 1.6
mb; rising steadily mb; rising steadily
7676
6565
953953+16+16
Example 2Example 2
1010
88
105105-4-4
•Temperature: 10ºFTemperature: 10ºF•Dew point: 8ºFDew point: 8ºF•Sky cover: 7/10 or 8/10Sky cover: 7/10 or 8/10•Current weather: Snow showerCurrent weather: Snow shower•Wind direction and speed: North Wind direction and speed: North at 3-7 knotsat 3-7 knots•Sea level pressure: 1010.5 mbSea level pressure: 1010.5 mb•Pressure tendency: Decrease of Pressure tendency: Decrease of 0.4 mb; falling, then steady0.4 mb; falling, then steady
High & Low Pressure SystemsHigh & Low Pressure Systems
° Air pressure Pattern is main organizing featureAir pressure Pattern is main organizing feature° Circulation in Northern HemisphereCirculation in Northern Hemisphere
° Clockwise around Highs (H)Clockwise around Highs (H)° CCW around Lows (L)CCW around Lows (L)
° Clouds & Precip around LowsClouds & Precip around Lows° Temperature patterns result from latitude, wind Temperature patterns result from latitude, wind
flow and cloud coverflow and cloud cover
Plotting FrontsPlotting Fronts
° Boundary Boundary between between Different Air Different Air MassesMasses