week 04 field ops.ppt

7/25/2019 week 04 field ops.ppt

1/28

Police PatrolManagement Question: How do you most effectively

allocate police personnel? Answered with the tools of

scientific management.PATR! " the #ac$#one of policing

%Ma&ority of officers assigned to Patrol provide the #ul$ of

police services

%Patrol officers as '(ate$eepers) to *+,

%Patrol is the formative part of an officer-s career

%Assignments #ased upon seniority

%ew officers start where? Patrol

%,treet e/perience is shared among all officers: #onding

%Patrol considered least desira#le assignment


2/28

Police Patrol

01*T2, 0 PATR!%3eter *rime

%4nhance sense of pu#lic safety through

police presence%To ma$e officers availa#le for service

delivery #y physically distri#uting them

throughout space


3/28

Police Patrol

R(A25AT2 6 34!274R8 0 PATR!

%um#er of fficers: Police"Population

Ratio%Has little relationship to crime rate or calls for

service

%*ities with high crime often have more officers

%Allocation 6 3istri#ution of fficers to Patrol

%9ased on wor$load formulas%Time of 3ay more serious crime at night;

%!ocation crime


4/28

R(A25AT2 6 34!274R8 0 PATR!

Assignment to ,hifts 6 Areas

>7ariety of Assignment Methods

%,eniority ,ystem

%Rotation

%Research P4R0; on freuent shifting shows effects

include loss of sleep@ health pro#s@ on"the"&o#

accidents@ family pro#s@ low morale

%Hot ,pots: Areas that receive a

disproportionate num#er of calls for service

>,herman BCB; Minneapolis ,tudy: DE of

addresses account for FGE of calls FE no

calls;Ihttp:


5/28

Hot ,pots


6/28

Mapping and Patrol


7/28

T8P4, 0 PATR!

Most CGE; police patrol is automo#ile

*ars provide more efficient patrol than foot

>*over more area@ pass each point more often

>Patrol in an unpredicta#le manner>Respond uic$ly to calls for service

>,hift from foot to car occurs from BJ"BDs

>*onseuences of patrol cars

%loss of direct contact with citiKens especially law"

a#iding;

%citiKens may #egin to see police as 'occupying

army)


8/28

Police perations

%0oot Patrol

%Police"community relations crises of BFs

restores use of foot patrols

%Also important in community policingmodels

%*osts:

>coverage area is much more limited>e/pensive

%9enefits:

>gains in police"community relations


9/28

More on Patrol as the Modal

method of Policing

% um#er of officers per patrol unit:

> How many officers do you commit to a unit?

% or J

% Most involve single officer@

% though police ran$ and file have traditionally called for

more J officer units. Lhy?

% Ran$ and file concerns a#out officer units unfounded:

>Assaulted less often

> Made more arrests

> Lrote more crime reports


10/28

,tyles of Patrol

% 2ndividual ,tyles of officers are important

>Amount of wor$ accomplished productivity:

volume of arrests@ response to calls for service;

depends on officer wor$ style

>Active% fficer"initiated actions stops@ uestioning@ traffic@

fris$ing;

> Re"active

% *itiKen initiated wor$: fficers may #e passive or

active in their response to complaints


11/28

,tyles of Patrol% ,upervisory ,tyles also important

> How closely is patrol wor$ scrutiniKed #y shift supervisor?4/pectations for appropriate police #ehavior 6

productivity impact patrol> Research on Patrol ,ergeants supports this idea>

Active role of ,ergeants often is in terms of suggestion:protection of discretion as a fundamental part of policewor$

% rganiKational ,tyles> +Q Lilson: ,tyles:

% Latchman: emphasiKes peace$eeping= not aggressive in lawenforcement= little control over officers

% !egalistic: aggressive crime"fighting= greater control over officers% ,ervice: responsiveness to community e/pectations= more

common in low"crime communities


12/28

How effective is Patrol?

% Aspects of evaluating the effectiveness of policepatrol:> Response Time is the gold standard for police 6

Pu#lic

% Response time should increase li$elihood of arrest% ,hould increase satisfaction with police

> Research does not support Response Time% !ittle direct impact on clearance rates% !argely due to cold crime phenomena

> 3iscovery time #y citiKens> Reporting time to police> 9oth are largely #eyond police control


13/28

1se of Time on Patrol

% How is patrol time utiliKed #y cops?

!argest #rea$down is #


14/28

How effective is Patrol?

%Random Patrol

>Nansas *ity Preventive Patrol 4/periment

BOJ"O

>!andmar$ event in American policing

>st scientific e/periment of patrol effectiveness

>0unded #y rd party Police 0oundation;

>Research 3esign

%D 9eats divided into groups>Reactive 9eats: no preventive patrol@ officers only respond

>Proactive 9eats: #eats patrolled J" times normal rate

>*ontrol 9eats: normal level of patrol

%Measured impact of different levels of patrol


15/28

Patrol 4ffectiveness>Research 3esign

%Measured impact of different levels of patrol

>*riminal Activity

IReported *rime

IArrest

I7ictimiKation ,urvey

>*ommunity Perceptions and Attitudes

>fficer 9ehavior and 3ept Practices

%0indings 6 2mplications

>o significant effect on:Icriminal activity

IcitiKen feelings of safety

IcitiKen attitudes toward the police

Icrime ratesIcitiKen recognition of different levels of patrol


16/28

Patrol 4ffectiveness>4/planations for non"findings?

%Patrol spread too thin

%*rimes occurring indoors unaffected

%'Phantom) effect of patrol

%!evels of patrol were only thing tested@ not officer

activities

>,timulated interest in application to tests of 0oot

Patrol ewar$ 0oot Patrol 4/periment BOC"OB;

%,imilar design%0indings:

>!ittle or no impact on measura#le serious crime

>,ignificant improvement in community perceptions:

Iless fear of crimeIMore ositive attitudes a#out olice vice"versa


17/28

Police perations

Police 2nvestigations; Police are e/pected to help prevent crime most freuently

through patrol;

9asic element of *P 6 PP

Re&ects traditional model that police are responsi#le forcrime control

J; Apprehend *riminals

Reuirements: a. learning of a crime#. official recording

c. attempt to 23 and arrest


18/28

Police perations

Police 2nvestigations0actors influencing the reporting of crime:

>!earn through reactive response most common

>*itiKen reporting highly discretionary gate$eepers;

>Police rarely discover crimes in progress>7ictims report roughly DE of the time

>2nfluences on reporting: seriousness@ violence@ in&ury@

e/pense of loss

>Reasons for not reporting: crime unimportant@pessimistic a#out anything #eing done@ crimes as private


19/28

Police perations

Police 2nvestigations

Myths a#out 3etective Lor$: The *,2

comple/: 4/citing@ Reuires courage


20/28

Police perations


2nvestigation is J ,taged Process:

; Preliminary 2nvestigation D ,teps;

" 23 and arrest of suspect" Aid to victims medical;

" ,ecuring crime scene

" *ollecting physical evidence

" Preparing preliminary report

Patrol ma$es CE of all arrests suspect

near the scene;


21/28

Police perationsPolice 2nvestigations

J; 0ollow up investigations

case is assigned to detectives for follow up

" routine activities: interviews@ crime scene

" secondary activities: canvassing witnesses@discussing case with super.@ collecting evidence

" tertiary activities: discussion of case with

other officers@ interviewing suspects@ chec$ing

records@ conducting sta$eouts


22/28

Police perations


Arrest discretion: arrests occur in only a#out

half of the situations where sufficient

evidence e/ists to arrest 9lac$ BCG;

fficers influenced #y situational factors:

severity@ evidence@ victim #ehavior@

victim


23/28

Lhat is an arrest?

G Perspectives:

. !egal: Lhen a suspect is not free to leave

J. 9ehavioral: may include command to stop=

physical restraint cuffs;

. ,u#&ective: *itiKen perception

G. fficial: arrest report filed@ records vary in

different departments and at different stages*onseuence? Many people #elieve an arrest has

occurred when no record of an arrest e/ists


24/28

,uccess


25/28

2mproving 2nvestigation 6 ,pecial

Techniues

4ncourage more *ooperation:

% 9etween police and citiKens

% 9etween patrol and detective units

,pecial 2nvestigation ,trategies:

% 1ndercover wor$

> Pro#lems: socialiKing officers to 'lie)@ going native@ wea$ens ties to

conventional others@ lac$ of supervision% 2nformants

> 4specially useful in 'victimless) crimes drugs;= #asis of e/change

creates appearances of conflicts of interest= integrity of police=

uality of informant info


26/28

*rimes that define *ontemporary

Police Lor$

% 3rugs% *rac$ has #een the defining influence on police wor$ in

the past J years

% 9usiness competition in illicit mar$ets creates violence% 3ecrease over the past decade

>Proactive Approach is somewhat uniue relative topolice responses to other $inds of crime

* t P li L $ 3


27/28

*ontemporary Police Lor$: 3rug

4nforcement ,trategies% ,upply Reduction

% 9uy 6 9ust: undercover officers pose as #uyers

% Trading 1p: 2dentify '$ingpins) through lower level dealers as informants;

% Penetration of 3rug etwor$s through long"term undercover wor$

% *rac$down: intensive enforcement in specific areas neigh#orhoods;

% 4ffective? (enerally no

> Threat of arrest is not effective as a deterrent > why?> Replacement effect in networ$

> Trading 1p ineffective

% 3emand Reduction

% 3rug 4ducation Programs 3AR4;% !argely ineffective

% *ontinue to operate proactively% (enerate positive pu#licity

% High profile '#usts) create the appearance of effectiveness


28/28

*rimes that define *ontemporary

Police Lor$

% 3rugs continued:

> 2mpact on Minorities in the Lar on 3rugs?

> Minimal Racial differences in drug use

> ,ignificant differences in drug arrests

% Hate *rimes

%(angs

% 3omestic 7iolence?

week 04 field ops.ppt

Documents