integratedskills2.weebly.comintegratedskills2.weebly.com/.../grammaratical_terms_and…  · Web viewIntegrated Skills 292 b. ENGLISH . 292b. UNIT 5. Rethorical and . G. ram. m. atical

Here your email.

COORDINATION:Universidad de Panamá

Facultad de HumanidadesEscuela de InglesBachellor Degree

ByYatzary Urriola Elsy De León Presented to:M. A. M. Sc. Celso E. Bósquez B.

LEARNING UNIT No. 1

1. Introduction2. Definition of Grammar3. Definition of Rhetoric4. Classification of rhetorical and grammatical terms5. List of grammatical and rhetorical terms6. Formative Evaluation7. Microteaching Episodes8. Summative Evaluation9. References

ENGLISH 292b

Integrated Skills 292 b

UNIT 5

Rethorical and Grammatical Terms

Define The concepts of grammatical and rhetorical terms.

What are grammatical and rhetorical terms?

Identify The differences between grammatical and rhetorical terms.

What are the differences between grammatical and rhetorical terms?

Recognize The importance of the rhetorical and grammatical terms.

What is the importance of rhetorical and grammatical terms?

Classify The grammatical and rhetorical terms

How do you the grammatical and rhetorical terms?

Write Write correctly the rules of different grammatical and rhetorical terms.

The list of grammatical and rhetorical terms.

Use Use adequately the expressions mentioned in the text.

Adequately the grammatical and rhetorical terms.

Distinguish Distinguish the rhetoric from the grammatical terms.

Distinguish the rhetoric from grammatical terms.

Formulate Questions with rhetorical and grammatical terms.

Give examples of rhetorical and grammatical terms.

Apply Correctly the grammatical and rhetorical term in your daily speaking routine.

Social expressions

Conclude With a composition recalling the importance of grammatical and rhetorical terms.

Write a composition

Compare The use of grammatical and rhetorical terms.

Rules of the grammatical and rhetorical

DIDACTIC DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the

composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The

term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology,

syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and

pragmatics. Linguists do not normally use the term to refer to orthographical rules,

although usage books and style guides that call themselves grammars may also

refer to spelling and punctuation.

Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.

It is also important to know the importance of these terms (rhetoric and grammar), the differences between them.

Dear participant:

You are cordially invited to study the FIVE UNIT which presents the following topics.

LEARNING UNIT No. 5

1. Definition of Grammatical2. Definition of Rhetoric3. Classification of rhetorical and grammatical terms4. List of grammatical and rhetorical terms5. List of social expressions6. Formative Evaluation7. Microteaching Episodes8. Summative Evaluation9. References

GENERAL TERMS OF THE LEARNING UNIT Nª5

It is expected you enjoy the good reading.

What is Grammar?In LINGUISTICS, grammar is the set of STRUCTURAL rules that govern the

composition of CLAUSES, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The

term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology,

syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and

pragmatics. Linguists do not normally use the term to refer to orthographical rules,

although usage books and style guides that call themselves grammars may also

read punctuation . (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar).

What is Rhetoric?Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of

speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular

audiences in specific situations.[1] As a subject of formal study and a productive

civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the Western tradition. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question ).

Difference between grammar and rhetoricalGrammar has to do with the basic structure of language - such as the

structure of sentences, accord between verb and noun, order in a sentence, etc.

Rhetoric is the style of language, especially when spoken - which can include

stylistic devices to attract and convince the audience. (http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080615235153AAmgdPx ).

FIRST LEARNING UNIT Nª5

TOPIC GRAMMATICAL AND RHETORICAL TERMS

Now:

¿Can you tell your classmates what is .

Importance of grammarAccording with Nordquist, grammar is important because it is the language

that makes it possible for us to talk about language. Grammar names the types of

words and word groups that make up sentences not only in English but in any

language. As human beings, we can put sentences together even as children--we

can all do grammar. But to be able to talk about how sentences are built, about the

types of words and word groups that make up sentences--that is knowing about

grammar. And knowing about grammar offers a window into the human mind and

into our amazingly complex mental capacity.

People associate grammar with errors and correctness. But knowing about

grammar also helps us understand what makes sentences and paragraphs clear

and interesting and precise. Grammar can be part of literature discussions, when

we and our students closely read the sentences in poetry and stories. And knowing

about grammar means finding out that all languages and all dialects follow

grammatical patterns.

Imagine that: a document prepared by a committee (NCTE's Assembly for the

Teaching of English Grammar) that doesn't sound like a committee. The voice, in

fact, belongs to Brock Haussamen, professor of English at Raritan Valley

Community College of New Jersey. And whether or not you teach English for a

living, the full report, "Some Questions and Answers About Grammar," is well worth

reading. Also worthwhile is the Assembly's website, simply outfitted with grammar

links, teaching tips, and a grammar bibliography. In short, it's a place where people

know that grammar matters--and how, and why.

(http://grammar.about.com/od/grammarfaq/f/grammarvalue.htm ). To speak in a clearer and more effective manner we study grammar. A

person who has unconscious knowledge of grammar may be sufficient for simple

language use, but the ones who wish to communicate in an artful manner and well,

will seek greater depth of understanding and proficiency that the study of grammar

provides. http://www.atozofenglish.com/2010/01/importance-of-grammar.htmlImportance of rhetorical

Now:

¿Can you tell your classmates what is …………………………………………………..

Rhetorics arise from an interaction of writing purposes, contexts, and shared

knowledge. In turn, rhetorics build communities that promote ongoing research,

teaching, and writing within disciplines. Because of this, understanding the origins

of the writing in our discipline can help us understand how and why certain

research methods have come to be accepted and how results of research are

communicated to others. http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/rhet-res/pop4a.cfm

It’s important to note that Aristotle omitted—or confronted only indirectly—

two other elements of the rhetorical situation, the context in which writing or

speaking occurs and the emerging aim or purpose that underlies many of the

writer’s decisions. In part, Aristotle and other classical rhetoricians could assume

context and aim since all speakers and most hearers were male, upper class, and

concerned with addressing important civic, public issues of the day. But these two

considerations affect every element of the rhetorical triangle. Some teachers add

circles around the triangle or write inside of it to show the importance of these two

elements to rhetorical understanding.

Speaker

Audience Subject

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/repository/ap06_englang_roskelly_50098.pdf

GRAMMAR CLASSIFICATION

Now:

¿Can you tell your classmates what is …………………………………………………..

THE PARTS OF SPEECHNouns and Pronouns

A noun is a word which refers to any object, concept or person, whether real

or symbolic. For example, the word "Kentucky" is a noun which refers to a place,

while the word "happiness" is a noun referring to a concept. Names are a type of

noun.

A pronoun is a word which substitutes for a noun. For example, "he" is a

pronoun that substitutes for a person's name, while "it" substitutes for an object.

Verbs and AdverbsA verb is a word or phrase which refers to an action or simply to a state of

being. "To be" is a verb, as are other words describing actions, such as "run" or

"speak."

Verbs are modified by adverbs, which give more information about the verb.

For example, "slowly" is an adverb, which might be combined with the verb "to

speak" to create the phrase "speak slowly." The ending -ly is characteristic of

adverbs.

Adjectives and PrepositionsJust as adverbs modify verbs, adjectives modify nouns. For example, the

adjective "large" might modify the noun "house," creating the phrase "large house."

Prepositions describe the relationship between two other words in a sentence.

They include words like "with," "in," or "for." Prepositions are not used by

themselves, but are combined with other words to create prepositional phrases.

The preposition "for" might be combined with the verb "look" and the phrase "a

large house" to create a set of directions: "look for a large house."

Conjunctions and InterjectionsLike prepositions, conjunctions show connections between different parts of

a sentence. Conjunctions are used to connect two words, phrases or clauses.

Examples of conjunctions include "and," "yet" and "so." The term is also sometimes

used to refer to phrases that serve this purpose, such as "as well as."

Interjections are single words expressing a sentiment by themselves, such

as "sorry" or "goodbye." This category also includes exclamations such as "Hey!"

or "Shh!" http://www.ehow.com/info_8239805_summary-parts-speech.html

RHETORIC CLASSIFICATION

inventio (Greek, heuresis), invention

dispositio (Greek, taxis), arrangement

elocutio (Greek, lexis), style

memoria (Greek, mneme), memory

actio (Greek, hypocrisis), delivery

INVENTIONIn classical rhetoric, the first of the five canons of rhetoric: the discovery of the

resources for persuasion inherent in any given rhetorical problem. Invention was

known as heuresis in Greek, inventio in Latin.

arrangementThe parts of a speech or, more broadly, the structure of a text. Arrangement is one

of the five traditional canons or subdivisions of classical rhetorical training.

In classical rhetoric, students were taught the "parts" of an oration. Though

rhetoricians did not always agree on the number of parts, Cicero and Quintilian

identified these six: the exordium, the narrative (or narratio), the partition (or

division), the confirmation, the refutation, and the peroration.

Arrangement was known as taxis in Greek and dispositio in Latin

Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace, 10th ed., Joseph M. Williams and Gregory G.

Colomb (Longman, 2011).

The way in which something is spoken, written, or performed.

Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament discourse; broadly, as

representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. All figures of

speech fall within the domain of style.

Known as lexis in Greek and elocutio in Latin, style was one of the five traditional

canons or subdivisions of classical rhetorical training.

MEMORYThe fourth of the traditional five parts or canons of rhetoric--that which

considers methods and devices (including figures of speech) to aid and improve

the memory.

In ancient Greece, memory was personified as Mnemosyne, the mother of the

Muses. Memory was known as mneme in Greek, memoria in Latin.

DELIVERYhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/rhetcanterm.htm

The list of grammatical termsGlossary of Grammatical Terms

accent An articulative effort giving prominence to one syllable over adjacent

syllables. 2: a mark used in writing or printing to indicate a specific sound value,

stress, or pitch, to distinguish words otherwise identically spelled, or to indicate that

an ordinarily mute vowel should be pronounced. People with different accents

might use an accent mark to indicate they accent a different syllable.

active asserting that the person or thing represented by the grammatical subject

performs the action represented by the verb. In the last sentence, the subject

"person or thing" performs the action "perform", so the sentence is in the active

voice. In the last sentence, the subject "subject" performs the action "perform", so

the sentence is also in the active voice. (Repeat the last sentence ad infinitum.)

adjective a word that serves as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing

named, to indicate its quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from

something else. It answers the questions "which?", "how many?", and "what kind

of?", though probably not all three at once.

adverb a word serving as a modifier of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a

preposition, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence, and expressing some relation of

manner or quality, place, time, degree, number, cause, opposition, affirmation, or

denial. It answers the questions "where?", "when?", or "how?", even if you didn't

ask.

apposition a grammatical construction in which two typically adjacent nouns referring to

the same person or thing stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a

sentence. For example, in "the rally of the opposition Labor Party", "Labor Party" is

in apposition with "opposition".

article

one of a small set of words or affixes (as a, an, and the) used with nouns to

limit or give definiteness to the application. English has an indefinite article (a, an)

and a definite article (the). Welsh has only a definite article. I'm sure whole articles

have been written about articles.

assimilation the process of conforming one sound to another to aid in pronunciation. For

example, in the phrase "in Colorado", the "n" in "in" becomes palatalized because

of the following "C". It may take you a while to assimilate this concept.

case an inflectional form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective indicating its

grammatical relation to other words. Neither English nor Welsh has cases for

nouns or adjectives. English has cases for pronouns: I/me/my, he/him/his,

she/her/her, you/you/your and they/them/their are the subjective, objective, and

possessive cases, respectively.

clause a group of words containing a subject and predicate and functioning as a

member of a complex or compound sentence. It is not related to Santa.

collective denoting a number of persons or things considered as one group or whole.

For example, "flock" is a collective noun. Now that you understand this concept, we

can all breathe a collective sigh of relief.

comparative the degree of comparison in a language that denotes increase in the quality,

quantity, or relation expressed by an adjective or adverb. Some of my definitions

may be "silly", but comparative is "sillier".

complement an added word or expression by which a predicate is made complete. For

example, "president" and "beautiful" are complements in "they elected him

president" and "he thought her beautiful". The latter also happens to be a

compliment.

compound subject

a subject joined together with a conjunction. "Or" or "and" can join together

the nouns or clauses. The preceding sentence has a compound subject. Or I

suppose a "compound subject" could be one of the king's men living in a walled-in

enclosure.

conjugate to give in prescribed order the various inflectional forms of something. It is

used especially of a verb, in which case it means to give the forms for every

person, number, mood, and tense. A preposition can also be conjugated in Welsh.

conjunction a word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words. There are

two kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions (such as "and" and "or") and

subordinating conjunctions (such as "but"). There is a conjunction between

"Jupiter" and "Mars" (namely, "and").

consonant one of a class of speech sounds characterized by constriction or closure at

one or more points in the breath channel. It contrasts with a vowel. Welsh has a

couple of consonants that are not consonant with English, such as "ch", "rh" and

"ll".

defective lacking one or more of the usual forms of grammatical inflection. A defective

word is nearly always a verb. However, even though the word is defective, you

can't get your money back.

diaeresis two dots placed side-by-side over a vowel. The two dots can have one of

two meanings: (1) the vowel is considered a separate vowel, even though it would

normally be considered part of a diphthong, or (2) you need to have the paten of

your laser printer cleaned. A diaeresis is indicated by a percent sign (%) in these

lessons.

digraph a series of two letters that constitute a single sound not predicted by

combining the two letters. The phinal two letters of "digraph" phorm a digraph.

diphthong a gliding monosyllabic speech item that starts at or near the articulatory

position for one vowel and moves to or toward the position for another (as the

vowel combination that forms the last part of toy).

direct object a noun or noun phrase representing the primary goal or the result of the

action of its verb. For example, "direct objects" is the direct object of the sentence

"I explained direct objects to you".

equative the degree of comparison in a language that denotes the same quality,

quantity, or relation expressed by an adjective or adverb. Many of my definitions

are "silly", and "equative" is "as silly". English does not have a separate equative

form for adjectives.

epenthetic added to aid in pronunciation. It is common in spoken Welsh for an

epenthetic vowel to be added between the last two consonants. See Section 1.6

and Section E.2 for details.

gender a quality attached to a noun or pronoun that indicates an abstract category

of the individuals are being referred to. Most English nouns are neuter, and English

has singular pronouns that are masculine, feminine, and neuter ("he", "she", and

"it", respectively). All Welsh nouns are either masculine or feminine.

imperative grammatical mood of a verb that expresses the will to influence the behavior

of another, expressive of a command, entreaty, or exhortation. Be imperative, and

this sentence will be, too!

indicative a set of verb forms that represents the denoted act or state as an objective

fact. Most of our speech is in the indicative mood, like this sentence.

indirect object a grammatical object representing the secondary goal of the action of its

verb. For example, "me" is the indirect object of the sentence "He gave me an

example of indirect objects".

interjection Drat! What is an interjection? Oh yeah, it's an ejaculatory utterance usually

lacking grammatical connection.

intransitive verb a verb that does not act on an object. For example, "lobby" is intransitive in

the sentence "I lobby for intransitive verbs".

mood a particular set of inflectional forms of a verb to express whether the action

or state it denotes is conceived as fact or in some other manner (as command,

possibility, or wish). English and Welsh both have four moods: indicative,

imperative, subjunctive, and good.

number a quality attached to a noun or pronoun that indicates a category of how

many individuals are being referred to. Both English and Welsh have two numbers:

singular (one individual) and plural (more than one individual).

noun a word that is the name of something (as a person, animal, place, thing,

quality, idea, or action). All of the nouns in this definition are emphasized.

object a noun or noun equivalent either in a prepositional phrase or in a verb

construction with the action of a verb directed on or toward it. Objects can be one

of two kinds in English: a direct object or an indirect object. There's no reason to

object to objects.

particle a unit of speech expressing some general aspect of meaning or some

connective or limiting relation. It can be an article, a preposition or conjunction, or

possibly an interjection or adverb. Particles are not dangerous unless they have

been accelerated.

passive asserting that the person or thing represented by the grammatical subject is

subjected to or affected by the action represented by the verb. In the last sentence,

the subject "person or thing" is acted upon by the verbs "subject" and "affect", so

the sentence is in the passive voice. In the last sentence, the subject "subject" is

acted upon by the verb "act", so the sentence is also in the passive voice. (Repeat

last sentence ad infinitum.)

penult the next-to-last syllable of a word. Every time I use a "pen", it is the penult of

"penult".

perfect a tense of a verb that indicates an action has been completed in the past. "I

have been perfected" is in the perfect tense.

periphrastic formed by the use of function words or auxiliaries instead of by inflection. In

other words, stated in other words.

person a segment of discourse that pertains to the speaker (first person), to the one

spoken to (second person), or the one spoken of (third person). The singular

prounouns in English that are first person, second person, and third person are

respectively "I", "you", and any of "he", "she", or "it" -- although it may seem weird

for "it" to have a person associated with it (namely, third) .

personal pronoun any pronoun that refers to a noun by person and number.

phrase a group of two or more grammatically related words that form a sense unit

expressing a thought. The phrase has the force of a single part of speech, such as

a noun or adverb. For example, "two or more grammatically related words" is a

phrase representing a noun.

plural a class of grammatical forms used to denote more than one of some noun or

pronoun. Just because you use plurals doesn't mean you believe in pluralism.

possessive a grammatical case that denotes ownership or a relation analogous to

ownership. For example, in "owner's manual", the owner is possessive.

predicate the part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject

and that usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or

adverbial modifiers. The predicate excludes the subject itself, which gives it

something in common with answers given by politicians.

preposition a word that combines with a noun, pronoun, or noun equivalent to form a

phrase that typically has an adverbial, adjectival, or substantival relation to some

other word. In English, a preposition is generally considered a bad thing to end a

sentence with.

prepositional phrase a phrase that starts with a preposition, silly! "With a preposition" is a

prepositional phrase.

present a tense of a verb that indicates an ongoing action. "I am present" is in the

present tense.

pronoun a word that is used as a substitute for a noun or noun equivalent, takes noun

constructions, and refers to persons or things named or understood in the context.

For example, "he" is a pronoun. The process of turning a noun into a pronoun is

not called "pronounciation".

proper noun

a name belonging to an individual or place. For example, "Amy" and

"Cardiff" are proper nouns. Regrettably, so is "Prince Andrew".

relative clause a dependent clause in apposition with a substantive for the purpose of

specifying it. For example, "who works for my father" is the relative clause in the

sentence "The man who works for my father goofed." The fact that my father is my

relative has nothing to do with it.

sentence a grammatically self-contained speech unit consisting of a word or a

syntactically related group of words that expresses an assertion, a question, a

command, a wish, or an exclamation. Each sentence must a complete thought.

singular the form of a pronoun or noun used to reference an object that occurs

singly, alone, one-at-a-time, or without any others of its kind around it. For

example, "hermit" only occurs in the singular.

subject the part of a sentence that indicates what acts upon the verb. It is always a

noun, pronoun, or noun clause. For example, "explaining grammar" is the subject

of the sentence "Explaining grammar is one of my favorite activities". In both

English and Welsh, it must agree in person and number with the main verb of the

sentence. Other than that, it can be as disagreeable as it wants.

subjunctive a set of verb forms that would represent a denoted act or state not as fact

but as contingent or possible or viewed emotionally (as with doubt or desire). The

"would" in the last sentence makes its mood subjunctive.

superlative the degree of grammatical comparison that denotes an extreme or

unsurpassed level or extent. Some of my definitions may be "silly", but superlative

is "silliest".

syllable

a unit of spoken language that is next bigger than a speech sound. It

consists of one or more vowel sounds alone or of a syllabic consonant alone or of

either with one or more consonant sounds preceding or following. It should not be

confused with a syllabus, which always precedes the course.

tense a distinction of form in a verb to express distinctions of time. Just because a

verb has tenses does not mean it is up tight.

transitive verb a verb that can act upon an object. One might say that a transitive verb is

one that is object-oriented.

ultima the last syllable of a word. "Ma" is the ultima of "ultima" (thanks, Mom!).

verb a word that expresses an act, occurrence, or mode of being. It is the

grammatical center of a predicate. For example, "verb" is a verb in the sentence "It

is possible to verb any noun".

verb-noun a form of a Welsh verb that can be used as a noun. It is also used with "bod"

as a helping verb to express action (see Section 3.2). It is the form you look up in a

dictionary.

v oice a system of inflections of a verb to indicate the relation of the subject of the

verb to the action which the verb expresses. English has two voices: active and

passive. Welsh may have laryngitis, because it seems to have lost its voice.

vowel one of a class of speech sounds in the articulation of which the oral part of

the breath channel is not blocked and is not constricted enough to cause audible

friction; it the one most prominent sound in a syllable. In English, the vowels are a,

e, i, o, u, and sometimes y. Welsh adds the letter w to this list, which explains why

so many English speakers think of Welsh as a vowel-less language.

http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/fun/welsh/Glossary.html

Glossary of rhetoric terms| Rhetorical Theory is a subject rife with jargon and special terminology. This

page explains commonly used rhetorical terms in alphabetical order. The brief

definitions here are intended to serve as a quick reference rather than an in-depth

discussion. For more information, click the terms..

Accumulation. The emphasis or summary of previously made points or

inferences by excessive praise or accusation.

Acutezza . Wit or wordplay used in rhetoric.

Adjunction . When a verb is placed at the beginning or the end of a

sentence instead of in the middle. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "At

the beginning, as follows: 'Fades physical beauty with disease or age.' At the end,

as follows: 'Either with disease or age physical beauty fades.'"

Aesthetics . The examination of symbolic expression to determine its

rhetorical possibilities.

Aetiologia . Giving a cause or a reason.

Affectus . A term used by the Italian Humanists of the Renaissance to

describe the source of emotions or passions in the human mind.

Agenda . That which a persuader successfully makes salient and then spins

[see Vatz, Richard E.]

Alloisis . The breaking down of a subject into its alternatives.

Ambigua . An ambiguous statement used in making puns.

Amplificatio . An all-purpose term for all the ways an argument can be

expanded and enhanced.

Amplification . The act and the means of extending thoughts or statements

to increase rhetorical effect, to add importance, or to make the most of a thought or

circumstance.

Anacoenosis . A speaker asks his or her audience or opponents for their

opinion or answer to the point in question.

Anacoluthon . An abrupt change of syntax within a sentence. (What I want

is — like anybody cares.)

Anadiplosis . Repeating the last word of one clause or phrase to begin the

next.

Analogy . The use of a similar or parallel case or example to reason or

argue a point.

Anaphora . From the Greek ἀναφέρω, "I repeat". A succession of sentences

beginning with the same word or group of words.

Anastrophe . Inversion of the natural word order.

Anecdote . A brief narrative describing an interesting or amusing event.

Animorum motus . The emotions.

Antanaclasis . From Greek ̩ ̩ἀντανάκλασις, a figure of speech involving a

pun, consisting of the repeated use of the same word, each time with different

meanings.

Anthimeria . Substitution of one part of speech for another (such as a noun

used as a verb). It is traditionally called antimeria.

Antimetabole . Repetition of two words or short phrases, but in reversed

order to establish a contrast. It is a specialised form of chiasmus.

Antinome . (pronounced an-ta-nome) Two ideas about the same topic that

can be worked out to a logical conclusion, but the conclusions contradict each

other.

Antiptosis . The substitution of one case for another.

Antistrophe . In rhetoric, repeating the last word in successive phrases. For

example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'Since the time when from our state

concord disappeared, liberty disappeared, good faith disappeared, friendship

disappeared, the common weal disappeared.'" Also see epiphora.

Antithesis . The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel

words, phrases, or grammatical structures; the second stage of the dialectic

process.

Aphaeresis . The omission of a syllable from the beginning of a word.

Apocope . The omission of the last letter or syllable of a word.

Apokoinu construction A blend of two clauses through a lexical word

which has two syntactical functions, one in each of the blended clauses.

Apophasis / Apophesis. Pretending to deny something as a means of

implicitly affirming it. Mentioning something by saying that you won't mention it.

Aporia . An attempt to discredit an opposing viewpoint by casting doubt on

it.

Aposiopesis . An abrupt stop in the middle of a sentence; used by a

speaker to convey unwillingness or inability to complete a thought or statement.

Apostrophe . From Greek ἀποστροφή, a figure of speech consisting of a

sudden turn in a text towards an exclamatory address to an imaginary person or a

thing.

Appeals . Rhetorical devices used to enhance the plausibility of one's

argument; Aristotle's appeals included ethos, logos, and pathos.

Arete . Virtue, excellence of character, qualities that would be inherent in a

"natural leader," a component of ethos.

Argument . Discourse characterized by reasons advanced to support

conclusions.

Argumentum ad baculum . Settling a question by appealing to force.

Argumentum ad hominem . Using what you know about your opponent's

character as a basis for your argument.

Arrangement . See dispositio.

Ars arengandi . Teaching of forensic speaking during the Medieval

rhetorical era.

Ars dictaminis . The art of writing letters, introduced and taught during the

Medieval rhetorical era.

Ars poetria . Medieval teaching of grammar and style through analysis of

poetry.

Ars praedicandi . The art of preaching based on rhetorical ideas and

introduced during the Medieval rhetorical era during an increasing intersection

between rhetoric and religion.

Artistic proofs . Rhetorically-produced methods for persuasion. For

Aristotle, three possibilities would be ethos, pathos, and logos.

Asyndeton . The deliberate omission of conjunctions that would normally be

used.

Audience . Real, imagined, invoked, or ignored, this is a concept that seems

to be at the very center of the intersections of composing and rhetoric.

Aureation . The use of Latinate and polysyllabic terms to "heighten" diction

Auxesis . To place words or phrases in a certain order to obtain a climactic

effect.

Axioms . The point where scientific reasoning starts. Principles that are not

questioned

Barbarism . Use of a non-standard word, expression or pronunciation in a

language, particularly one prescriptively regarded as an error in morphology.

Bases. The issues at question in a judicial case.

Bdelygmia . Expression of hatred or contempt.

Belles lettres . Written works considered quality because they are pleasing

to the senses.

Belletristic Movement . Movement of rhetoric in the late 18th and early 19th

centuries emphasizing stylistic considerations of rhetoric. It also expanded rhetoric

into a study of literature and literary criticism and writing.

Bomphiologia . Bombastic speech: a rhetorical technique wherein the

speaker brags excessively

Brachylogia . Brevity of diction

Brevitas . Concise expression

Burden of proof . Theory of argument giving the obligation of proving a

case to the challenging party.

Canon . A term often used to discuss significant literary works in a specific

field, used by Cicero to outline five significant parts of the rhetorical composition

process.

Captatio benevolentiae . Any literary or oral device which seeks to secure

the goodwill of the recipient or hearer, as in a letter or in a discussion.

Catachresis . The inexact use of a similar word in place of the proper one to

create an unlikely metaphor. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'The

power of man is short'" or "'the long wisdom in the man.'"

Charisma . An attribute that allows a speaker's words to become powerful.

Chiasmus . From the name of the Greek letter "χ", a figure of speech

consisting of the contrasting of two structurally parallel syntactic phrases arranged

"cross-wise", i.e. in such a way that the second is in reverse order from the first.

Deconstruction . Analyzing communication artifacts by scrutinizing their

meaning and related assumptions, with the goal of determining the social and

systemic connotations behind their structure.

Deduction . Moving from an overall hypothesis to infer something specific

about that hypothesis.

Delectare , To delight; viewed by Cicero as one of the three goals of

rhetoric.

Delivery. Canon #5 in Cicero's list of rhetorical canons; traditionally linked to

oral rhetoric, refers to how a speech is given (including tone of voice and nonverbal

gestures, among others).

Demos. The population of an ancient Greek state, considered a political

entity; population; the common people.

Dialectic . A rhetorical term that has been defined differently by Aristotle and

Ramus, among others; generally, it means using verbal communication between

people to discuss topics in order to come to an agreement about them.

Diallage . Establishing a single point with the use of several arguments.

Dictamen . The art of writing letters.

Dispositio . In the classical theory of the production of speech Pronuntiatio dispositio refers to the stage of planning the structure and sequence of ideas.

Often referred to as arrangement, the second of Cicero's five rhetorical canons.

Dissoi Logoi . Contradictory arguments.

Distribution . Dividing a whole subject into its various parts.

Divisio . To divide into categories or classes.

Docere . To teach; viewed by Cicero as one of the three goals of rhetoric.

Dramatistic Way to look at the nature of language stressing on language as

an action. ex. uses expressions such as 'thou shalt' and 'thou shalt not."

Dysphemism . A term with negative associations for something in reality

fairly innocuous or inoffensive.

Ecphonesis . A sentence consisting of a single word or short phrase ending

with an exclamation point.

Ellipse . The suppression of ancillary words to render an expression more

lively or more forceful.

Elocutio . In the classical theory of the production of a speech

(Pronuntiatio), elocution refers to the stage of elaborating the wording of a text,

using correct grammar and diction.

Enallage . The switching of grammatical forms for an expressive purpose.

Energia . The latin word for 'energy' that was used by Aristotle in reference

to the force or vigor of expression in writing or speech.

Enthymeme . A type of argument that is grounded in assumed

commonalities between a rhetor and the audience. (For example: Claim 1: Bob is a

person. Therefore, Claim 3: Bob is mortal. The assumption (unstated Claim 2) is

that People are mortal). In Aristotelian rhetoric, an enthymeme is known as a

"rhetorical syllogism:" it mirrors the form of a syllogism, but it is based on opinion

rather than fact (For example: Claim 1: These clothes are tacky. Claim 2: I am

wearing these clothes. Claim 3: Therefore, I am unfashionable).

Enumeratio . Making a point more forcibly by listing detailed causes or

effects; to enumerate: count off or list one by one.

Epanalepsis . A figure of speech in which the same word or phrase appears

both at the beginning and at the end of a clause.

Epanaphora . In rhetoric, repeating the same word or phrase at the

beginning of successive phrases for emphasis. For example (from Rhetorica ad

Herennium), "'To you must go the credit for this, to you are thanks due, to you will

this act of yours bring glory.'"

Epideictic . Ceremonial rhetoric, such as might be found in a funeral or

victory speech.

Epiphora . The repetition of a phrase or word at the end of several

sentences or clauses. Also see anaphora.

Epistemology . Philosophical study directed at understanding how people

gain knowledge.

Epistrophe . A succession of clauses, phrases or sentences that all end with

the same word or group of words.

Epithet . A term used as a descriptive and qualifying substitute for the name

of a person, place or thing.

Epizeuxis . Emphasizing an idea using one word repetition.

Eristic . Communicating with the aim of winning the argument regardless of

truth. The idea is not necessarily to lie, but to present the communication so

cleverly that the audience is persuaded by the power of the presentation.

Erotema . The so-called 'Rhetorical Question', where a question is asked to

which an answer is not expected.

Ethos . A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's

credibility.

Ethopoeia . The act of putting oneself into the character of another to

convey that persons feelings and thoughts more vividly.

Euphemism . An innocuous, inoffensive or circumlocutory term or phrase for

something unpleasant or obscene. E.g. :

Evidence . In rhetoric, facts or testimony used to strengthen a claim.

Exemplum . The citation of an example, either truthful or fictitious.

Exigence . A rhetorical call to action; a situation that compels someone to

speak out.

Exordium . The introductory (Lat: exordium, beginning) portion of an oration

Expression . applying the correct language to an argument.

Fable . A short allegorical story.

Facetiae . Latin, humor or wit

Facilitas . The improvising of effective oral or written language to suit any

situation.

Faculty psychology . 18th century, the mind contains faculties that include

understanding, imagination, passion, and will.

False consciousness . Jurgen Habermas, a distorted view of reality,

people, and the world.

Feminist Rhetoric . Rhetorical theory concerned with feminism and its

critique of social structures.

Fictio . The attribution of rational traits to non-rational creatures.

Field-dependent . Stephen Toulmin's term, standards for assessing

arguments that are specific to a certain field.

Field-invariant . Stephen Toulmin's term, standards for assessing

arguments that are not determined by the particular field.

Figure . Unusual arrangement of language that tries to achieve unique

meaning for ideas.

Forensic Oratory . speaking in a courtroom.

Gens . Latin, an influential group of families

Genera . (Plural of genus) Classification by race, kind, or possession of

similarities; descriptive of different types of oratory.

Graecismus . The use of Greek idiom.

Hendiadys . Using two nouns linked by a conjunction to express a single

complex idea.

Hermeneutics . The theoretical underpinnings of interpreting texts, usually

religious or literary.

Heteroglossia . The many prolific languages of any culture.

Heuristics . Determining or applying the proper methods for investigation.

Homiologia . A tedious style or redundancy of style.

Homoioteleuton . From the Greek ομοιοτέλευτο (homios, "like" and teleute,

"ending"). A figure of speech where adjacent or parallel words have similar

endings.

Horismus . A brief and often antithetical definition.

Hypallage . A literary device that reverses the syntactic relation of two words

(as in "her beauty's face").

Hyperbaton . A figure of speech in which words that naturally belong

together are separated from each other for emphasis or effect.

Hyperbole . A figure of speech where emphasis is achieved through

exaggeration, independently or through comparison. For example (from Rhetorica

ad Herennium), "'His body was as white as snow, his face burned like fire.'"

Hypophora . When a speaker asks aloud what his/her adversaries have to

say for themselves or against the speaker, and then proceeds to answer the

question. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'When he reminded you of

your old friendship, were you moved? No, you killed him nevertheless, and with

even greater eagerness. And then when his children grovelled at your feet, were

you moved to pity? No, in your extreme cruelty you even prevented their father's

burial.'"

Hypothesis . An educated guess.

Hypsos . Great or worthy writing, sometimes called sublime. Longinus's

theme in On the Sublime.

Hypozeuxis . A sentence in which every clause has its own subject and

verb.

Hysteron proteron . A rhetorical device in which the first key word of the

idea refers to something that happens temporally later than the second key word.

The goal is to call attention to the more important idea by placing it first.

Icon . Using imagery to create resemblance.

Identification . Connecting with a larger group through a shared

interpretation or understanding of a larger concept;

Circa rem . Latin: The circumstances surrounding the act in one Roman

topical system.

Claim 1. A primary point being made to support an argument. the resulting

conclusion to an argument.

Classicism . A revival in the interest of classical antiquity languages and

texts.

Climax . Climax occurs when words or sentences are used to increase

weight by mounting degrees in parallel construction.

Colon . A colon (Greek κῶλον) is a rhetorical figure consisting of a clause

which is grammatically, but not logically, complete.

Colloquialism . A word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one

used in ordinary or familiar conversation.

Common Topics . Arguments and approaches useful in rhetorical settings;

koinoi topoi.

Consubstantiality . Substance commonality.

Conclusio . Latin: A letter's conclusion.

Confirmatio . Latin: The section of a judicial speech (in Roman rhetorical

theory) that offers evidence supporting the claims given during the statement of

facts.

Confutatio . Latin: Counterargument in Roman rhetorical theory.

Constraints . Referring to "persons, events, objects, and relations which are

parts of the situation because they have the power to constrain decision and action

needed to modify the exigence." Originally used by Lloyd Bitzer.

Contingency . In rhetoric, it relates to the contextual circumstances that do

not allow an issue to be settled with complete certainty.

Context . The circumstances surrounding an issue that should be

considered during its discussion.

Conversio . Latin: Varrying sentence structure to discover its most

agreeable form.

Conversation model . The model, in critique of traditional rhetoric by Sally

Gearhart, that maintains the goal of rhetoric is to persuade others to accept your

own personal view as correct.

Cookery . Plato believed rhetoric was to truth as cookery was to medicine.

Cookery disguises itself as medicine and appears to be more pleasing, when in

actuality it has no real benefit.

Critical theory . Systematically analyzing any means of communication for

hidden assumptions and connotations.

Concession . Acknowledgment of objections to a proposal

was one of the first people to use the term in this way.

Ideology . A way of understanding one's external surroundings.

Ignoratio elenchi . A conclusion that is irrelevant.

Imitatio . Latin, imitation.

Inartistic proofs . Discovered information stemming from the raw data of

experience.

Indefinite questions . In Quintlian, questions that are discussed without

referring to anything specifically.

Indignatio . To arouse indignation in the audience.

Induction . Rhetorical method for coming to general conclusions through

specific examples.

Ingenium . Latin, In Vico- the ability to understand similarities and

relationships that is innate in all humans.

In re . Latin, arguments concerned with what actually happened.

Institutio Oratoria . Educational and rhetorical principles as described and

prescribed in treatise by Quintillian.

Insultatio . Abusing a person to his/her face by using irony and derisive

language.

Interlacement . Combining the figures Antistrophe and Epanaphora for

rhetorical style and emphasis. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'Who

are they who have often broken treaties? The Carthaginians. Who are they who

have waged ware with severest cruelty? The Carthaginians.'"

Intersubjective agreements . agreements on the fair conduct of an

argument among individuals participating in dialogue.

Invention . Described by Cicero as the process of determining "valid or

seemingly valid arguments;" the first of his five rhetorical canons.

Invitational rhetoric . (Foss and Griffin) rhetoric that is not intended to

persuade.

Ioci . Jokes, see Cicero's De Oratore and his theory of humor.

Irony . A deliberate contrast between indirect and direct meaning to draw

attention to the opposite.

Isocolon . A string of phrases of corresponding structure and equal length.

Issues of definition . Things related to naming an act.

Issues of fact . Issues related to an act's occurrence.

Issues of quality . Issues related to the seriousness of an act.

Jargon . Highly technical language used by specific group.

Judicial . Type of oratory used to attack or defend someone in a court of

law.

Kairos . From the Greek word καιρος. Generally means, "timing" or "the right

circumstances."

Kategoria . Greek for Accusation.

Koinoi topoi . Common topics; in a rhetoric situation, useful arguments and

strategies.

Koinonia . To consult with your opponent or judge.

Kolakeia . Flattery; telling people what they want to hear while disregarding

their best interests; employed by sophistic rhetoricians.

Latinitas . Stylistic feature involving the proper use of language.

Lexis . Style.

Literae humanae . Academic disciplines that are known as the liberal arts:

languages, philosophy, history, literature, music, art and certain abstract sciences.

Litotes . Stating a positive by negating the negative — a form of

understatement. ("I am not unaware of your difficulties.")

Localism . A word, phrase, or custom particular to one's location.

Loci communes . Types of arguments. Quintillian trained orators to learn

intellectual habits to access the arguments quickly.

Locution . Refers to the utterance of a statement.

Logical Fallacy . Misconceptions resulting from faulty reasoning.

Logical positivism . The effort to make scientific standards applicable for

resolving all issues.

Logical Proof . Arguments used to persuade audience. Reasoned.

Logos . Rhetorical appeals based on logic or reasoning.

Logology . Kenneth Burke. Study of the specific theological terms used. Not

to find the truth or falseness of the statement, but why that particular word was

chosen.

Major premise. Statement in a syllogism. Generalization.

Magnanimity . Doing good to others, "its opposite is meanness of spirit"

(from Aristotle's Rhetoric).

Material fallacy . False notion concerning the subject matter of an

argument.

Maxim . "A saying drawn from life, which shows concisely either what

happens or ought to happen in life, for example: 'Every beginning is difficult.'" (from

Rhetorica ad Herennium)

Memory . Described by Cicero as the "firm mental grasp of matter and

words;" the fourth of his five rhetorical canons.

Metanarrative . Universal theories positing to know all aspects of humanity.

Metaphor . A figure of speech where a word that normally applies to one

thing is used to designate another for the sake of creating a mental picture. For

example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'...he lightly breathed a favoring breath'".

Metonymy . A figure of speech which substitutes one word or phrase for

another with which it is closely associated. For example (from Rhetorica ad

Herennium), "one should say 'wine' for 'Liber', 'wheat' for 'Ceres'." In UK, people

speak of "Crown property" meaning property belonging to the Sovereign. Similarly:

"The White House had no comment to make." (= the President's representatives)

Metron. Greek, measure.

Minor premise . Statement in an argument.

Modus inveniendi . Latin, in St Augustine, material used to understand the

scriptures.

Modus proferendi . Latin, in St. Augustine, expressing ideas found within

the scriptures.

Moral reasoning . Reasoning employed in rhetoric that determines a

conclusion based on evidence. Used in issues of ethics, religion, economics, and

politics.

Motive . Something that plays a role in one's decision to act.

Movere . To persuade; viewed by Cicero as one of the three goals of

rhetoric.

Narratio . A presentation of essential facts in a judicial speech.

Narration . Story telling, involving the elements of time, place, actor, action,

cause and manner.

Necessary Cause . Cause without which effect couldn't/wouldn't have

occurred.

Negatio . To negate or deny.

Neoplatonism . School of thought emanating from the works of Plato and

Aristotle in early BCE Rome.

Noema . Speech that is deliberately subtle or obscure.

Nomos . Greek, a social custom or convention.

Non Sequitur . A statement bearing no relationship to the preceding context.

Notaries . Secretaries trained in rhetoric for dealing with the agreements that

were needed for commercial cities in Italy to function.

Occupatio . A rhetorical figure or trope that is used when the object to be

described is beyond words or cannot be described in the language proper to it.

Also: "A figure in which attention is drawn to something by professing to omit it; an

instance of this."[1]

Oictos . To show pity or compassion.

Ominatio . A prophecy of evil.

Onomatopoeia . Words that imitate the sounds, objects, or actions they

refer to. (ex. "buzz", "hullabaloo," "bling")

Opening . First part of discourse. Should gain audiences' attention.

Optatio . A wish exclaimed.

Orcos . An oath.

Oxymoron . A condensed paradox.

Parachesis . Repetition of the same sound in several words in close

succession. Alliteration (initial rhyme) is a special case of parachesis.

Paradeigma . Greek, argument created by a list of examples that leads to a

probable generalized idea.

Paradiastole . Greek, redescription - usually in a better light.

Paralipsis . When a rhetor refuses to continue with their current discussion,

or passes over the rest of the conversation, or admits that they do not know what

else to say. For example, (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'Your boyhood, indeed,

which you dedicated to intemperance of all kinds, I would discuss, if I thought this

the right time. But at the present I advisedly leave that aside. This too I pass by,

that the tribunes have reported you as irregular in military service.'"

Parallel Syntax . repetition of similar sentence structures.

Parallel Structure . using the same tense and structure.

Parisosis . When clauses have very similar lengths, as measured by

syllables; sometimes taken as equivalent to isocolon.

Paromoiosis . Parallelism of sound between the words of two clauses

approximately equal in size. The similarity of sound can occur at the beginning of

the clauses, at the end (where it is equivalent to homoioteleuton), in the middle or

throughout the clauses.

Pathos . An emotional appeal that inadvertently evokes laughter or ridicule.

Paronomasia . A play on words, often for humorous effect.

Particular audience . In Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, the actual

audience the orator addresses.

Pathos . Greek, the emotional appeal to an audience in an argument. One of

Aristotle's three proofs.

Perfectus orator . Latin, a complete orator.

Periphrasis . The substitution of many or several words where one would

suffice; usually to avoid using that particular word.

Peroratio . Latin, the last section of a judicial speech where the speaker is

the strongest.

Personification . A figure of speech that gives human characteristics to

inanimate objects, or represents an absent person as being present. For example

(from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'But if this invincible city should now give

utterance to her voice, would she not speak as follows?'"

Petitio . Latin, in a letter, an announcement, demand, or request.

Phallogocentrism . Examines the relationship between logos (reason) and

the phallus (representative of male genitalia). Just as the phallus is implicitly and

sometime explicitly assumed to be the only significant sexual organ, the masculine

is the accepted as the central point of reference of validity and authority for a

society.

Phronesis . Greek, practical wisdom; common sense.

Physis . Greek, nature.

Pian Ancient China, the art of disputing.

Pistis . Greek, belief.

Plausibility . Rhetoric that is believable right away due to its association with

something that the audience already knows or has experienced.

Pleonasm . The use of more words than necessary to express an idea.

Poetriae,Ars . Latin, poetry as an art.

Polis . Greek, the city-state, especially the people in the city-state.

Polyphonic . Having multiple voices.

Polyptoton . The repetition of a word or root in different cases or inflections

within the same sentence.

Polysyndeton . The repeated use of conjunctions within a sentence,

particularly where they do not necessarily have to be used.

Portrayal . Describing a person clearly enough for recognition. For example

(from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'I mean him, men of the jury, the ruddy, short,

bent man, with white and rather curly hair, blue-grey eyes, and a huge scar on his

chin, if perhaps you can recall him to memory.'"

Position. The stance taken by a rhetor that s/he is attempting to prove

through argumentation.

Positivism . Term created by Auguste Comte that posits that science, math,

or logic can prove any reasonable claim.

Postmodernism . Related to rhetoric, a field of inquiry concerned with the

ideological underpinnings of commonly held assumptions.

Praedicandi, Ars . Latin, Preaching.

Praegnans constructio . A form of brachylogy in which two clauses or two

expressions are condensed into one.

Pragmatism . Approach based on practical consideration and immediate

perception to the exclusion of moral (in the sense of 'should') and ethic arguments.

Presence. In Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, choosing to emphasize

certain facts and ideas instead of others, leading the audience along that path.

Presumption . An idea is reasonable or acceptable only until it is sufficiently

challenged.

Prolepsis [disambiguation needed]. A literary device in which a future state is spoken

of in the present; for example, a condemned man may be called a "dead man

walking".

Proof surrogate . An expression used to suggest that there is evidence or

authority for a claim without actually citing such evidence or authority

Prosopopoeia Speaking as another person or object; in a sense, the

inverse of apostrophe

Pronuntiato . Latin: The delivery of an oration or an argument in a manner

befitting the subject matter and style, while maintaining control of voice and body.

Protreptic . Greek, the potential to persuade through language.

Prudence . Judging practically.

Psogos . Greek for blame.

Psychagogos . Greek for a poet.

Psyche . Greek for the mind or soul.

Public Sphere . Place where individuals can engage in discussion without

the political or state interests interfering.

Purpose . What are we trying to do with our uses of language

Quadrivium . The major subjects taught in medieval times: geometry,

arithmetic, astronomy, and music.

Quaestiones [disambiguation needed]. Debatable points around which disputes are

centered.

Reasoning by Contraries . Where the first statement of two opposite

statements directly proves the second. For example (from Rhetorica ad

Herennium), "'Or how should you expect a person whose arrogance has been

insufferable in private life, to be agreeable and not forget himself when in

power...?'"

Rebuttal . Stephen Toulmin's term, conditions on the acceptability of a claim.

Res . Latin: An argument's substance.

Rhetor . A person who is in the course of presenting or preparing rhetorical

discourse.

Rhetores . (Greek) Those who make a living by speaking persuasively.

Rhetoric . The study and practice of good effective expression. Also a type

of discourse- focusing on goals of the speech or piece of writing that attempts to

sway the mind of the audience.

Rhetoric of Fiction . Wayne Booth's idea "the author's judgement is always

present" in a narrative.

Rhetorical Audience . Those who can be persuaded by rhetoric.

Rhetorical discourse . Discourse created within the boundary of the

principles of rhetoric.

Rhetorical opposition . Protagoras's idea that there are two sides to

everything.

Rhetorical Situation . A term made popular by Lloyd Bitzer; describes the

scenario that contains a speech act, including the considerations (purpose,

audience, author/speaker, constraints to name a few) that play a role in how the

act is produced and perceived by its audience. The counterargument regarding

Bitzer's situation-rhetoric relationship was made by Richard E. Vatz in "The Myth of

the Rhetorical Situation" and “The Mythical Status of Situational Rhetoric” in The

Review of Communication, 2009. He argued for a salience-meaning (or now,

agenda-framing-spin) model of persuasion, which emphasized rhetoric as a

creative act with increased agent or persuader responsibility for the situation his or

her rhetoric creates. He maintained this added to the importance of rhetorical study

and that Bitzer's formulation was "anti-rhetorical."

Rhetorical Theory . The organized presentation of the art or rhetoric,

descriptions of the various functions of rhetoric, and clarifications of how rhetoric

achieves its goals.

Salience/Agenda; Meaning/Spin . The basic components of all rhetorical

struggles.

Salon . Intellectual assembly in an aristocratic setting; primarily associated

with France in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Salutatio . (Latin) A written greeting.

Sannio . (Latin) the fool. The role to avoid when using humor in a speech.

Scesis Onomaton . (Latin) omit the verb. A style of repeating an idea using

words or phrases similar in meaning in close proximity.

Scholasticism . Rhetorical study of Christianity that was intellectually

prominent in 11th-15th century Western Europe, emphasizing rhetorical concepts

by Aristotle and a search for universal truth.

Scientific Method . A system of observing and analyzing data through

induction; prominent school of thought since the 17th century whose proponents

are often critical of rhetoric.

Scientific Reasoning . Moving from axioms to actual conclusions. Also

Syllogistic logic.

Scientism . In Weaver, applying scientific assumptions to subjects that are

not completely natural.

Scientistic . Kenneth Burke. Way of looking at the nature of language as a

way of naming or defining something. ex. 'It is' or 'It is not.'

Second Sophistic . Rhetorical era in Rome that dealt primarily with

rhetorical style through some of the Greek Sophists' concepts, while neglecting its

political and social uses because of censorship.

Semantics . Philosophical study of language that deals with its connection to

perceptions of reality.

Semiotics . Branch of semantics concerning language and communication

as a system of symbols.

Senatus . Latin for Senate. The group of elders who governed Rome.

Sensus communis . A society's basic beliefs and values.

Sententia . Applying a general truth to a situation by quoting a maxim or

other wise saying as a conclusion or summary of that situation.

Shui [disambiguation needed]. Formal persuasion in ancient China.

Sign . Term from semiotics that describes something that has meaning

through its connection to something else, like words.

Signifying . Term from semiotics that describes the method through which

meaning is created with arbitrary signs.

Simile . A figure of speech that compares unlike things, implying a

resemblance between them. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'He

entered the combat in body like the strongest bull, in impetuosity like the fiercest

lion.'"

Skepticism . Type of thought that questions whether universal truth exists

and is attainable by humans.

Solecismus . Ignorantly misusing tenses, cases, and genders.

Sophists . Considered the first professional teachers of oratory and rhetoric

(ancient Greece 4th century BC).

Soraismus . The ignorant or affected mingling of languages.

Sprezzatura . The ability to appear that there is seemingly little effort used to

attain success. The art of being able to show that one is able to deceive.

Baldessare Castiglione.

Spin . In Vatz, the act of competing to infuse meaning into agenda items for

chosen audiences.

Starting Points . In Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, the place between the

speaker and audience where the argument can begin.

Stasis System . System of finding arguments by means of looking at ideas

that are contradictory.

Status quo . Latin: The generally accepted existing condition or state of

affairs.

Straw man . An argument that is a logical fallacy based on

misrepresentation of an opponent's position.

Studia humanitas . Latin: Humanistic studies deemed indispensable in

Renaissance-era education; rhetoric, poetics, ethics, politics.

Syllepsis . A word modifying others in appropriate, though often

incongruous ways. This is a similar concept to zeugma.

Syllogism . A type of valid argument that states if the first two claims are

true, then the conclusion is true. (For example: Claim 1: People are mortal. Claim

2: Bob is a person. Therefore, Claim 3: Bob is mortal.) Started by Aristotle.

Syllogistic Logic . See Scientific Reasoning.

Symbol . A visual or metaphorical representation of an idea or concept.

Symbolic inducement . Term coined by Kenneth Burke to refer to rhetoric.

Sympheron . (Greek) Path that is to one's advantage.

Symploce . A figure of speech in which several successive clauses have the

same first and last words.

Synchysis . Word order confusion within a sentence.

Syncope . The omission of letters from the middle of a word, usually

replaced by an apostrophe.

Synecdoche . A rhetorical device where one part of an object is used to

represent the whole. e.g., "There are fifty head of cattle." (Head is substituting for

the whole animal). "Show a leg!" (naval command to get out of bed = show

yourself)

Tapinosis . Language or an epithet that is debasing. This term is

synonymous with Meiosis.

Taste . A learned admiration for things of beauty.

Tautologia . The same idea repeated in different words.

Taxis . The distribution of a proper adjunct to every subject.

Techne . Greek for a true art.

Terministic screens . term coined by Kenneth Burke to explain the way in

which the world is viewed when taking languages and words into consideration.

Theme . The basic principle pulled from the Bible in order to create a

sermon.

Thesis . The major claim or premise made in an argument to be proved or

dis-proved.

Thesmos . Greek. The law that comes from the authority of kings.

Tone . The author's voice in an essay through use of figurative language or

a style of enunciation in writing (also known as a diction). The way the author

expresses himself out loud or through a character.

Topical systems . Methods for finding arguments.

topographia . The description of a place.

topothesia . The description of an imaginary or non-existent place.

Topos . A line or specific style of argument.

Toulmin Model . A method of diagraming arguments created by Stephen

Toulmin that identifies such components as backing, claim, data, qualifier, rebuttal,

and warrant.

Transgression. Reading a text and looking for the deeper meanings

instead of the obvious ones.

Translative issue . Dealing with procedure of an ensuing case.

Tricolon . The pattern of three phrases in parallel, found commonly in

Western writing after Cicero. For example, the kitten had white fur, blue eyes, and

a pink tongue.

Trivium . (Latin) Grammar, rhetoric, and logic taught in schools during the

medieval period.

Tropes . Figure of speech that uses a word aside from its literal meaning.

Understatement . A form of irony, also called litotes, in which something is

represented as less than it really is, with the intent of drawing attention to and

emphasizing the opposite meaning.

Universal audience . An audience consisting of all humankind (most

specifically of adult age and normal mental capacity).

Uomo Universale . The universal man.

Utterance . Statement that could contain meaning about one's own person.

Validity . Apprehension over the structure of an argument.

Validity Claim . Claiming to have made a correct statement.

Verba . Latin: The part of an argument that advances the subject matter.

Visual rhetoric . A theoretical framework describing how visual images

communicate, as opposed to aural or verbal messages.

Vir bonus beni dicendi . Latin: The good man speaking well.

Vita activa . A life lived in active involvement in the political arena.

Warrant . term used by Stephen Toulmin to establish a link between data

and a claim.

Ways and Means One of the five main matters that Aristotle claims political

speakers make speeches on. It consists of the speaker's country's revenue and

sources, as well as the expenditures of the country.

Zeugma. From the Greek word "ζεύγμα", meaning "yoke". A figure of speech in

which one word applies to two others in different senses of that word, and in some

cases only logically applies to one of the other two words. This is a similar concept

to syllepsis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetoric_termsExamples de Rhetorics "The Troubles" as a name for decades of violence in Northern Ireland.

"The Pond" for the Atlantic Ocean ("across the pond").

"The Recent Unpleasantness," used in the southern United States as an

idiom to refer to the American Civil War and its aftermath.

"Intolerable meiosis!" comments a character in William Golding's Fire Down

Below as their ship encounters an iceberg after another character comments, "We

are privileged. How many people have seen anything like this?".

The Black Knight scene from Monty Python and the Holy Grail ("It's just a

flesh wound!").

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TapinosisPARATAXIS

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/parataxisterm.htmlHypotaxis

(Richard Nordquist)

An arrangement of phrases or clauses in a dependent or subordinate relationship.

(Contrast with parataxis.) Adjective: hypotactic.

Etymology:From the Greek, "subjection"

Examples and Observations: "One December morning near the end of the year when snow was falling

moist and heavy for miles all around, so that the earth and the sky were indivisible,

Mrs. Bridge emerged from her home and spread her umbrella."

http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/hypotaxterm.htm

TRICOLON(Richard Nordquist)

A rhetorical term for a series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses. Plural:

tricola or tricolons. Adjective: tricolonic.

Etymology:From the Greek, "three" + "unit"

Examples and Observations: "I require three things in a man. He must be handsome, ruthless, and

stupid."

(Dorothy Parker)

http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/tricolonterm.htmAporia( Richard Nordquist)Definition: A figure of speech in which the speaker expresses real or simulated

doubt or perplexity. Adjective: aporetic.

In classical rhetoric, aporia means placing a claim in doubt by developing

arguments on both sides of an issue. In the terminology of deconstruction, aporia is

a final impasse or paradox--the site at which the text most obviously undermines its

own rhetorical structure, dismantles, or deconstructs itself.

Etymology:From the Greek, "without passage"

Examples and Observations:"I don't think it's proving anything, Doc. As a matter of fact, I don't even know what

it means. It's just one of those things that gets in my head and keeps rolling around

in there like a marble."

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/aporiaterm.htm

SOCIAL EXPRESSIONS Someone sneezes. What do you say?

·        Bless you!You’re just  going to start eating. What do you say?

·        Bon appetite.·        Enjoy your meal!Someone says ,“Have a nice day!“ What do you say?

·        You , too.·        The same to you!

·        Thank you, the same to you.Someone thanks you for something. What do you say?

·        Don’t mention it!·        You’re welcome!·        It was a pleasure!·        A pleasure!·        My pleasure!Refuse an invitation politely.

·        I’d love to come, but I’m afraid I have to …..Your  friend  is ill. What do you say?

·        I hope you feel better soon.·        I hope you get better soon.You want to smoke. What do you say?

·        May I smoke?·        Do you mind if I smoke?You need the salt. It’s at the other end of the table. What do you say?

·        Could you pass the salt, please?A friend has just had a baby. What do you say?

·        Congratulations!Great a friend on December 25th.

·        Merry Christmas!·        Happy Christmas!It’s a friend’s birthday. What do you say?

·        Happy Birthday!·        Many happy returns!A friend is leaving for the airport. What do you say?

·        Have a good flight / trip / holiday !You’re late for a meeting. What do you say?

·        Sorry!·        Sorry I’m late.·        Excuse me!

A friend spilt coffee on your best suit. What do you say?

·        Never mind.·        It doesn’t matter.·        Don’t worry.You’ve just finished chatting to a friend. What do you say?

·        Bye, see you soon!·        See you later.A friend can’t come to dinner. What do you say?

·        What a pity! Maybe next time.A friend offers to give you a lift home. What do you say?

·        That would be nice, thank you.·        That’s very kind of you.A colleague gives you a birthday present. What do you say?

·        That’s very kind of you!·        You really shouldn’t have!You want someone to pass your greetings on to another person. What do you say?

·        Give / Pass  my regards to ……·        Remember me to  ….

http://yasemintasbasi.jimdo.com/english-resources/social-expressions/

This unit has shown you the written material about grammatical and rhetorical

terms.

Now I invite you in a collaborative way to do this formative evaluation.

Finding Subjects and Verbs Quiz

1. Identify the correct subjects and verbs. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are underlined.

A) He depends on her in times of need.

B) He depends on her in times of need.

C) He depends on her in times of need.

D) He depends on her in times of need.

2. Identify the correct subjects and verbs. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are underlined.

A) Watch your step.

B) (You) Watch your step.

C) (You) Watch your step.

D) Watch your step.

3. Identify the correct subjects and verbs. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are underlined.

A) The insurance agent gave her sound advice.

B) The insurance agent gave her sound advice.

C) The insurance agent gave her sound advice.

D) The insurance agent gave her sound advice.

3

Each Microteaching episode is described in depth below. However, each

microteaching episode will be graded on the following: lesson presentation, printed lesson plan distributed to your peers, and reflective self-evaluation. Do not teach with your lesson plan in hand. On the day of your peer-teaching,

arrive early to locate and organize all of the materials required for your lesson so

that we may begin class promptly

MICRO Teaching #1 –

Present a speech about the topics suggested for your teacher. Give DIRECTIONS

OR INSTRUCTION clear.

Model appropriate vocal quality for children.

Rote or note approach.

Provide your peers with the printed lesson plan detailing intended grade level,

lesson materials, assumptions about student knowledge and skills, and procedures

detailing instruction, body, and closure of the lesson.

Use the speech techniques learned in class (5%).

TOPIC GRAMMATICAL AND RHETORICAL TERMS

Define The concepts of

grammatical and

rhetorical terms.

What are grammatical

and rhetorical terms?

Identify The differences between

grammatical and

rhetorical terms.

What are the differences

between grammatical

and rhetorical terms?

Recognize The importance of the

rhetorical and

grammatical terms.

What is the importance of

rhetorical and

grammatical terms?

Classify The grammatical and

rhetorical terms

How do you the

grammatical and

rhetorical terms?

Write Write correctly the rules

of different grammatical

and rhetorical terms.

The list of grammatical

and rhetorical terms.

Use Use adequately the

expressions mentioned in

the text.

Adequately the

grammatical and

rhetorical terms.

Distinguish Distinguish the rhetoric

from the grammatical

terms.

Distinguish the rhetoric

from grammatical terms.

Formulate Questions with rhetorical

and grammatical terms.

Give examples of

rhetorical and

grammatical terms.

Apply Correctly the

grammatical and

rhetorical term in your

daily speaking routine.

Social expressions

Conclude With a composition

recalling the importance

of grammatical and

rhetorical terms.

Write a composition

Compare The use of grammatical

and rhetorical terms.

Rules of the grammatical

and rhetorical

Conclusion

In conclusion the grammatical and rhetorical terms are of great importance

than we know and use this terms so we extend our knowledge besides we can

increase our ability when speak and write.

In other words we get new concepts to understand with facility, talk with

fluency, read and write correctly above all when we must express in public for

example in a academic presentation or speech.

This work clarify us the importance and differences between grammatical

and rhetorical terms.

In summary, this work let us identify grammatical and rhetorical terms, the

structures and mainly the rhetorical terms.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question(http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080615235153AAmgdPx ). http://www.atozofenglish.com/2010/01/importance-of-grammar.htmlImportance of rhetoricalhttp://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/rhet-res/pop4a.cfmhttp://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/repository/ap06_englang_roskelly_50098.pdfhttp://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/wmbaskervill/bl-wmbaskervill-grammar-parts-pronouns.htmhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8239805_summary-parts-speech.htmlhttp://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/fun/welsh/Glossary.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetoric_termshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapinosishttp://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/parataxisterm.htmlhttp://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/hypotaxterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/tricolonterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/aporiaterm.htmhttp://yasemintasbasi.jimdo.com/english-resources/social-expressions/