Paper 1 revision pack Paper 1 revision pack A: Challenges of natural hazards i) Tectonic hazards (Nepal and New Zealand earthquake) ii) Weather hazards (Typhoon Haiyan and Somerset floods) iii) Climate change B: The Living World i) Ecosystems ii) Tropical rainforest (Amazon) iii) Hot deserts (Thar and Thar for desertification) C: Physical landscapes in the UK i) Coasts (Dorset and Lincolnshire coast) ii) Rivers (Tees and Boscastle) Command word meanings: Assess: Make an informed judgement. Calculate: Work out the value of something. Compare: Identify similarities and differences. Describe: Set out characteristics. Evaluate: Judge from available evidence. Explain: Set out purposes or reasons. Give/Identify/State: Produce an answer from recall or the source Justify: Support a case with evidence. To what extent: Judge the importance or success of (strategy, scheme, project). Use evidence to support this statement: To select and present information to prove or disprove something.
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Paper 1 revision pack
Paper 1 revision packA: Challenges of natural hazards
i) Tectonic hazards (Nepal and New Zealand earthquake)ii) Weather hazards (Typhoon Haiyan and Somerset floods)iii) Climate change
B: The Living Worldi) Ecosystemsii) Tropical rainforest (Amazon)iii) Hot deserts (Thar and Thar for desertification)
C: Physical landscapes in the UKi) Coasts (Dorset and Lincolnshire coast)ii) Rivers (Tees and Boscastle)
Command word meanings:
Assess: Make an informed judgement.
Calculate: Work out the value of something.
Compare: Identify similarities and differences.
Describe: Set out characteristics.
Evaluate: Judge from available evidence.
Explain: Set out purposes or reasons.
Give/Identify/State: Produce an answer from recall or the source
Justify: Support a case with evidence.
To what extent: Judge the importance or success of (strategy, scheme, project).
Use evidence to support this statement: To select and present information to prove or disprove something.
Section A - you must study the challenge of natural hazards
The challenge of natural hazards
Tectonic hazards R A G
Define a natural hazard and explain factors affecting the risk
Describe and explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
Explain the processes involved in plate movement; Constructive
Explain the processes involved in plate movement; Destructive
Explain the processes involved in plate movement; conservative Assess and compare the impacts of an earthquake in two contrasting areas of the world (Nepal/New Zealand) Assess and compare the responses to an earthquake in two contrasting areas of the world (Nepal/New Zealand)
Explain why people choose to live in tectonically active areas Examine how countries are reducing the risk of tectonic hazards via planning, predicting and preparing
Weather hazards R A GDescribe and explain the global atmospheric circulation (temperate, desert and tropical climates) Describe the distribution of tropical storms
Explain how tropical storms are formed
Examine the structure of a tropical storm and their associated features
Assess the causes and impacts of a named tropical storm (Haiyan)
Examine how countries are reducing the effects of tropical storms
Explain how climate change affects the intensity, distribution and frequency of storms.
Know the different types of weather hazards in the UK Assess the causes and impacts of a named extreme weather event in the UK (Somerset floods)
Explain why extreme weather is increasing in the UK
Climate change R A G
Evaluate the evidence for climate change
Explain the natural causes of climate change
Explain the human causes of climate change
Examine how the impacts of climate change can be managed via adaptation and mitigation
Natural Hazards: Tectonic – revision map
Key wordsNatural Hazard -Hydro morphological hazards -Geological hazards - Oceanic Crust – Continental crust - Convection current – Plate margin –
Why do people risk it and live in hazardous areas?****
Structure of the earth diagram – Diagrams of the types of plate boundaries and give a real-life example named-
Constructive -
Destructive –
Conservative –
Risk management – Earthquakes & VolcanoesMonitoring - Prediction - Preparation - Planning -
EXAMPLE – Earthquake in a HIC (New Zealand) Location -Primary effects–
Secondary effects -
Immediate Response –
Long term Response -
EXAMPLE – Earthquake in an LIC (Nepal)Location – Primary effects –
Secondary effects -
Immediate Response –
Long term Response -
Where are earthquake and volcanoes found?
Natural Hazards: Weather and Climate change –
revision map
What causes a tropical storm to form? Stages?
Structure of a tropical storm.
Key words
Tropical storm – Saffir-Simpson scale – Eye – Climate change –MitigationAdaption – Quaternary period- Deforestation – Risk – Flooding -
The Global Atmospheric Circulation model:
How have MPPP reduced the effect of tropical storms?M PP P
EXAMPLE – Effects and responses to a tropical storm (Haiyan)Location/name - Primary effects –
Secondary effects -
Immediate Responses –
Long term Responses -
EXAMPLE – Extreme weather hazard in the UKLocation/name – Causes - Social, economic and environmental effects –
Management strategies to reduce the risk for the future -
Climate change Human and natural causes -
Effects on people –
Effects on the environment –
Mitigation management -
Adaption management -
Where are hurricanes, typhoons & cyclones found?
Challenges of natural hazards - tectonic hazards
1. To what extent are primary impacts of tectonic hazards more significant than secondary impacts? Use examples in your answer [6]
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2. Suggest why earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries. [3 marks]
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3. Explain two human developments that would increase the risk of people being affected by natural hazards. [4]
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4. Explain how places can prepare for a natural hazard (6)
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5. Evaluate the effectiveness of the immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard in two countries of contrasting levels of
wealth (9)
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6. Give two reasons why people might choose to live in areas of high hazard risk (2)
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Challenges of natural hazards - weather hazards
1. ‘The weather of the UK is becoming more extreme.’ Use evidence to support this statement. [6 marks]
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2. Explain how climate change could affect the intensity and distribution of tropical storms. (4)
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3. Explain the process that leads to the formation of tropical storms [4]_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Explain how the Global Atmospheric system affects the weather of the tropics and the poles [6]
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5. Assess the extent to which prediction is the most important factor in reducing the effects of tropical storms. [9]
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5. Evaluate the response to a tropical storm in a LIC [6]
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Challenges of natural hazards - climate change
1. Explain the impact of climate change of people around the world [4]_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Describe and explain the evidence for past climate change. (6)
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3. Identify 1 human cause and 1 physical cause of climate change. (2)
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4. Explain possible environmental challenges that could occur as a result of future climate change in a country like the UK. (4)
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5. Explain 2 ways that people cope with rising sea levels (4)
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6. Justify why managing climate change needs to be a combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies. (9)
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Quick fire questions for natural hazards
1. Define Geological Hazard2. Define Atmospheric Hazard3. What is the earth’s crust? 4. Oceanic plates are heavier or lighter than continental plates? 5. What is a plate margin/boundary? 6. What is hazard risk? What makes it higher or lower?7. What is a focus and epicentre? 8. Give a social, economic and environmental reason people live near hazards.9. What is a destructive plate boundary? 10. What is a constructive plate boundary? 11. What is a conservative plate boundary? 12. What are 3 factors which make hazard risk worse? 13. When was the Christchurch earthquake? 14. What magnitude was the Christchurch earthquake?15. State 4 primary effects of the Christchurch earthquake16. State 4 secondary effects of the Christchurch earthquake17. State 2 immediate responses to the Christchurch earthquake18. State 2 long term responses to the Christchurch earthquake19. When was the Nepal earthquake? Why were the secondary impacts worse than the primary?20. What magnitude was the Nepal earthquake? 21. State 4 primary effects of the Nepal earthquake22. State 4 secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake23. State 2 immediate responses to the Nepal earthquake24. State 2 long term responses to the Nepal earthquake25. State 3 reasons people still live near tectonics hazards26. What is the 3Ps policy?27. What can we do to plan for an earthquake? 28. What can we do to protect from an earthquake? 29. How can we predict an earthquake? 30. Draw a diagram of the global circulation model 31. Which cell is nearest the equator and what weather does it bring? 32. What is a surface wind? 33. Where are tropical storms located? 34. What causes a tropical storm (3 things)?35. What are the 5 stages of a tropical storm?36. What is happening to the distribution of tropical storms? 37. What is happening to the frequency of tropical storms? 38. What is happening to the intensity of tropical storms? 39. Where was Typhoon Haiyan and how strong was it? 40. What scale are tropical storms measured on? 41. State 4 primary effects of typhoon Haiyan42. State 4 secondary effects of typhoon Haiyan 43. State 2 immediate responses of typhoon Haiyan44. State 2 long term responses of typhoon Haiyan51. When were the Somerset Floods? 52. What caused the Somerset Floods? 53. State 2 Social impacts of the Somerset floods54. State 2 economic impacts of the Somerset floods
55. State 2 environmental impacts of the Somerset floods56. What has been done to help ensure the floods are managed better60. What did they do to manage future floods?61. How successful was it?62. When was the coldest month in the UK?63. When was the highest rainfall and how high? 64. When was the hottest year? 65. What are the predictions for UK weather?66. What is climate change? 67. What is the quaternary period? 68. How do we know what the climate was then? 69. State 2 natural causes of climate change70. State 2 human causes of climate change71. State 4 pieces of evidence of climate change72. State 4 effects climate change has had on people73. State 4 effects climate change has had on the environment74. State 3 ways we can adapt to climate change75. State 3 ways we can mitigate against climate change
Unit 1 Living with the physical environment
Section B - you must study the living world and either hot deserts OR cold environments
The living world
Ecosystems R A GDefine what an ecosystem is and know their key components
Explain how changes to an ecosystem can have a knock on effect on its features
Describe and explain the distribution of global ecosystems
Tropical rainforests R A GDescribe and explain the physical characteristics of tropical rainforests: Climate, soils and vegetation (and examine their interaction).
Describe how plants and animals have adapted to living in the TRF
Examine the causes of deforestation
Evaluate the impacts deforestation with a named case study (Amazon)
Know the importance of TRF and ways in which they can be managed effectively
Explain how TRF can be managed sustainably with key examples
Option 1- Hot desertsR A G
Describe and explain the global distribution of hot deserts
Describe and explain the physical characteristics of hot deserts: Climate, soils and vegetation (and examine their interaction).
Assess the opportunities for developments in hot deserts with a named example (Thar desert and Sahara) Evaluate the challenges faced when developing in a hot desert with a named example (Thar desert and Sahara) Describe and explain the causes of desertification (Sahel)
Examine how countries are reducing the risk desertification
The Living WorldUnit 1b
Exam Revision: The Living World 1
Ecosystems: Define these Key words:
Ecosystem
Food chain
food web
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Describe and explain the features of a small-scale ecosystem in the UK (4 marks)
Global Ecosystems or Biomes (See diagram)
Q What two factors determine the distribution of global ecosystems?
Q What is the climate of the Tropical Forest like? (Refer to data)
How does change affect ecosystems> Note change can be natural, man –made, deliberate or accidental.
With the help of the rainforest structure diagram, describe and explain the main plant adaptations in a tropical rainforest environment. (6 marks)
Exam Revision: The Living World 2
Q To what extent are projects like the Bakun dam a good idea for economic development (4 marks)
Economic gains:
Economic losses:
List the 5 main reasons for deforestation:
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Q Describe the trends in deforestation shown below. (4 marks) Refer to data.
Explain, with reference to an example, why is it important to retain biodiversity? (4 marks)
How can the rainforests be managed sustainably?
What do you understand by sustainably?
Detail the range of strategies used:
1. Selective logging and replanting
2. Conservation and education:
3. Ecotourism
4. International agreements
5. Debt relief
Why should Tropical Rainforests be protected?
Temiar people of Kelantan
Describe the impacts of deforestation for:
Habitats:
Wildlife:
Soil erosion:
Indigenous people:
Flooding:
Climate change:
Human health:
Living world: Hot deserts – revision map.
What are hot deserts like – think physical features
CASE STUDY: Thar Desert, Pakistan.Location:
Development opportunities in hot desert environments explained:
Challenges of developing hot desert environments explained: Desertification –CAUSES:
SOLUTIONS:
Key words
Desert –
Diurnal temperature range –
Biodiversity -
Desertification -
Irrigation –
Over cultivation-
Over grazing – Appropriate technology –Interdependence -
Where are hot deserts found?
BIODIVERSITY: Plants found in the desert and how adapted?
What is the climate like in a desert?Temperature -
Rainfall -
BIODIVERSITY: Animals found in the desert and how adapted?
The living world - Ecosystems and tropical rainforests
1. Using a named example, explain how change can have a short and long term effect on an ecosystem [6]_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Outline one possible environmental impact of deforestation. [2 marks]
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3. Describe the climate of tropical rainforests (2)
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4. Describe how nutrients are cycled in an ecosystem (4)
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5. Outline two possible causes of deforestation (2)
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6. Explain how deforestation can be sustainably managed (6)
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7. For a tropical rainforest that you have studied, assess the extent to which deforestation benefits the people who live there. (9)
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8. Justify why tropical rainforests should be protected (6)
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The living world - Hot deserts
1. Explain how plants and animals are adapted to the environment in a hot desert. (6)
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2. To what extent is environmental damage to hot desert environments an unavoidable consequence of climate change. (9)
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3. Suggest how human activity may contribute to desertification on the fringes of hot deserts (6)
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4. Explain two management strategies to reduce the impacts of desertification (6)
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5. Assess the importance of the interdependence of the climate, soils and people in either a hot desert environment or a cold environment. (9)
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76. What are the factors that dictate where ecosystems are found globally?77. Describe and draw a basic ecosystem, eg a Pond78. What are the trophic layers of an ecosystems and how are they interrelated?79. What do decomposers do? How are nutrients recycled?80. Where are Tropical Rainforests found?81. Why are they found here? 82. Where are Hot deserts found?83. Why are they found here? 84. What are the main characteristics of TRF?85. How are plants and animals adapted to TRFs and Deserts?86. What are the main characteristics of Hot Deserts?87. What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon?88. What are the main impacts of deforestation?89. Define biodiversity and why it is important.90. What are the challenges for people living in hot deserts?91. What are the opportunities for people living in hot deserts?92. What are the causes of desertification?93. What are the solutions to desertification?94. What country is a good example of the management of TRF? Why?95. How does debt relief reduce deforestation?96. How does ecotourism reduce deforestation?97. How does selective logging reduce deforestation?
Quick fire questions for the living world
Unit 1 Living with the physical environment
Section C - you must study two of the following options; Coastal landscapes in the UK, River landscapes in the UK and Glacial landscapes in the UK
UK Physical landscapes R A G
Explain the different relief across the UK
Read a cross section of contour lines on an OS map
Coastal landscapes in the UK R A G
Describe and explain the characteristics of both constructive and destructive waves
Explain the different types pf sub aerial processes (weathering and mass movement)
Describe the different types of erosion and explain how a variety of associated landforms are created Describe how deposition and long shore drift create a number of different landforms
Know a named case study and explain how different processes and factors have influenced the coast (Dorset) Study a coastal area using an OS map and pick out features using the key
Asses how coasts can be managed using hard engineering techniques
Asses how coasts can be managed using soft engineering techniques
Explain the effectiveness of a managed retreat
Evaluate the management of a named coastline (Lyme Regis)
River landscapes in the UK R A G
Recognise the difference in long and cross river profile and how the river changes downstream
Describe and explain the different processes of erosion, transportation and deposition
Describe and explain the formation of key erosional features (waterfall and gorges)
Describe and explain the formation of key middle course features (meanders and ox bow lakes)
Examine the changes of a named river from source to mouth (Tees)
Explain the causes of flooding
Analyse the difference in storm hydrographs lag times (urban and rural)
Asses how rivers can be managed using hard engineering techniques
Asses how rivers can be managed using soft engineering techniques
Assess how a named area has been impacted by flooding and the solutions put in place to limit the risk (Boscastle)
Physical Landscapes in the UK
Areas +600m: Peaks and ridges cold, misty and snow common.i.e. Scotland
Areas -200m: Flat or rolling hills. Warmer weather. i.e. Fens
Bay
Headland
Soft rock
Hard rock
Example: Old
Harry Rocks, Dorset
Unit 1c
Example: Spurn Head,
Holderness Coast.
Coast landscapes in the UK – revision map.
Erosion: Abrasion – Attrition – Solution – Hydraulic action -
Coastal management – explain how they work. and the costs and benefits of them are…..HARD ENGINEERING: sea walls, rock armour, groynes and gabions
SOFT ENGINEERING: beach nourishment and reprofiling, dune regeneration and managed retreat.
Transportation – diagram of Longshore drift
Key words
Coast -
Swash-
Backwash-
Fetch –
Prevailing Wind –
Mechanical Weathering –
Chemical weathering -
Mass movement –
Slumping -
Wave types – define and explain themConstructive -
Destructive -
Depositional Landforms- How are they formed?
Bars-
Spit -
Beach-
Sand dune –
Your example of a section of coastline in the UK and its major landforms and coastal management schemes is:
Erosional Landforms- How are they formed?
Headlands and Bays-
Cliffs and Wave-cut platform-
Caves, arches, stacks, stumps-
River landscapes in the UK – revision map.
Characteristics and formation of erosion:
Interlocking Spurs:
Waterfalls and gorges:
KEYTERMS – Waterfall –
Gorge -
Meanders-
Oxbow lakes-
Point bar -
River cliff –
Levees-
Floodplains-
Delta -
Flood management SOFT engineering strategies:+ives
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Characteristics and formation of erosion and deposition:
Meanders:
Oxbow lakes:
Characteristics and formation of deposition:
Levees:
Floodplains:
Estuaries:
Our example of a flood management scheme in the UK is….. Why was it required?
What strategy was used?
What were the social issues?
What were the economic issues?
What were the environmental issues?
Flood management HARD engineering strategies:+ives
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River landscapes in the UK – revision map.
Hydrological cycle –Input – Output – Flows – Stores -
A flood Hydrograph is:
Causes of Flooding:Physical –
Human -
Long river profile –
Transportation –Solution -Traction -Saltation – Suspension – Deposition -
Erosion:Abrasion – Attrition – Solution – Hydraulic action -
KEYTERMS:
Long river profile –
Drainage basin –
Watershed –
Source –
Mouth –
Tributary –
Confluence -
River Discharge -
Our example of a river valley in the UK is and its major landforms are…..
Physical landscapes in the UK - Coasts
1. Name and describe two processes of erosion that occur in coastal areas (4)
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2. Explain how freeze-thaw weathering could cause cliffs to break up (4)
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3. Explain how different landforms may be created by the transport and deposition of sediment along the coast. [6 marks]
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4. Explain how soft engineering is used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes. [6 marks]
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5. Explain the formation of a spit (4)
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6. Assess whether the overall benefits of coastal management outweigh any conflicts that are caused as a result of the scheme (6)
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Physical landscapes in the UK - Rivers
1. Explain why the upper course of a river valley has a different cross profile from the lower course (4)
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2. Describe how particle size changes with distance from the source of a river and explain the process that causes this change. (3)
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3. Explain the formation of a waterfall and gorge (4)
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4. Explain the likely economic effects of river flooding (4)
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5. Explain how physical and human factors can increase the risk of river flooding. [6 marks]
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6. Explain the formation of an ox-bow lake (4)
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7. For a flood management scheme in the UK, assess whether the overall benefits outweigh any environmental issues tat are caused as a result of the scheme (6)
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95. What are the four main processes of erosion in rivers and the coast?96. How does sediment reduce in size along a river or in the sea?97. What are erosion landforms on the River Tees and on the Dorset coast?98. For each one can you give 3 steps to their formation?99. Define, with examples, Chemical, Biological and Mechanical weathering.100. What are depositional landforms on the River Tees rivers and on the Dorset coast?101. For each one can you give 3 steps to their formation?102. What are the 4 ways of transportation in a river?103. How does Long Shore Drift move sediment on the coast?104. What impact does geology have in rivers or on the coast?
105. What is a long profile and what is a cross profile?106. What are hard and soft engineering in Boscastle? 107. What are hard and soft engineering in Holderness?108. What is the difference between holding the line and managed retreat?109. Who cares and why?110. What is lag time?111. What factors affect the shape of a flood hydrograph?112. Why did Boscastle flood?113. What were the impacts of the Boscastle flood?
Quick fire questions for physical landscapes.
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