file · Web view,yq;iff;F tUif jUk; ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;fFk; RNjr kj;jpa jutu;f;fj;jpdUf;Fk; epu;thfj; jPu;khdq;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpidf;

1 | P a g e A . J a r e e s h


Nfhy;GWf; nfkwd; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk;.Nfhy;GWf; nfkwd; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;F topNfhypa fhuzq;fs;.1. MSdu; Nehu;j; fhyj;jpNyNa Nru; myf;rhz;lu; N[hd;];ld; ,yq;iff;F xU

rl;lrig mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;;. 2. ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpaupd; tUiff;F Kd;du; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;>

fz;b ,uhr;rpak;> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; vd %d;W ,uhr;rpaq;fshf fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; mit gpupj;jhdpaupd; tUifiaj; njhlu;e;J Fwpg;ghf 1815fSf;Fg; gpd;du; ,yq;if KOtJk; xUNu Filapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

3. fz;b kf;fSf;F NtwhfTk; fiuNahu kf;fSf;F NtwhfTk; ,U NtWgl;l epu;thf> ePjp Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;WtJ gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fg; ngUk; Rikahf ,Ue;jik.

4. “MSeNu murhq;fk;: murhq;fNk MSeu;” vDk; tuk;gw;w mjpfhuj;ij ,yq;ifapy; Fiwf;fNtz;Lkhapd; xU rl;lrig mtrpak; vd czug;gl;lJ.

5. khdpaKiway; mike;j ,uh[fhupaKiw jhuhsthjf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F KuzhdJ vd gpupj;jhdpau; fUjpaik.

,j;jifa fhuzq;fspdhy; MSeu; tpy;kl; N`hl;ld; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; khw;waikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd Kd;itj;j gpNuuiz 24.07.1822y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J ,yq;ifapd; epjp> epu;thfk; njhlu;ghf Ma;T nra;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;f tpy;ypak; Nfhy;GWf; vd;gtUk; ,yq;ifapd; ePjp Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf Muha;e;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;f rhus;]; H fkud; vd;gtUk; ,UtUf;Fk; fhupajuprpahf njhopw;gl N[hd; fpnfup vd;gtUk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

Nfhy;GWf; nfkwd; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;.

Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd; rpghupRfs;.1. ,yq;iff;F ntspehl;L KjyPLfisf; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fj; Njitahd rfy

eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy;.a. fl;lw;w tu;j;jfk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.b. ,ul;ilg; nghUshjhuk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

2. ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F Rje;jpukhd tu;j;jfr; re;ijapid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;. ,jid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jilahf mike;j a. ,uh[fhupaKiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.b. tu;j;jfj; jdpAupikapid (tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik) xopj;jy;.c. nfhOk;Gf; ntspNa fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F

INuhg;gpaUf;F ,Ue;j jilapid ePf;Fjy;.


d. FbNaw;w ehl;lhl;rp epu;thf mjpfhupfs; tu;j;jf nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgltijj; jil nra;jy;.

3. ,yq;ifapd; epu;thfj;ij xU If;fpa epu;thfkhf khw;Wjy;.a. kiyehl;by; ,lk;ngw;w Gwk;ghd epu;thfj;ij Kbtpw;Ff;

nfhz;LtUjy;. b. ,yq;ifia 05 khfhzq;fshfg; gpupj;J mjid murhq;f mjpgupd; fPo;

nfhz;LtUjy;.

4. ,yq;iff;F tUif jUk; ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;fFk; RNjr kj;jpa jutu;f;fj;jpdUf;Fk; epu;thfj; jPu;khdq;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpidf; nfhLf;Fk; xU rl;lrigapidj; jhgpj;jy;.

5. Njrhjpgjpia rl;l epu;thf rigAlDk;> rl;l ep&gz rigAlDk; ,ize;J ehl;il MSk; epu;thfpahf khw;Wjy;.

6. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; r%fj;jpy; epyTk; Mu;tj;jpidj; jf;fitg;gij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L xU fy;tp epu;thfj;jpw;fhd kj;jpa Mizf;FOitj; jhgpj;jy;.

nfkwd; Mizf;FOtpd; rpghupRfs;1. Rje;jpu ePjpj;Jiwapidj; jhgpg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

a. cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fisg; gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; epakpj;jy;.

b. ePjpgjpfspd; jPu;g;Gf;fis Njrhjpgjpf;F mDg;Gtij epWj;Jjy;.

2. cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyikapd; fPo; nraw;gLk; xU If;fpa ePjp epu;tfj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;.

3. khtl;l ePjp kd;wq;fisj; jhgpj;J mjw;F fPo; kl;l ePjpkd;wq;fis epWTjy;.

4. INuhg;gpaUf;Fk;> RNjrpfSf;Fk; ntt;Ntwhd ePjp Kiwapid xopj;jy;. 5. ,yq;ifapy; rptpy; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd “fgah]; Nfhg];”

rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfk; nra;jik. ,jd;gb Ml;fisf; ifJ nra;aTk; ehLflj;jTk; mtu;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fisf;f ifg;gw;Wtw;Fk; Njrhjpgjpf;F ,Ue;j mjpfhuq;fs; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;L rfy nghyp]; nraw;ghLfSk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; guprPyidf;F cl;gLj;Jk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

6. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rfyUk; rkk; vd;w thrfk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.7. epu;thfKk; ePjpAk;; jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupj;jy; (tYNtwhf;fk;)

Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuf;Fiwg;G:-1. ,uh[fhupa Kiwapd; ePf;fj;jhy; ,tuJ mjpfhuk;

Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uh[fhupa Kiwapd; fPo; xUtiu Nrit nra;AkhW 4 | P a g e A . J a r e e s h

epu;g;ge;jpf;fTk; mtuJ Nritiag; ngwTk; Njrhgjpf;F ,Ue;j mjpfhuq;fs; KOikahf ePf;fg;gl;ld.

2. ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;likahy; Njrhjpgjpapd; ePjp mjpfhuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

3. fl;lw;w tu;j;jf mwpKfj;jhy; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp nraw;ghLfspy; mtUf;F ,Ue;j VNjr;rjpfhuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

4. rl;lrigapd; Njhw;wj;jhy; mtuJ rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fs; Kd;gpUe;jij tpl Fiwe;J NghdJ.

5. rl;l epu;thf rigapd; MNyhridia Njrhjpgjp fz;%bj;jdkhf Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ. mt;thW Gwf;fzpg;gpd; mjw;Fupa fhuzj;ij FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsUf;F vOj;J %yk; mwptpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

6. ,Jtiu fhyKk; NjrhjpgjpNa gpujhd ePjp> ,uhZtj; jsgjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf fz;bg; gFjpiag; nghWj;jtiu Fw;wtprhuiz mjpfhuk; NjrhjpgjpaplNk ,Ue;jJ.

7. muRf;F vjpuhd xUtiu tprhuizapd;wpr; rpiwapyplTk; ehLflj;jTk; Njrhjpgjpf;F ,Ue;j mjpfhuq;fs; Nfhy;GWf; nfkwd; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; %yk; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;ld.

8. rl;l epu;thf rigapd; Njhw;wkhdJ murhq;fj;jpd; epu;thfr; nraw;ghLfSf;F Njrhjpgjp kl;LNk nghWg;G vd;fpd;w epiyia ePf;fpaJ vdyhk;.

9. tuT nryTj;jpl;l tptfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpthjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; 1838fspd; gpd; rl;lrigf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nryT njhlu;ghd tplaq;;fspy; khj;jpuNk mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpw;Nf rl;lrig toq;fhJ ,yq;iff;F toq;fpaik xU Gul;rpfu mk;rk; vdf;nfhs;s KbAk;. rl;lrig ,U rigfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jw;F NjrhjpgjpNa jiyikjhq;fpdhu;. rl;lrigapy; tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; Njrhjpgjpapdhy; ,ufhrpakhfg; Ngzg;gl;lJ. MapDk; 1848k; Mz;by; ,Ue;J tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; rl;lrig cWg;gpdu;fsd; ghu;itf;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lrigay; kNrhjhf;fs; mwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; Njrhjpgjpf;F khj;jpuNk ,Ue;jJ. 1859y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; gadhf ,t;tjpfhuk; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;wtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

rl;l ep&gz rig,JNt rl;lrigahfr; nraw;gl;lJ. ,jd; cWg;gpdu;fs; vz;zpf;if 15 MFk;. nghJ tplaq;fisAk; Ms;gjpahy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; rl;lq;fisAk; myrp Muha;tijAk; mtw;wpy; jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L tUtijAk; jk; gzpahff; nfhz;L nraw;gl;lJ.


rl;l epu;thf rig – rl;l epu;thff; fofk;. (rl;l epiwNtw;Wr; rig)rl;l rigapy; cs;s rl;l ep&gz rigia tpl rl;l epu;thf rigNa mjpfhuk; kpf;fjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J ke;jpuprig Nghd;wJ. rl;l rigapdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g ehl;il epu;tfpg;gNj ,r;rigapd; flikahFk;. ,r;rigapd; MNyhridf;F Njrhjpgjp nrtprha;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW MNyhridfisg; Gwf;fzpg;gpd; mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij Njrhjpgjp FbNaw;w ehl;Lf; fhupajuprpf;F njuptpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,jd; cWg;gpdu;fsJ vz;zpf;if Ie;J MFk;. mtu;fs; tUkhW>1. Ms;gjp ehafk;.2. ,uhZtj; jsgjp3. fzf;fhsu; ehafk;.4. FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsu;.5. Kbf;Fupa tof;fwpQu; (rl;lkh mjpgu;)6. kj;jpa khfhz murhq;f mjpgu;

cj;jpNahfg; gw;Ws;Nshu;:murhq;f cj;jpNahfk; xd;iwr; nra;tjpd; %yk; rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWNthu;. ,tu;fs; xd;gJ Ngu; ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fSs; 06Ngu; rl;l epu;thf rigf;F epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;.


cj;jpNahg; gw;ww;Nwhu;: ,tu;fs; mur cj;jpNahfk; nra;ahjtu;fshapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJld; Mq;fpyk; Ngrf;$batu;fshfTk; ,yq;ifau;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;ldu;. mg;Nghija MSeu; tpy;kl; N`hl;ld;(1831 - 1837) cj;jpNahfk; nra;ahj Mq;fpyk; Ngrj; njue;jtu;fisj; NjLtjpy; ghupa rpf;fy;fis vjpu;nfhz;lhu;. 01.10.1833y; KjyhtJ rl;lrigf; $l;lk; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;wtu;fisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. gpd;dNu jkpou;fs; rhu;ghf MWkfj;jhk; gps;is FkuRthkp (Nru; nghd; ,uhkehjdpd; jhaupd; je;ij)> rpq;fstu;fs; rhu;ghf T.J gpypg;]; MfpNahUk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; ,UtUk; Mseupd; nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fshf nraw;gl;Lte;jdu;. ,tu;fisNa KOr;rk;gsj;NjhL ,isg;ghwr; nra;J cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;wtu;fspd; rigapy; Nru;f;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jd; cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if 06Mf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; 1889y; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;Nwhu; cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if 02My; mjpfupf;fg;gl;L 08Mf mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ. xU fz;br; rpq;fstUk; xU K];ypKk; Mtu;. Kjy; K];ypk; gpujpepjp fhrpk; mg;Jy; u`{khd; Mthu;. ,r;rigapy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Muk;gj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. MapDk; 1889y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; gb 05 tUlq;fs; vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. MapDk; Njrhjpgjp tpUk;gpdhy; kPz;Lk; mNj cWg;gpdu; epakpf;fg;glyhk;.

Kjd; Kjyhf rl;lrigf;Fj; njupthNdhu; - rpq;fstu; - N[.Nf. gpypg;]; tp[aNfhd; gz;bjuj;d jkpou; - MWKfk; gps;is FkhuRthkp K];ypk; - vk;. rp. mg;Jy; u`{khd; fz;br; rpq;fstu; - gP.gp ghznghf;f

KjyhtJ rl;lkd;wf; $l;lk; 1834 Nk khjk; $baJ.

,uh[fhupa Kiw:,uh[fhupa Kiwapd; nraw;ghL.

,yq;ifapd; mf;fhyj;jpd; rfytpjkhd khw;wq;fSf;Fk; mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ ,uh[fhupa KiwahFk;. ,k;KiwiaNa Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; gad;gLj;jp te;jdu;. ,j;jifa ,uh[fhupa Kiw ,Utifg;gLk;.

epyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,uh[fhupaKiw:-epyj;ij mDgtpf;Fk; ,uh[fhupa Kiwf;F Vw;g> ehl;by; cs;s vy;yh epyKk; murDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhFk;. murdpd; gpujhd tUkhd top me;epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg;ngWk; tUkhdNkahFk;. ehl;il epu;tfpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gy;NtWgl;l Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhfg; gzk; nfhLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. murd; jdf;Fj; Njitahd Nritia toq;Fk; mjpfhupfSf;F epyj;ij toq;fpdhd;. mt;thW toq;fg;gl;l fhzpfs; “NrthgwNtdp” vd;W 7 | P a g e A . J a r e e s h

Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. me;epyj;ij mDgtpg;gtu;fs; mjw;Fg; gjpyhf murDf;Fg; gy;NtW Nritfis toq;fpdu;. epyj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mjpfhupfs; mtw;iwg; gapupLtjw;fhf kf;fspilNa gfpu;e;jspj;jdu;. mt;tplq;fspy; gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l kf;fs; jhk; gad;gLj;jpa epyj;jpd; cupikahsHfshd murDf;Nfh> mjpfhupfSf;Nfh gy;NtW tupfis toq;fpdu;. ,J epyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,uh[fhupa Kiw vd toq;fg;gl;lJ.

fl;lha Nrit ,uh[fhupa Kiw:-ehl;bYs;s taJ te;j Mz;fs; midtUk; Mz;nlhd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;F (15 ehl;fs;) muRf;F ,ytrkhf Nritia toq;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. fpuhk rigfspdJk; fpuhkj; jiytu;fspdJk; fPo; ,g;gzpfs; Mw;wg;gl;lNjhL mtu;fs; tho;e;j fpuhkq;fspy; Fsq;fs;> rpW mizf;fl;Lfs;> fhy;tha;fs;> ghijfs; vd;gtw;iwg; Gduikj;jy; Nghd;w nghJ tplaq;fSf;F ,r;Nritfis toq;fpdu;.,uh[fhupa Kiwapd; xopg;G,t;thW eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ,uh[fhupa Kiwia Kjd;Kjyhf gpul;upf; Nehj; ePf;fpdhu;. ,jd; gpufhuk;

1. epyj;ij mDgtpg;gjw;fhf tup mwtplg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.2. kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; Nritf;fhf rk;gsk; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,Ug;gpDk; 1805fspy; njhk]; nkapl;yz;l; ,t;tpuh[fhupa Kiwia kPz;Lk; nfhz;Lte;jhu;. MapDk; epyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,uh[fhupa Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J ,yq;if te;j Nfhy;GWf; nfkwd; Mizf;FO ,uh[fhupa Kiwia Kw;WKOjhf ePf;fk; nra;jJ.

,k;KiwahdJ njhd;Wnjhl;L epytp te;j xd;whFk;. ,jd;gb epyj;ij itj;jpUg;Nghu; murhq;fj;jpw;F Nrit nra;a xU Mz;kfid toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;gb tPjpaikj;jy;> ghyk; mikj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F tUlk; xd;wpw;F 15 ehl;fs; ,ytrkhf Ntiy nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; gy FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jd.

1. xt;nthUtuJ epyKk; xNu msthf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.2. epyq;fspd; tpisr;ry;fs; NtWgl;bUe;jd. 3. kf;fs; epyj;Jld; gpizf;fg;gl;bUe;jkahy; NtW njhopiyr; nra;a

Kbatpy;iy.4. jdpegu; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F jilahdJ.5. cs;ehl;L mjpfhupfs; ,uh[fhupa Kiwia jdJ nrhe;jj; NjitfSf;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jpaik.6. xUtpjkhd mbik Kiwahf ,J fhzg;gl;lik.7. ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ciog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj;

jilahf ,Ue;jik.Nfhy;GWf; nfkwd; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; ed;ikfs;1. rl;l rigapd; mwpKfkhdJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;fhd

Muk;gkhFk;.8 | P a g e A . J a r e e s h

2. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; mwpKfkhdJ ,yq;ifapy; kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdiuj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.

3. ePjp gupghyd Kiwapy; Gjpa khw;wq;fs; cUthfpd. 4. gpupj;jhdpaupd; tu;j;jf VfNghf cupikfs; jilnra;ag;gl;lik.5. rl;lthl;rp;f; nfhs;if mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Nfhy;GWf; nfkwd; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; jPikfs;. 1. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; mwpKfkhdJ ,yq;ifapy; rka> fyhrhur; rPuopTfis

cUthf;fpaJ.2. Njrhjpgjp rl;lrigf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhik.3. ,ul;ilg; nghUshjhu Kiwapd; mwpKfj;jhy; ,yq;ifapd; tuz;l tptrhaj;Jiw

iftplg;gl;lik.4. Gjpa ePjpkd;w Kiwfhuzkhf kf;fs; ePjp Njb gyfhyk; miya

Ntz;bapUe;jik.5. ,dthup Kiwapd; mwpKfkhdJ ,duPjpahd Kuz;ghLfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.6. kf;fs; vz;zpf;ifapd; tfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g gpujpepjpj;Jtk; XusTf;fhtJ

mikatpy;iy. cjhuzkhf: 9000 INuhg;gpaUf;F 03 gpujpepjpfSk; 15yl;rk; rpq;fstu;fSf;F 01 gpujpepjpAk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpa rPu;jpUj;jkhf Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpidr; Rl;bf;fhl;l KbAk;. ,jid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpaidAk; Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; mJtiuf;Fk; epytpa ru;thjpfhu Kiw ,r;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; ePf;fg;gl;ld. mJtiu fhyKk; Njrhjpgjp mjpf gyk; kpf;ftuhff; fhzg;gl;lhu;. rl;thf;f> epiwNtw;W> ePjp Mfpa Kj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fSk; Njrhjpgjpapd; fPNoNa epytpaJ. murhq;fj;jpd; vjpupahfNth> ehl;bd; rkhjhdj;jpw;F mr;RWj;jyhfNt nraw;gl;l vtiuAk; tof;F tprhuiz ,d;wpNa fhuzk; njuptpf;fhkNyh ehLflj;Jtjw;Fk; fhytiuaiwiaf; Fwpg;gplhJ rpiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njrhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. mtupd; mr;nra;ifapd; rl;l uPjpahd jd;ikiag; guprPypj;jYk; jLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. rfy rptpy;> ePjp tplaq;fspYk; mtNu gpujk jiytu; Mthu;. kiy ehl;bd; Fw;wtpay; ePjp tplaq;fspy; mtNu jdp mjpfhup Mthu;. kdpjdpd; rk;gsj;ij jd;dpr;irahd Kiwapy; khw;Wtjw;Fk; ehl;L kf;fspd; nry;tk;> coif;Fk; topKiwfis khw;Wtjw;Fk; mtUf;F mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsUf;F


mtu; nghWg;Gf;$wNtz;batuhf ,Ue;jhYk; eilKiwapy; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; vjpu; Nehf;fpa f];lq;fspd; fhuzkhf Njrhjpgjpapd; nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsuplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. mjdhy; ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rpf; fUkq;fspd; ru;thjpfhupahf NjrhjpgjpNa jpfo;e;jhu;.

Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; tof;F tprhuizapd;wp xUtiu rpiwaplTk; ehLflj;jTk; Njrhjpgjpf;F ,Ue;j mjpfhuk; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;lJ. mJtiu rl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghy; ,Ue;j Njrhjpgjp rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gLj;jg;gl;lhu;. ,uh[fhupa KiwAk; tu;j;jf VfNghf cupikAk; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk;; ehl;L kf;fspd; ytho;f;if kw;Wk; nry;tk; Nrfupf;Fk; topKiwfs; kPJ Njrhjpgjpf;F ,Ue;j ru;thjpfhuk; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; rl;l ep&gz rigAk;> rl;l epu;thf rigAk; jhgpg;gjw;F rpghupR nra;ag;gl;lJld; 1833y; ,Ue;J ,j;jhgdq;fs; eilKiwf;Fte;jd. ,j;jhgdq;fs; xUGwk; Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl fhyhf mike;jJld; kWGwk; ,yq;ifapd; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;FK; Jiz Gupe;jd. nlhd%u; murhq;f Kiwapy; murhq;f rig vd;w tifapYk;> Nrhy;gup murhq;fKiwapy; ghuhSkd;wk; vd;w tifaYk; rl;lkd;wkhdJ kf;fs; jsj;jpidf; nfhz;L mgptpUj;jp mile;jJ. vdNt Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l rl;l kd;wk; ,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; tpj;jhf mike;jJ.

Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; xU nghJ epu;thf KiwAk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F Kd;du; ,yq;ifapy; 03 epu;thf Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. me;epu;thf Kiw xU gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; kf;fis gpwpnjhU gpuNjr kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J jdpikg;gLj;jpaJ. Nfhy;GW}f; FO milahsk; fz;ljd; gb kiyehl;b; jho;eyg; gpuNjrq;fisr; Nru;e;j khtl;lq;fs; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fNshL kf neUq;fpaitahff; fhzg;gl;ld. MfNt mf;FO fiuehl;by; ,Ue;j kiyehl;bw;Fupa khtl;lq;fis fiuNahu kw;Wk; jkpo;g;gpuNjr khfhzq;fNshL ,izf;Fk; tifapy; mJtiu epytpa 16 khfhzq;fisAk; 05Mff; Fiwf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jJ. xt;nthU khfhzj;jpdJk; gpujhd efUf;F murhq;f mjpgu; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;;. ,t;thW Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; KO ,yq;iff;Fk; xU nghJ epu;thf Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf:F Kd;du; ,yq;ifapd; nghJ ePjp Kiw fhzg;gltpy;iy. fiuehl;l khfzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU ePjpKiwAk; kiyehl;L khfhzq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ePjpKiwAk; vdl tifapy; ,U ePjpKiwfs; epytpd. fiuNahu khfhzq;fsppy; rptpy; ePjp tplaq;fs;


Njrhjpgjpapd; jiyikapd; fPO; epytpa ePjpKiwapd; mbg;gilapYk; Fw;wtpay;; ePjptplaq;fs; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fPOk; eilngw;wd. kiyehl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpd; rppty; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; ePjp tplaq;fspd; Njrhjpgjp Mthu;. Xu; xUikahd ePjpkd;w Kiw epythikAk; ePjpkd;w tplaq;fs; Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; xU jdpahd ePjpKiw jhgpf;fg;gl;lJld; mJ epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; ghjpg;gpy; ,Ue;Jk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ… NkYk; INuhg;gpau; njhlu;ghf mJtiu fhyKk; cau; ePjpkd;wk; gd;gw;wpa Gwk;ghd rptpy; ePjp Kiw ,y;hnjhopf;fg;ggl;lJld; INuhg;gpaUk; ,yq;ifaUk; xU jdp ePJpKiwf;FK; xU jdp ePjpkd;w Kiwf;FK; cl;lgLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j khw;wq;fspd; %yk; ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa fUj;ijAk; rl;lrthl;rp> rl;lthl;rp gw;wpa %yf;nfhs;ifAk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; GJ ePjp Kiwiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; vd;gjpy; nfkwid kwf;f KbahJ. rhjp Ngjkpd;wp kf;fs; tpiuthfTk; nrytpd;wpAk; jPu;g;Gf;fisg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;hjw;fhf rhu;s;]; nfkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mj;Jld; kf;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fis ,yFthf milaf;$ba ,lq;fspy; mit mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $wpdhu;. ePjpkd;wq;fs; Kiwaw;w xOq;fikg;gpdhYk; gpioahd jPu;g;Gf;fspdhYk; Vw;glf;$ba jPu;g;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J kf;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;F Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; xd;iw mikj;jpUe;jhu;. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;L ehl;bd; rfy ePjpkd;wq;fSk; mjd; Mizg;gbNa ,aq;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ. ePjp gupghydj;ij Kd;dpl;L ,yq;if 03 khepyq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it NkYk; khtl;lq;fshfg; gFf;fg; l;L xt;nthd;wpYk; xU khtll ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nuhkd; lr;Rr; rl;lj; njhFg;G ehl;bd; ePjpf; Nfhitahf khw;wg;ggl;lJld; [_up KiwAk; njhlu;e;J Ngzg;gl;lJ. fz;bauppdJk; jkpoupdJk; ghuk;gupa ePjp Kiwfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ld. fk;rghf;fspd; ePjp mjpfhuk; khtl;l ePjp kd;wq;fSf;F khw;wg;gl;ld.

,t;thW ehl;bd; epu;thf KiwAk; ePjp KiwAk; If;fpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; ,yq;ufapd; Njrpa muR Kiwapy; mgptUj;jpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehl;bd; nghUshjhug; gug;gpdpy; Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; tu;jjf Kiwf;fhd jskplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ,uh[fhupa KiwAk; tu;j;jf VfNghf cupikAk; xopf;g;gl;lJ. ,uhfhupa Kiwapd; fPo; nrhj;Jlik Kiw ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy; jkJ rhjpf;Fuppa njhopiy kw;Wtjw;F tha;g;G Vw;gltpy;iy. Nfhy;GW}f; ,uh[fhupa Kiwia kdpjid epyj;Jld; fl;b itf;Fk; xU KiwahfNt fUjpdu;. ,uh[fhupa Kiwapd; xopg;G ehl;by; tho;e;j tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs; tpUj;jpailtjw;Fg; ngUk; cjtpahf mike;jJ. ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;ij khdpa Kiwapy; ,Ue;J tu;j;jf Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwf;F khw;Wtj;w;F mJ gq;fhw;wpaJ.


Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; fPo; Mq;fpy nkhop murfUk nkhopahf;fg;gl;lJld; Mq;fpyj;jpy; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd trjpfs; nra;agg;gl;ld. Mq;fpy nkhopiaf; fw;gjd; %yk; Njrpa cau;Fohk; tFg;gpdu; cyfpy; ,lk;ngWk; khw;wq;fspy; fuprid nrYj;j Kw;gl;lJld; INuhg;ghtpd; Kw;Nghf;fhd fUj;Jf;fspd; Clhf jkJ fUj;Jf;fis xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. Mq;fpy nkhopA+lhf ,yq;ifapd; murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij jkJ iff;F khw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf rPu;jpUj;jg; Nghuhl;lqfis elhj;j Kw;gl;ldu;.

,t;thW Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; [dr%fj;jpd; tho;f;if njhlu;ghf ghupa tpioTfis Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fSf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jd. vdNt Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gioa Afj;ij Kbtpw;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J GJAfj;jpd; Muk;gj;ijf; Fwpj;J epd;wd. ,jidNa G.C. nkz;b]; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. INuhg;ghtpy; kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ Nghd;W ,yq;ifapy; kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl Nfhy;GW}f; fkwd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; cjtpd.

FW kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jk; - 1912gpd;dzp1833 rPu;jpUj;jj;ijj; njhlu;e;J 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapYk;> 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjpapYk; ,yq;ifapy; kj;jpaju tFg;ghupd; Njhw;wk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. tpNrlkhf gz trjpngw;w ,yq;ifau;fs; jkJ gps;isfis Nkw;Fyf ehLfSf;F mDg;gp fy;tp fw;gpg;gjpy; Mu;tk; nrYj;jpdu;. ,f;fhyfl;lq;fspy; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; khf;rPr rpe;jidfSk;> jhuhz;ikthjg; Nghf;Fk; tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jd. ,r;rpe;jidahy; J}z;lg;gl;l fw;w ,yq;ifau; Nfhy;GW}f; murpayikg;G khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; RNjrpa fw;w gpujpepjpfs; rl;lep&gz rigapy; ,lk;ngwf;$ba tifapy; mj;jifa khw;wq;fs; mika Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jpte;jdu;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;gl;lNj FW kf;fyk; murpay; jpl;lkhFk;. ,tu;fshy; murpaypy; xU rPu;jpUj;jk; Ntz;b Nfhupf;iffs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. fiuehl;L cw;gj;jpahsu; rq;fk;> aho;g;ghzr;rq;fk;> rpyhgr;rq;fk; Nghd;wd gy kDf;fis mDg;gpapUe;jd. Fwpg;ghf 1908 brk;gupy; N[k;]; gPup]; mtu;fshy; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; Nfhup gpd;tUk; Nfhup;f;iffis Kd;itj;jhu;.

1. rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpw;F mq;fj;jtu;fis epakpf;Fk;NghJ ,dthup Kiwia mfw;wp gpuNjrthup Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.


2. gpujpepjpfs; thiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Fupik %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. rl;lrigapd; mjpfhuj;ij $l;Ljy;.4. rl;l epu;thf rigf;F cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;Nwhupy; ,Ue;Jk;

mq;fj;jtu;fis ,izj;jy;.

,t;thwhd gy Nfhupf;iffisr; nrtpNaw;w FbNaw;w ehl;lr; nrayhsu; Vu;s; FW}t; 1910k; Mz;bd; 13k; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; gb fy;tp fw;wtu;fSf;F thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJld; mtu;fs; jkf;nfd xU fy;tp fw;w gpujpepjp xUtiuAk; njupT nra;ayhk; vdf; $wg;gl;lJ. 1910.11.24 md;wia fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;gb FW kf;fyk; ahg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gadhf 1910 etk;gu; 24y; Gjpa ahg;G mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;L 1912 [dtup 16y; Gjpa rl;lrig $baJ.

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;1. fy;tp> nrhj;J vd;w mbg;gilapy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l thf;Fupik

mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.2. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;Nwhupd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik.3. gbj;j ,yq;ifau; xUtUf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fpilj;jik. (Kjd; kjyhf Nru;

nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;. 4. ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; njhlu;e;Jk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. 5. rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; mjpfupf;fg;gl;ld.


thf;Fupik %yk; gpujpepjpfis Nju;e;njLj;Js;s KbAkhf ,Ue;jhYk;$l> thf;Fupikg; ngw;Nwhu; Nkw;Fyf murpay; rpe;jidfspy; ftug;gl;ltu;fshf ,Ue;jikahy; mtu;fs; Rahl;rp Kiwf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lgltpy;iy. mNjNeuk;> rl;lep&gz rig(rl;lrig)apy; gpupj;jhdpa Njrhjpgjpapd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; Ngzpf;nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; mjd; fl;likg;G xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf cj;jpNahf rhu;Gs;s 11 NgUk; Njrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l 6 NgUk; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; Njrhjpgjpf;F rhu;ghdtu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs; vd fUjg;gl;lJ. %thapuj;Jf;Fk; Fiwthd ,yq;ifau;fs; ehd;F mjpfhuG+u;tkw;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhf thf;fspf;fj; jFjp ngw;wdu;. gbj;j ,yq;ifau; xUtupd; njupTf;fhf kUj;Jtu; khu;f;fR ngu;dhz;Nlh> nghd;. ,uhkehjd; MfpNahu; Nghl;bapl;ldu;. rpq;fs kf;fspilNa ngUk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j ,uhkehjd; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshy; ntw;wp ngw;whu;.

cj;jpNahf rhu;GilNahu; 111. ,uhZtj;jsgjp2. FbNaw;wehl;Lf;fupajuprp3. murhq;f rl;l mjpgjp4. tUkhdtup mjpfhup5. FbNaw;wehl;Lj; jdhjpfhup6. Nky; khfhz mjpgu;7. kj;jpa khfhz mjpgu;8. njd;khfhz mjpgu;9. gpujk rptpy; itj;jpau;

NkYk; Njrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cj;jpNahf rhu;G mjpfhupfs; 02

Nju;jy; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs;. (04) gbj;j ,yq;ifau; rhu;ghf Nru; nghd;. ,uhkehjd; efu;g;Gw INuhg;gpa gpujpepjp - mnyf;rhz;lu; ngau;yp ehl;Lg;Gw INuhg;gpau; gpujpepjp - vl;tu;l; Nuh];wpq; gwq;fpau; gpujpepjp - vf;lu; tpy;ypad; thd; fapyd;gu;f;

mjpfhuG+u;tkw;w (cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w) epakdg; gpujpepjpfs; (06) fiuNahur; rpq;fstu; gpujpepjpfs; - rp. vy;. xgaNrfu> my;gpul;

N[hrg; upr;rhu;l; b rpy;th fz;br; rpq;fstu; gpujpepjp - jpNahlu; Kzkyp jkpou; gpujpepjpfs; - Nru; mk;gythzu; fdfrig> Nahrg; epf;fy];

jprtPurpq;fk; K];ypk; gpujpepjp - thg;gpr;rp kiuf;fhu; mg;Jy; uFkhd;14 | P a g e A . J a r e e s h

epjpf;FONjrhjpgjpf;F cjtpahf mikf;fg;gl;lNj epjpf;FOthFk;. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;wtu;fspdhy; murhq;f nryTfs; gupNrhjpf;fg;gl;L rl;l ep&gz rig $lhj fhyg;gFjpfspy; mDkjpf;Fk; Nehf;fkhfNt ,e;j epjpf;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJthf ,e;j epjpf;FO xU MNyhrid rigahfNt ,Ue;jJ.

FW} - kf;fyk; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; ed;ikfs;

1. ,yq;ifapd; murpay; ahg;G tsu;r;rpapy; Xu; mLj;j fl;lgbahf ,t; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nju;jy; KiwAk; fw;Nwhu; Fohkpw;fhd gpujpepjpj;JtKk; murpay; ahg;gpd; tsu;r;rpia fhl;Ltdthf tpsq;fpd.

2. fw;Nwhu; Fohkpd; murpay; gpuNtrk; murpay; ,af;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; murpay; rPu;jpUj;j Nfhupf;iffs; ,yq;if kf;fspd; rhu;gpy; njhlu;r;rpahf Kd; itf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; fhuzq;fshf tpsq;fpd.

3. Njhl;lg;Gw INuhg;gpau; rhu;gpYk; >efu;g;Gw INuhg;gpau; rhu;gpYk; gpujpepjpfs; Nju;jypd; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;likahdJ ngUe;Njhl;lj;JiwAk; mJ rhu;e;j cg njhopy;fSk; tsu;r;rp miltjw;F fhuzq;fshf tpsq;fpd.

4. cj;jpNahf gw;ww;w mq;fj;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jikahdJ RNjrpfspd; tYtpid gyg;gLj;Jtkjhf ,Ue;jJ.

FW} kf;fyk; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; FiwghLfs;1. Nju;jy; Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l NghJ Nju;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik

midtUf;Fk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. fy;tpmwpT> cs;stu;fSf;Fk;> nrhj;J cilatu;fSf;Fk; kl;LNk toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,tu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; nkhj;j rdj;njhifapy; Vwj;jho 4%khf kl;LNk fhzg;gl;ldu;.

2. ,t; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpYk; Njhl;lg;Gw INuhg;gpau; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; >efu;g;Gw INuhg;gpau; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpapNy $Ljyhd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; twz;l tptrhaj;Jiw njhlu;r;rpahf Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lNjhL ifj;njhopw;Jiw gw;wp vJtpj ftdKk; nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy.


3. ,t; murpay; rPu;jpj;jj;jpYk; Njrhjpgjp Nkyhd mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;ltuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. rl;l Mf;f tplaq;fspy; ,Wjp KbntLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,tUf;Nf ,Ue;jJ.

4. rl;l epUgz rigAk;> rl;l epUthf rigAk; NtW Ntwhd cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;bUe;jikapdhy; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fgtu;fSf;F rl;ljij mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; gq;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

5. gbj;j ,yq;ifau;fSk; mtu;fsJ gpujpepjpAk; kpjthj murpaiy gpd;gw;wpajdhy; mtu;fs; jPtpukhd epiyapy; ,yq;if Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;j Kd;tutpy;iy. ,tu;fs; Mjpf;fk; tha;e;j rf;jpfshf ,Ue;jikapfhy; gpd;du; Njhw;wk; ngw;w jPtputhjpfspdhYk; ,tu;fis kPwp tsu Kbatpy;iy. ,jdhy; xu xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ ,yq;ifapy; Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;G ,Uf;ftpy;iy.


jw;fhypf kdpq; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk;. 1921,yq;ifapd; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; murpay; ahg;gpy; jpUj;jq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdg; gy Nfhupf;iffis Kd; itj;jdu;. ,e;j tifapy;>

1. rl;lrigapy; 05 gpujpepjpfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 2. gue;j mbg;gilapy; Mz;fSf;Fk;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpy;

ngz;fSf;Fk;; thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;;. 3. Ie;jpy; xU gq;fpdu; rpWghd;ikNahuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;wtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if rl;lrigapy; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jik.

1. njhlu;e;Jk; Njrhjpgjpf;F kWg;ghiz mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.2. epjpf;FOtpy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,yq;ifau; xUtu; cs;thq;fg;gl;lhu;. 3. rl;lrigapy; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w %tu; rl;l epu;thf

rigapy; ,lk;ngw;wdu;.

,e;;jtifapy; Mukgpf;fg;gl;l rl;l rigahdJ 1921.06.07 md;W Muk;gkhdJ.

ed;ikfs;.1. rl;lrigapy; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;wtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if

mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik.2. gpuNjrhtupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;likahdJ

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nju;jw; njhFjpfs; mgptpUj;jp milaf; fhuzkhf


tpsq;fpd. 3. rq;fq;fSf;F cWg;Gupik toq;fpaikahdJ mit rhu;e;j Jiwfs; tsu

cjtpahf mike;jd.4. ,e;jpau;fSf;Fg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fpaikahdJ mtu;fsJ murpay

gq;Fgw;wYf;Fj; Jiz epd;wd. 5. rl;l epu;thf rigapy; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;NwhUf;F mq;fj;Jtk

toq;fg;gl;likahdJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; ke;jpup rig cUthf toptFj;jJ.

jPikfs;

1. gpuNjrthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk; cUthf;fg;gl;likahdJ jkpou;fis ntFthfg; ghjpj;jJ. jkpou;fSf;F ,jw;F Kddu; rpq;fstu;fSf;F XusT rkkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,t; ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; rpq;fstu;fSf;F 13 gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fpilj;j mNj Ntis jkpoufSf;F 03 gpujpepjpj;Jtk; khj;jpuNk fpilj;jd.

2. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;Nwhupd; msT rl;lrigapy; $bdhYk; rl;lepu;thf tplaq;fspy; Njrhjpgjp mjpfhuk; kpFe;jtuhfNt fhzg;gl;lhu;.

3. rl;l ep&gz rigf;F mjpfhuNkh nghWg;Ngh toq;fg;gltpy;iy. 4. MSeu; rl;l rigiaf; $l;Ljy; fiyj;jy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;

kpf;ftuhf ,Ue;jik.

kdpq; btd;\au; murpay; jpUj;jk; 1924kdpq; murpayikg;gpd; nraw;ghl;by; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfis mtjhdpj;j ,yqifau;fs; Gjpa ahg;Gj; jpUj;jk; Nfhup kDf;fis Kditj;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf Nru; N[k;]; gPup];> jkpou; If;fpa Kd;dzpapdu; rpy efy jpl;lq;fis Ms;gjp kdpq;fplk; ifaspj;jdu;. ,it ahtw;iwAk; fUj;jpy; vLj;j Ms;gjp kdpq mtu;fs; Gjpa jpUj;jk; xd;iw Kd; nkhope;jhu;fs;. ,jidf; ftdpj;j FbNaw;wehl;Lf; fhupajuprpahd btd;\au; gpuG mjpy; fPo;tUk; rpwpa khw;wk; xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.

1. rpq;fstu;fSf;fhf NkYk; ,uz;L njhFjpfis (Nky;> njd; khfhzj;jpy;) tiue;J nfhLj;jhu;. ,jdhyNa kdpq; btd;\au; rPu;jpUj;jk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

2. jkpou;fSf;fhd Nky;khfhzg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;. 1. njupT nra;ag;gl;l ,U cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;Nwhu; rl;l epu;thf

rigapy; cs;thq;fg;gl;lik. MapDk; ,tu;fSf;fhd jpizf;fsq;fs; xJf;fg;gltpy;iy.

2. njupT nra;ag;gl;l ,yq;ifg; gpujpepjpfSf;F vjpuhd gpupj;jhdpaupd; gyk; Fiwe;jJ.

3. Njrhjpgjp rl;lrigf;F jiyik jhq;FtJ epWj;jg;gl;lJ.18 | P a g e A . J a r e e s h

4. rl;lrigf;F rl;ligahy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l cg jiytu; xUtNu jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. N[k;]; gPup]; vd;gtNu cgjiytuhfj; njupTnra;ag;gl;bUe;jhu;.

5. njhlue;Jk; ,yq;iff;fhf gpupj;jhdpah rl;lkpaw;wyhk; vd;w epajp gd;gw;wg;gl;Nl te;jJ.

Ms;gjp,t;ahg;gpd;gb ,yq;ifapd; rl;lrigf;F XusT nghWg;G toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gadhf Ms;gjp mtu;fs; rl;lrigapd; MNyhridiaf; Nfl;fNtz;b ,Ue;jJ. Ms;gjp mtu;fis rpy rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtij tpl;Lk; jil nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; rl;lrigf;F ,Ue;jJ.

nghJthff; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ ,t; ahg;gpy; Ms;gjpf;F G+uz nghWg;G ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; G+uz mjpfhuk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Ms;gjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; rl;lrigf;F XusT ,Ue;jJ. MapDk; rl;lrigapdu; tpUk;gpf; Nfl;l nghWg;G mjpfk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;.

,t;ahg;gpd; gb mjpfhuKk; nghWg;Gk; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;jJ. rl;l rigapd; cj;jpNahf mq;fj;jtu;fsplk; mjpfhuk; tplg;gl;lJ. rl;lrigf;F fl;Lg;glhkYk;> kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshfhkYk; ,Ue;j ,t;Tj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; FbNaw;w ke;jpupahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Ms;gjpf;Nf fl;Lg;gl;L ,Ue;jhu;fs;.

Ms;gjpaplk; rl;l epu;thf mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. rl;l rigapy; ngUk;ghdikahd cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w mq;fj;jtu;fs; murhq;fj;ij mikj;J elhj;j ,ayhjtu;fsha; ,Ue;jhu;fs;. ,e;epiyapy; MSdu; rpWghd;ikf; fl;rpj; jiytu; gpujkuha; ,Ue;jJ Nghd;W nrawgl;lhu;.


rl;l epu;thf rig ke;jpuprigapd; Nghf;Filajha;f; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jw;Fk; jiytuhf Ms;gjp mtu;fs; fhzg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,jpy; 07 Ngu; mq;fk; ngw;wdu;. mjpy;

1. FbNaw;wr; nrayhsu;2. rl;lj;Jiw ehafk;3. Nky;khfhz mjpgu;4. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w cWg;gpdu; 04 Ngu; (2 rpq;fstu;> 1

jkpou;> xU Mq;fpNyau;)

epjpf;FO1838k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; Nfhy;GWf; rl;lrigf;F epjp njhlu;ghf vt;tpj Mjpf;fKk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. 1838k; Mz;by; ,Ue;J tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;ij fz;bf;fTk; khw;wpaikf;fTk; Nfhy;GWf; rl;lrigf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. me;j tifapy; gpd;tUk; ,U tplaq;fspy; mt;tjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

1. rl;lrigapd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wp vt;tpj nryitAk; Nkw;fhs;Sjy; $lhJ.2. murhq;fk; tuTnryTj;jpl;ljij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Kd;du; cj;jpNahfg;

gw;ww;w cWg;gpdu;fs; ehl;bd; Njitia vLj;Jf; $wyhk;.

MapDk; 1912k; Mz;L Njrhjpgjp kf;fyk; FW kf;fyk; ahg;gpy; epjpf;FO vDk; xU Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhu;. ,jpy; gpd;tUNthu; cWg;gpdu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;.

1. Njrhjpgjp (FOtpd; jiytu;)2. FbNaw;w ehl;Lf; fhupajuprp3. tUkhd mjpfhup4. fzf;fhsu; ehafk;.5. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w cWg;gpdu;fs; 10

1921y; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l kdpq; murpaw; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb epjpf;FO Gjpa guzhkj;ij mile;jJ.

1. FbNaw;w ehl;Lf; fhupajuprp2. tUkhd mjpfhup3. fzf;fhsu; ehafk;.4. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w cWg;gpdu;fs; 23

1924y; epjpf;FO1. FbNaw;w ehl;Lf; fhupajuprp2. tUkhd mjpfhup3. fzf;fhsu; ehafk;.4. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w cWg;gpdu;fs; 37

1924k; Mz;Lf;F Kd;du; rl;l epu;thf rigiaf; fye;jNyhrpj;Nj midj;Jk; ,lk;ngw;wd. Mdhy; jw;NghJ midj;J tplaq;fSk; epjpf;FOitf; fye;jhNyhrpj;Nj ,lk;ngw;wd. ,jdhy; epjpf;FONt gpugy;ak; 20 | P a g e A . J a r e e s h

kpf;fhjhf ,f;fhyj;jpy; tpsq;fpd. ,J njhlu;ghf lhf;lu; khu;f;f]; gu;zhe;J mtu;fs; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whu;. “1924k; Mz;Lf;fhd tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; rl;l epu;thf rigapy; tpthjpf;fg;glNt ,y;iy. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w gpujpepjpfSf;F gbtoq;Fjy;> mtu;fsJ njhFjpfSf;Fg; epjp xJf;Fjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; $l epjpf;FOtpNyNa tpthjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;epjpf;FOtpy; ,yq;ifau;fs; mq;fk; tfpj;jikahdJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; ke;jpupfshf flik Guptjw;F cjtpd”. ,Ug;gpDk; epjpf;FO xU MNyhridf; FOthfNt jpfo;e;jJ vdyhk;.

epjpf;FOtpd; flikfs;1. epjp njhlu;ghf jkJ MNyhridfis Kd;itj;jy;.2. tuT nryTj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jy; njhlu;ghf MNyhrid $Wjy;.3. tuT nryTj;jpl;l tpthjq;fspy; <LgLjy;.4. ehl;bd; epjpiaf; ifahSjy;.5. mtru fhyq;fspy; MSeUld; ,ize;J epjpr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;.

ed;ikfs;.

1. gpuNjrthup gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;likahdJ (kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gll;l mstpy;) jkpou;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij ntFthff; $l;baJ vdyhk;. Kd;du; 03 cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Ue;j jkpou;fSf;F tlkhfhzj;jpy; 05> fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; 02 Nky;khfhzjjpy; 01 vd 08 cWg;gpdu;fs; fhzg;gl;ldu;.

2. ,e;jpa tk;rhtop> K];ypk;fsJ gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik.3. ,yq;ifj; jkpou;fSf;fhf Nky;khfhzg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lik.4. epjpf; FOtpy; ,yq;ifau; cs;thq;fg;gl;lik.5. cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;F rl;l epu;thf rigapy; 03

mq;fj;Jtk; fpilj;jik.

jPikfs;1. rl;lrigapy; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;Nwhupd; vz;zpf;if

mjpfupf;fg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk; Njrhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j kWg;ghiz mjpfhuKk; cj;jpNahfg; gw;Ws;s mq;fj;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; epakd mq;fj;jtu;fspd; rk;kjj;Jld; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wyhk; vDk; mjpfhuKk; Njrhjpgjpapd; epiyia NkYk; tYg;gLj;jpaJ.

2. rl;l epu;thf rig njhlu;e;Jk; rl;lrigf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhj xd;whfNt ,UeJte;jJ. 3. ,yq;ifj; jkpou;fspd; Nfhupf;ifahd rpq;fsg; gpujpepjpfspy; 2/3

gq;fhtJ jkf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;if epiwNtw;wg;glhik.4. thf;Fupik njhlu;e;Jk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,yq;ifapd nkhj;j

rdj; njhifapy; 4tPjkhd kf;fSf;F khj;jpuNk thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

5. ehl;L eyDf;Fj; Njitahd rl;lq;fis Njrhjpgjp cj;jpNahfg; gw;Ws;s mq;fj;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; epakd mq;fj;jtu;fspd; rk;kjj;Jld; ,aw;wyhk;.


MapDk; ,J njhlu;ghf FbNaw;w ehl;Lf; fhupajuprpf;F mwpf;if xd;iw rku;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

6. ,t;turpaw; rPu;jpUj;jk; ,yq;if kf;fis gpsTgLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wp fz;bUe;jJ.


file · Web view,yq;iff;F tUif jUk; ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;fFk; RNjr kj;jpa jutu;f;fj;jpdUf;Fk; epu;thfj; jPu;khdq;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpidf;

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