jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com  · Web viewKeywords: classification of agroecosystems, modes of environmental management, vegetation management, mechanical crop management, chemical

Chapter 14. D. K. Letourneau, M. A. Altieri. 1999. Environmental management to enhance biological control in agroecosystems. Pages 319-354. In: Thomas S. Bellows, T. W. Fisher, L. E. Caltagirone, D. L. Dahlsten, G. Gorth, C. B. Huffaker. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. San Francisco CA: Academic Press, 1046 pages.

Keywords: classification of agroecosystems, modes of environmental management, vegetation management, mechanical crop management, chemical inputs to the system, mechanisms of enemy enhancements, theoretical aspects of environmental management, enemy-free space, island biogeographic theory, consumer dynamics, effects of vegetational diversity, optimal foraging, lines of influence between intensification, arthropod biodiversity, and properties of agricultural ecosystems, examples of environmental management to enhance biological control in agroecosystems, agroecosystem determinants for the type of agriculture in a given region, the relationship between planned biodiversity and associated biodiversity and how the two promote ecosystem function, management intensity continuum between ecosystems and agricultural ecosystems in relation to the need for artificial pest control measures, plant diversification strategies in annual and perennial crop systems, temporal, spatial, and biotic components of environmental diversification of agricultural ecosystems, selected examples of crop-monocrop or crop-crop combinations that enhanced the biological control of specific crop pests, several factors determine the level and frequency of disturbance. The intensity of mechanization and crop tenure are among the most important, response by carabid beetles to tillage practices and cover cropping in annual and perennial agroecosystems, cultivation and tillage, mowing, harvesting, weeding, fertilizer, water, use of semio-chemicals, pesticide drift, dust and pollution effects