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WEBINARJA SOLAR – PV TECH

BI-FACIAL PV MODULES TECHNOLOGY, APPLICATION AND FIELD DATA

JUNE 12TH 2018

Henning SchulzeJA Solar Vice-President Europe

Morgane FleuranceProduct Manager, Europe

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JA SOLAR COMPANY

Founded / IPO May 2005 / February 2007 JASO (NASDAQ)

Headquarters Beijing, China

Annual Capacity (end 2017)

• 8.5 GW solar modules• 7 GW solar cells• 5 GW silicon wafer

Shipments

• 2014: 3.1 GW• 2015: 3.9 GW• 2016: 5.2 GW• 2017: 7.6 GW

Employees Around 15,000 at the end of March 2018

Business highlights

• Industry leader• Strong finance• Manufacturing excellence• Advanced innovation• Global market coverage and diversified

customer base

Products advantages• High conversion efficiency• High reliability• High yield efficiency 1

JA SOLAR COMPANY

JA SOLAR COMPANY

JA SOLAR PRODUCTS

• Wide product range: 60/72 cells modules, 1000V/1500V, double glass mono-facial and bi-facial modules, smart SE/TG modules, white/black option, high efficiency mono and poly products.

• Very high level of production automation with using self-learning production robots in one of our newest workshops.

• Strict quality control internally and in cooperation with third parties: Modules are tested to withstand 3 times the IEC standard tests.

• R&D focus and state-of-the-art laboratories - they are qualified as official testing facilities by TUV SUD and Intertek

SOLAR WAFER SOLAR CELLS SOLAR MODULES

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BACKGROUND

WHAT WILL BE THE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN THE COMING YEARS?

P-type Polycrystalline or Monocrystalline

technology

P-type Monocrystalline PERC technology

N-type?P-type?

IBC? Bi-facial?Thin-film?

PASTTECHNOLOGIES

FUTURETECHNOLOGIES

OBJECTIVE:Decrease LCOE 3

OUTLINE

Technology• Baseline Mono PERC Technology• Bi-facial PV Cell Technology• Bi-facial PV Module Technology• Bi-facial PV Module Advantages

Bi-facial Modules Gain• Bi-facial Gain Definition• Factors Influencing the Gain:• Module Design• Mounting Methods• Climate Conditions• Albedo

Applications• Field Data• Yield Benefit under Various Environmental and Installation Conditions

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TECHNOLOGY

PERC (Passivated Emitter Rear Contact): Leading Mono Technology

• Local Backside Surface Field on the solar cell rear side, acting as a mirror

• Higher efficiency, Voc and Isc : More energy per m²

• Main power class for 60-cell modules: 300Wp/305Wp

BASELINE MONOCRYSTALLINE PERC TECHNOLOGY

STANDARD SOLAR CELL PERC SOLAR CELL

Screen-printed Ag-paste

Screen-printed Al-paste

Back

Surface

Field

ARC

n*emitter Local BSF

Passivation layer

SiNx capping layer 5

TECHNOLOGY

ADVANTAGES:

• Superior low light performance compared to conventional modules.

• Lower temperature coefficient, better performance in higher temperatures.

BASELINE MONOCRYSTALLINE PERC TECHNOLOGY

FIELD DATA:

China Front Runner Project: 50MWp installed using standard poly and mono PERC modules:

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3% additional energy yield compared to polycrystalline modules.

7% land savings compared to poly-crystalline modules.

TECHNOLOGY

• Bi-facial PERC cell: Grid printed at the backside of a monocrystalline PERC cell in order to collect light from the cell rear side.

• Bi-facial n-type and p-type cell technology co-exist on the market. Main difference: Efficiency of the front and rear side.

BI-FACIAL PV CELL TECHNOLOGY

MONO-FACIAL PERC SOLAR CELL BI-FACIAL PERC SOLAR CELL

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TECHNOLOGY

• Double glass module design: Half-tempered glass as backside (rather than polymer backsheet)

• POE (polyolefin elastomer) as encapsulant

• Framed (in silver or black version) or frameless design

• Extended warranty, 30 years, 0.5% degradation

• Bi-faciality factor between 70-75%:

BF =Power Rear side

Power Front side𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝐶

BI-FACIAL PV MODULE TECHNOLOGY

Higher yield and electricity production coming from the module rear side generation.

Decrease LCOE.

BI-FACIAL FRONT SIDE BI-FACIAL REAR SIDE

Cell efficiency >21%

Rated Power: 300Wp

Cell Efficiency >15%

Rated Power: 210Wp

GLASS GLASSPOEPOE CELL

BI-FACIAL DOUBLE GLASS MODULE DESIGN

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TECHNOLOGY

• Energy gain increase of 3-15% thanks to the module’s rear side power generation, actual yield increase depends on reflectivity of the ground, installation tilt, height etc.

• Excellent temperature coefficient.

• Superior low irradiance performance: Diffuse light absorbed through the rear side of the module.

• Highly reliability thanks to double glass design

BI-FACIAL PV MODULES ADVANTAGES

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OUTLINE




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BI-FACIAL MODULES GAIN

• Gain definition:

BI-FACIAL MODULES GAIN DEFINITION

Comparing apples withapples for bi-facial modules sometimes does not make sense – ISC Konstanz Institute• Varying parameters:

–Baseline product technology: n-type/p-type, poly/mono PERC modules

–Module design/ Bifaciality factor

–Installation parameters: Installation tilt, with or without tracking, spacing, location of the module in the layout etc.

–Environmental conditions: Irradiance, latitude, longitude etc.

–Ground surface reflectivity (albedo)

𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 =

(in %)𝑥 100

(𝐸𝑏𝑖−𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 −𝐸𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙)

𝐸𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 “”

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BI-FACIAL MODULE GAIN

MODULE DESIGN

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GAIN

Design 1Fully transparent rear glass, higher bi-faciality factor

(higher than 70%)

Design 2Partly transparent rear glass (called ceramic glass),

lower bi-faciality factor (around 70%)

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MODULE DESIGN

• Bi-facial modules using partly transparent rear glass show higher energy yield in the field than bi-facial modules using fully transparent rear glass.

• The partly transparent rear glass helps to increase the module front side power.

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300Wp – baseline 290Wp – BF = 72% 300Wp – BF = 64%

Energy gain design 1 module: 7.5 %.

Energy gain design 2 module: 11 %.



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1.5m 2m 1.5m 2m

MOUNTING METHODS

• Higher-mounted bi-facial modules in general generate more energy than lower-mounted ones.

Raising installation height by 0.5m increase the gain by around 1%.



RECOMMENDED MOUNTING METHODS

• Installation with a tilt angle A of at least 30°.

• The length L of installation array less than 2.5 meters.

• No shading from the rear side.

• Installation height H of at least 0.5m.

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Source: JA Solar R&D Center

SUNNY DAY CONDITIONS CLOUDY DAY CONDITIONS

CLIMATE CONDITIONS

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• The yield gain is relatively higher in the early morning and late evening.

CLIMATE CONDITIONS

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• The yield gain is relatively higher in the early morning and late evening

• On a cloudy/rainy day, the average energy gain is higher for bi-facial modules.

CLIMATE CONDITIONS


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ALBEDO

• P-type modules installed in the optimum way of installation, comparison with mono PERC modules installed at a 30° tilt angle.

Surface Albedo Expected yield gain

Water 5-8% 4-6%

Green grassland 15-25% 7-9%

Concrete ground / white gravel 25-35% 8-10%

Dry sand 35-45% 10-15%

Old snow 40-70% 15-22%

Reflective roof coatings 80-90% 23-25%

Fresh snow 80-95% 25-30%

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Earth surface

Total solar radiation

Light reflected

Light absorbed

ALBEDO A = Light reflected/Total solar radiation



ALBEDO

• Trend of the bi-facial gain plotted versus the albedo, taking into account more than 25 projects with mono-facial modules and bi-facial modules side by side.

• Large deviations on the bi-facial modules gain: the modelling is complex.

Source: ISC Konstanz Institute The Bifacial Book- Chapter 520

OUTLINE




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APPLICATIONS

FIELD DATA AND COMPARISON WITH SIMULATION

Project 1 Yangzhou R&D center

Location Yangzhou city, Jiangsu province, China

Altitude Around 0m

Total Installed capacity 6.4 kWp

Module power Bi-facial 290Wp, Mono-facial PERC 295Wp

Mounting structure 26°tilt angle

Inverter type String inverter

Type of surface Concrete ground

Grid connection time June 2017

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APPLICATIONS


PROJECT 1: YANGZHOU R&D CENTER

Electricity generation monitored from end June 2017 to end April 2018

JA Solar bi-facial modules generate 7.8% more than mono-facial PERC modules installed in the same configuration.

Source: JA Solar Yangzhou R&D center measurements23

APPLICATIONS


Project 2 Huanghe power station project

Location Qinghai province, China

Altitude Around 3000m

Total Installed capacity 160MWp

JA Solar bi-facial modules installed capacity

5.5 MWp

Module power Bi-facial 345Wp, Mono-facial 335Wp

Mounting structure Horizontal single-axis tracker

Inverter type String inverter

Type of surface Sand of light colour

Grid Connection time July 2017

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APPLICATIONS


PROJECT 2

JA Solar bi-facial modules generate in average 10.5% more than conventional mono-facial modules installed in the same configuration.

Source: Verification report on the performance of mono-facial

and bi-facial modules from TUV Rheinland

Bi -facial moduleMono facial modules

Elec

tric

ity

gen

erat

ion

(kW

h/k

W.d

ay)

Bif

acia

l mo

du

les

gain

10.4%

10%

10.6%

11.4%

9.4%

10.5%

11.5%

HuangHe power station: monthly electricity production comparison between

mono-facial and bi-facial modules

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APPLICATIONS

LATITUDE: 70°

LONGITUDE: 40°LONGITUDE: -10°

LATITUDE: 36°26

YIELD BENEFIT UNDER VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL AND INSTALLATION CONDITIONS

APPLICATIONS – MEDITERRANEAN

YIELD BENEFIT

Climate characteristics: High irradiance, high temperature, lots of direct sunlight

Common application: commercial/industrial or ground mount

Baseline Mono PERC 300Wp

28°tilt angle

Annual yield 1693 kWh/kWp/yr

Variation of the height

5 MWp ground mount installation

Bifacial 300Wp

Height: 0.5 m, tilt angle 28°, albedo: 40%


GAIN 7%

Bifacial 300Wp + change of height

Height: 1.5 m, tilt angle: 28°, albedo: 40%


GAIN 9%

Spain

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APPLICATIONS – UK AND IRELAND

YIELD BENEFIT

Climate characteristics: Low irradiance

Common application: Commercial & industrial or ground mount

Variation of the tilt angle

200 kWp commercial installation on flat roof


15°tilt angle


Bifacial 300Wp



GAIN 2%

Bifacial 300Wp + change of tilt angle



GAIN 7%

United Kingdom

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APPLICATIONS – SCANDINAVIA

YIELD BENEFIT

Climate characteristics: Long winters, in parts of the year little sunlight, but snow

Common application: Small ground mount or commercial & industrial

Variation of the albedo



30°tilt angle

Annual yield 2.92 kWh/kWp/day

Bifacial 300Wp in summer months



GAIN 1%

Bifacial 300Wp in winter months



GAIN 11%

Sweden

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APPLICATIONS – CENTRAL EUROPE

YIELD BENEFIT

Climate characteristics: Continental climate

Common application: Residential or commercial & industrial

100 kWp installation on flat roof with white gravels


10°tilt angle


Bifacial 300Wp



GAIN 8%

Germany

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APPLICATIONS – EGYPT

YIELD BENEFIT

Climate characteristics: Hot and high irradiance, desert area

Common application: Ground mount


Baseline Poly 330Wp

30°tilt angle


Bifacial 365Wp



GAIN 10%

Egypt

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APPLICATIONS – USA

YIELD BENEFIT

Climate characteristics: Hot and high irradiance, desert area

Common application: Ground mount or commercial installation

300 kWp commercial roof installation with highly reflective roof coating


15°tilt angle


Bifacial 365Wp



GAIN 7%

USA

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CONCLUSION

• The installation of bi-facial modules in a solar power plant systematically leads to a gain in the power generation compared to installing standard modules.

• The bi-facial module gain depends on many external factors i.e. mounting methods, climatic conditions, albedo etc. By optimizing the different parameters, the gain can be significantly improved.

• Field data shows that there is an actual extra yield, simulations have shown as well a gain in different environment and installation conditions.

• Bi-facial modules show clear benefits to decrease the Levelized Cost of Electricity: it is a promising technology.

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THANK YOUContact: [email protected]

SOURCES

Page 5 Diagram Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin (ISFH)

Page 7 Diagram Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin (ISFH)

Page 9 Picture http://www.firstgreen.co/2013/06/bifacial-series-glass-to-glass-photovoltaic-module/

Page 19 Graph ISC Konstanz Institute The Bifacial Book- Chapter 5

Page 22 Map https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png

Page 24 Map https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png

Page 26 Map https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Pvgis_Europe-solar_opt_publication.png

Page 27 Picture https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/sainsburys_installs_its_100000th_solar_panel_2356

Page 28 Picture https://www.pv-tech.org/news/spain-installed-55mw-solar-pv-in-2016

Page 29 Picture http://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/yingli-power-largest-bifacial-pv-plant-europe

Page 30 Picture https://www.tdg.ch/suisse/politique/coup-dur-energie-solaire-suisse/story/13295422

Page 31 Picture https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/india-launches-state-of-the-art-solar-project-in-egypt-to-power- up-remote-village/765596/

Map https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PVGIS_Africa_SolarPotential.bigopti.png

Page 32 Picture google earth

Map https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:SolarGIS-Solar-map-USA-en.png

Page 34 Picture https://pangeabuilders.com/tag/fossil-fuels/

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